1. The document discusses key concepts related to electric current including definitions of current and conventional current, drift velocity, current density, Ohm's law, resistance, temperature dependence of resistance, color codes for carbon resistors, and series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells.
2. It defines internal resistance of a cell and explains how internal resistance is affected by factors like electrode separation, electrolyte conductivity, and electrode area. It also compares internal resistance measurement methods.
3. The summary discusses how connecting cells in series combines their EMFs while connecting in parallel divides the current among cells.
1. The document discusses key concepts related to electric current including definitions of current and conventional current, drift velocity, current density, Ohm's law, resistance, resistivity, conductance, conductivity, and temperature dependence of resistance.
2. It also covers color codes for carbon resistors, series and parallel combinations of resistors, definitions of emf and potential difference, internal resistance of cells, and series and parallel combinations of cells.
3. The key relationships between current, voltage, resistance, drift velocity, and other circuit variables are defined through equations like Ohm's law and relationships involving resistivity, conductivity, and temperature.
1. The document discusses key concepts related to electric current including definitions of current and conventional current, drift velocity, current density, Ohm's law, resistance, resistivity, conductance, conductivity, and temperature dependence of resistance.
2. It also covers color codes for carbon resistors, series and parallel combinations of resistors, definitions of emf and potential difference, internal resistance of cells, and series and parallel combinations of cells.
3. The key relationships between current, voltage, resistance, drift velocity, and other circuit variables are defined through equations like Ohm's law and relationships involving resistivity, conductivity, and temperature.
Class 12th physics current electricity ppt Arpit Meena
1. The document discusses key concepts related to electric current including definitions of current and conventional current, drift velocity, current density, Ohm's law, resistance, resistivity, conductance, conductivity, and temperature dependence of resistance.
2. It also covers color codes for carbon resistors, series and parallel combinations of resistors, definitions of emf and internal resistance of cells, and series and parallel combinations of cells.
3. The document provides formulas and explanations for many important electrical concepts in a comprehensive yet concise manner.
This document provides information about electric current and related concepts. It defines electric current as the rate of flow of charge and describes different types of current including steady, varying, and alternating current. It also defines conventional current, drift velocity, current density, and explains Ohm's law. The document discusses resistance, resistivity, conductivity, temperature dependence of resistance, and color codes for carbon resistors. It covers series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells. It also defines electromotive force (EMF), compares EMF and potential difference, and describes internal resistance of a cell and factors affecting it.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to electric current including:
- Definitions of electric current, conventional current, and drift velocity of electrons.
- Relationships between current, charge, time, and drift velocity.
- Introduction of concepts like current density, Ohm's law, resistance, and temperature dependence of resistance.
- Explanations of series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to electric current including:
- Definitions of electric current, conventional current, and drift velocity of electrons.
- Relationships between current, charge, time, and drift velocity.
- Introduction of concepts like current density, Ohm's law, resistance, and temperature dependence of resistance.
- Explanations of series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells.
The document provides information on electric current, including definitions of conventional current, drift velocity, current density, and Ohm's law. It discusses resistance, resistivity, conductance, and conductivity and how they relate to temperature, length, and other factors. The document also covers color codes for carbon resistors, and series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells. It defines emf and potential difference, and discusses the internal resistance of cells and how series and parallel connections of cells affect total emf, internal resistance, and current.
1. The document discusses key concepts related to electric current including definitions of current and conventional current, drift velocity, current density, Ohm's law, resistance, temperature dependence of resistance, color codes for carbon resistors, and series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells.
2. It defines internal resistance of a cell and explains how internal resistance is affected by factors like electrode separation, electrolyte conductivity, and electrode area. It also compares internal resistance measurement methods.
3. The summary discusses how connecting cells in series combines their EMFs while connecting in parallel divides the current among cells.
1. The document discusses key concepts related to electric current including definitions of current and conventional current, drift velocity, current density, Ohm's law, resistance, resistivity, conductance, conductivity, and temperature dependence of resistance.
2. It also covers color codes for carbon resistors, series and parallel combinations of resistors, definitions of emf and potential difference, internal resistance of cells, and series and parallel combinations of cells.
3. The key relationships between current, voltage, resistance, drift velocity, and other circuit variables are defined through equations like Ohm's law and relationships involving resistivity, conductivity, and temperature.
1. The document discusses key concepts related to electric current including definitions of current and conventional current, drift velocity, current density, Ohm's law, resistance, resistivity, conductance, conductivity, and temperature dependence of resistance.
2. It also covers color codes for carbon resistors, series and parallel combinations of resistors, definitions of emf and potential difference, internal resistance of cells, and series and parallel combinations of cells.
3. The key relationships between current, voltage, resistance, drift velocity, and other circuit variables are defined through equations like Ohm's law and relationships involving resistivity, conductivity, and temperature.
Class 12th physics current electricity ppt Arpit Meena
1. The document discusses key concepts related to electric current including definitions of current and conventional current, drift velocity, current density, Ohm's law, resistance, resistivity, conductance, conductivity, and temperature dependence of resistance.
2. It also covers color codes for carbon resistors, series and parallel combinations of resistors, definitions of emf and internal resistance of cells, and series and parallel combinations of cells.
3. The document provides formulas and explanations for many important electrical concepts in a comprehensive yet concise manner.
This document provides information about electric current and related concepts. It defines electric current as the rate of flow of charge and describes different types of current including steady, varying, and alternating current. It also defines conventional current, drift velocity, current density, and explains Ohm's law. The document discusses resistance, resistivity, conductivity, temperature dependence of resistance, and color codes for carbon resistors. It covers series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells. It also defines electromotive force (EMF), compares EMF and potential difference, and describes internal resistance of a cell and factors affecting it.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to electric current including:
- Definitions of electric current, conventional current, and drift velocity of electrons.
- Relationships between current, charge, time, and drift velocity.
- Introduction of concepts like current density, Ohm's law, resistance, and temperature dependence of resistance.
- Explanations of series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to electric current including:
- Definitions of electric current, conventional current, and drift velocity of electrons.
- Relationships between current, charge, time, and drift velocity.
- Introduction of concepts like current density, Ohm's law, resistance, and temperature dependence of resistance.
- Explanations of series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells.
The document provides information on electric current, including definitions of conventional current, drift velocity, current density, and Ohm's law. It discusses resistance, resistivity, conductance, and conductivity and how they relate to temperature, length, and other factors. The document also covers color codes for carbon resistors, and series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells. It defines emf and potential difference, and discusses the internal resistance of cells and how series and parallel connections of cells affect total emf, internal resistance, and current.
The document provides information on electric current, including definitions of conventional current, drift velocity, current density, and Ohm's law. It discusses resistance, resistivity, conductance, and conductivity and how they relate to temperature, length, and other factors. The document also covers color codes for carbon resistors, and series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells. It defines emf and potential difference, and discusses the internal resistance of cells and how series and parallel connections of cells affect total emf, internal resistance, and current.
The document discusses key concepts related to electrical circuits including:
1. It defines electro motive force (EMF) as the maximum potential difference between electrodes when no current is drawn, and compares it to potential difference (P.D.) which is the difference in potential between any two points in a closed circuit.
2. It explains that the internal resistance of a cell depends on factors like the separation of electrodes, conductivity of the electrolyte, and electrode materials.
3. It describes how cells can be connected in series or parallel configurations and the effects on equivalent resistance, EMF, and current in each case.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electricity including:
1. Electric current is the flow of electrons through a conductor. Current is measured in amperes and flows from positive to negative terminals.
2. An electric circuit is a closed loop that allows current to flow. A circuit includes a power source, conducting wires, and components like light bulbs.
3. Resistance is a material's opposition to current flow. It is measured in ohms and depends on a material's length, cross-sectional area, and resistivity.
The document discusses electric current and related concepts. It defines current as the flow of electric charge from one place to another, measured in amperes. Current can be direct or alternating. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Kirchhoff's laws govern the analysis of electric circuits.
The document discusses electric current and related concepts. It defines current as the flow of electric charge from one place to another, measured in amperes. Current can be direct or alternating. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Circuits can have one or more loops and resistors can be connected in series or parallel. Power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by a current.
Electric current is defined as the flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes (A), which is equal to one coulomb of charge passing through an area in one second. Current can be direct, where the direction of flow is constant, or alternating, where the direction and magnitude continuously changes. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. According to Ohm's law, current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
Electric current is defined as the flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes (A), which is equal to one coulomb of charge passing through an area in one second. Current can be direct, where the direction of flow is constant, or alternating, where the direction and magnitude continuously changes. Resistance is a material property that impedes current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
factors affecting internal resistance/emf of the cellYogesh Baghel
This document discusses internal resistance, electromotive force (EMF), and using an oscilloscope to measure voltage and frequency from a signal generator. It explains how to create batteries from lemons and measure their internal resistance. It also covers how oscilloscopes can be used as voltmeters to measure DC and AC voltage, and how they can measure frequency. The document contains questions about batteries, internal resistance, EMF, RMS voltage, AC power, and using an oscilloscope.
C.12 PHYSICS CURRENT ELECTRICITY notes.pdfZiauddinKhan34
Electric current is the flow of electric charge. It can be defined as the amount of charge passing through a cross-sectional area per unit time. Common types of current include steady direct current, varying direct current, and alternating current. Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied. Resistance is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. Kirchhoff's laws describe the conservation of electric charge and potential at nodes in a circuit.
The charged particles whose flow in a definite direction constitutes the electric current are called current carriers. e.g. electrons in conductors, ions in electrolyte, electrons and holes in semiconductor.
1. Electric current is the flow of electric charge carriers in a conductor. Current carriers include electrons in metals, ions in electrolytes, and both electrons and holes in semiconductors.
2. The electromotive force (EMF) of a cell is the potential difference between its electrodes in an open circuit. A cell's EMF depends on the electrodes, electrolyte composition and concentration, and temperature.
3. Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided the conductor's physical conditions remain constant. Resistance depends on the material and dimensions of the conductor.
1. The document discusses electricity, including electric charge, current, potential difference, and circuits. It defines key terms and concepts and provides examples of calculations.
2. Series and parallel circuits are analyzed and compared. Equations for current, voltage, and resistance in each type of circuit are provided.
3. The relationship between potential difference and current is explored through Ohm's Law. Factors that affect resistance are also described.
This document discusses key concepts related to electricity including current, potential, electromotive force, internal resistance of cells, resistance of conductors, Ohm's law, resistivity, conductivity, and combinations of resistors. It defines current as the rate of flow of charge and describes how current, potential, resistance, and resistivity are calculated. It also explains how resistance and resistivity change with temperature and the formulas for calculating equivalent resistance when resistors are combined in series or parallel.
This document discusses electricity and related concepts. It begins by defining electric charge and its properties. It then discusses methods of charging objects and defines electricity as the flow of electrons in a circuit. It explains electric current, electric field, electric potential and potential difference. It introduces Ohm's law and discusses resistance, resistivity, and factors that affect resistance. It describes electric circuits and components for measuring current and voltage. It explains how resistances can be combined in series or parallel and compares the key differences between series and parallel circuits.
This document contains definitions and concepts related to electricity and magnetism covered in chapters 1-2 of a physics textbook. It defines key terms like electrical current, potential difference, resistance, resistivity, conductivity, and others. It also discusses Kirchhoff's laws for solving circuit problems and factors that influence resistance. Chapter 2 definitions include magnetic flux, magnetic flux density, permeability, and components of a galvanometer used to measure current. The document provides explanations, deductions, comparisons and examples to illustrate the concepts.
Electricity is the flow of electrons in a circuit. Current is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). The direction of electron flow is opposite to the direction of conventional current. Resistance is a measure of how much a material opposes the flow of electric current. Resistance depends on the material's resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. According to Ohm's law, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied. Cells can be connected in series, where the total voltage is the sum of individual voltages, or parallel, where the total current is the sum of individual currents.
This document provides an overview of electricity concepts for 10th grade students. It defines electric current and circuits, potential difference, Ohm's law, factors that affect resistance, and series and parallel resistors. It explains heating effects of electric current and its applications. It also defines electric power, the watt unit of power, and units of electric energy like watt-hours and kilowatt-hours. Key concepts are explained through examples and diagrams. The document aims to comprehensively cover core topics in electricity for 10th grade based on information from textbooks, YouTube, Wikipedia and other sources.
1. The document discusses electricity and various electrical concepts like charge, current, voltage, resistance, and circuits. It defines these terms and explains properties and relationships between concepts.
2. Key points covered include that electricity is the flow of electrons in a circuit, current is the rate of flow of charge, and Ohm's Law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance.
3. The document also compares series and parallel circuits, explaining that series circuits have higher total resistance while parallel circuits have lower total resistance.
This document outlines the key concepts and learning outcomes for a circuit theory course, including:
1) Explaining DC circuits using concepts like EMF, internal resistance, and potential dividers.
2) Analyzing DC circuits using Kirchhoff's laws to solve problems involving resistors, capacitors, and energy stored.
3) Describing resistance at a microscopic level and defining related concepts like resistivity and conductance.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
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The document provides information on electric current, including definitions of conventional current, drift velocity, current density, and Ohm's law. It discusses resistance, resistivity, conductance, and conductivity and how they relate to temperature, length, and other factors. The document also covers color codes for carbon resistors, and series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells. It defines emf and potential difference, and discusses the internal resistance of cells and how series and parallel connections of cells affect total emf, internal resistance, and current.
The document discusses key concepts related to electrical circuits including:
1. It defines electro motive force (EMF) as the maximum potential difference between electrodes when no current is drawn, and compares it to potential difference (P.D.) which is the difference in potential between any two points in a closed circuit.
2. It explains that the internal resistance of a cell depends on factors like the separation of electrodes, conductivity of the electrolyte, and electrode materials.
3. It describes how cells can be connected in series or parallel configurations and the effects on equivalent resistance, EMF, and current in each case.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electricity including:
1. Electric current is the flow of electrons through a conductor. Current is measured in amperes and flows from positive to negative terminals.
2. An electric circuit is a closed loop that allows current to flow. A circuit includes a power source, conducting wires, and components like light bulbs.
3. Resistance is a material's opposition to current flow. It is measured in ohms and depends on a material's length, cross-sectional area, and resistivity.
The document discusses electric current and related concepts. It defines current as the flow of electric charge from one place to another, measured in amperes. Current can be direct or alternating. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Kirchhoff's laws govern the analysis of electric circuits.
The document discusses electric current and related concepts. It defines current as the flow of electric charge from one place to another, measured in amperes. Current can be direct or alternating. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Circuits can have one or more loops and resistors can be connected in series or parallel. Power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by a current.
Electric current is defined as the flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes (A), which is equal to one coulomb of charge passing through an area in one second. Current can be direct, where the direction of flow is constant, or alternating, where the direction and magnitude continuously changes. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. According to Ohm's law, current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
Electric current is defined as the flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes (A), which is equal to one coulomb of charge passing through an area in one second. Current can be direct, where the direction of flow is constant, or alternating, where the direction and magnitude continuously changes. Resistance is a material property that impedes current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
factors affecting internal resistance/emf of the cellYogesh Baghel
This document discusses internal resistance, electromotive force (EMF), and using an oscilloscope to measure voltage and frequency from a signal generator. It explains how to create batteries from lemons and measure their internal resistance. It also covers how oscilloscopes can be used as voltmeters to measure DC and AC voltage, and how they can measure frequency. The document contains questions about batteries, internal resistance, EMF, RMS voltage, AC power, and using an oscilloscope.
C.12 PHYSICS CURRENT ELECTRICITY notes.pdfZiauddinKhan34
Electric current is the flow of electric charge. It can be defined as the amount of charge passing through a cross-sectional area per unit time. Common types of current include steady direct current, varying direct current, and alternating current. Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied. Resistance is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. Kirchhoff's laws describe the conservation of electric charge and potential at nodes in a circuit.
The charged particles whose flow in a definite direction constitutes the electric current are called current carriers. e.g. electrons in conductors, ions in electrolyte, electrons and holes in semiconductor.
1. Electric current is the flow of electric charge carriers in a conductor. Current carriers include electrons in metals, ions in electrolytes, and both electrons and holes in semiconductors.
2. The electromotive force (EMF) of a cell is the potential difference between its electrodes in an open circuit. A cell's EMF depends on the electrodes, electrolyte composition and concentration, and temperature.
3. Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided the conductor's physical conditions remain constant. Resistance depends on the material and dimensions of the conductor.
1. The document discusses electricity, including electric charge, current, potential difference, and circuits. It defines key terms and concepts and provides examples of calculations.
2. Series and parallel circuits are analyzed and compared. Equations for current, voltage, and resistance in each type of circuit are provided.
3. The relationship between potential difference and current is explored through Ohm's Law. Factors that affect resistance are also described.
This document discusses key concepts related to electricity including current, potential, electromotive force, internal resistance of cells, resistance of conductors, Ohm's law, resistivity, conductivity, and combinations of resistors. It defines current as the rate of flow of charge and describes how current, potential, resistance, and resistivity are calculated. It also explains how resistance and resistivity change with temperature and the formulas for calculating equivalent resistance when resistors are combined in series or parallel.
This document discusses electricity and related concepts. It begins by defining electric charge and its properties. It then discusses methods of charging objects and defines electricity as the flow of electrons in a circuit. It explains electric current, electric field, electric potential and potential difference. It introduces Ohm's law and discusses resistance, resistivity, and factors that affect resistance. It describes electric circuits and components for measuring current and voltage. It explains how resistances can be combined in series or parallel and compares the key differences between series and parallel circuits.
This document contains definitions and concepts related to electricity and magnetism covered in chapters 1-2 of a physics textbook. It defines key terms like electrical current, potential difference, resistance, resistivity, conductivity, and others. It also discusses Kirchhoff's laws for solving circuit problems and factors that influence resistance. Chapter 2 definitions include magnetic flux, magnetic flux density, permeability, and components of a galvanometer used to measure current. The document provides explanations, deductions, comparisons and examples to illustrate the concepts.
Electricity is the flow of electrons in a circuit. Current is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). The direction of electron flow is opposite to the direction of conventional current. Resistance is a measure of how much a material opposes the flow of electric current. Resistance depends on the material's resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. According to Ohm's law, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied. Cells can be connected in series, where the total voltage is the sum of individual voltages, or parallel, where the total current is the sum of individual currents.
This document provides an overview of electricity concepts for 10th grade students. It defines electric current and circuits, potential difference, Ohm's law, factors that affect resistance, and series and parallel resistors. It explains heating effects of electric current and its applications. It also defines electric power, the watt unit of power, and units of electric energy like watt-hours and kilowatt-hours. Key concepts are explained through examples and diagrams. The document aims to comprehensively cover core topics in electricity for 10th grade based on information from textbooks, YouTube, Wikipedia and other sources.
1. The document discusses electricity and various electrical concepts like charge, current, voltage, resistance, and circuits. It defines these terms and explains properties and relationships between concepts.
2. Key points covered include that electricity is the flow of electrons in a circuit, current is the rate of flow of charge, and Ohm's Law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance.
3. The document also compares series and parallel circuits, explaining that series circuits have higher total resistance while parallel circuits have lower total resistance.
This document outlines the key concepts and learning outcomes for a circuit theory course, including:
1) Explaining DC circuits using concepts like EMF, internal resistance, and potential dividers.
2) Analyzing DC circuits using Kirchhoff's laws to solve problems involving resistors, capacitors, and energy stored.
3) Describing resistance at a microscopic level and defining related concepts like resistivity and conductance.
Similar to current electricity PHYSICS CHAPTER 2.ppt (20)
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
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Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
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Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
current electricity PHYSICS CHAPTER 2.ppt
1. CURRENT ELECTRICITY - I
1. Electric Current
2. Conventional Current
3. Drift Velocity of electrons and current
4. Current Density
5. Ohm’s Law
6. Resistance, Resistivity, Conductance &
Conductivity
7. Temperature dependence of resistance
8. Colour Codes for Carbon Resistors
9. Series and Parallel combination of
resistors
10. EMF and Potential Difference of a cell
11. Internal Resistance of a cell
12. Series and Parallel combination of cells
2. Electric Current:
The electric current is defined as the charge flowing through any
section of the conductor in one second.
I = q / t (if the rate of flow of charge is steady)
I = dq / dt (if the rate of flow of charge varies with time)
Different types of current:
I
t
0
a
b c
d) Alternating current whose
magnitude varies continuously
and direction changes
periodically
a) Steady current which does not
vary with time
b) & c) Varying current whose
magnitude varies with time d
3. Conventional Current:
Conventional current is the current whose
direction is along the direction of the motion of
positive charge under the action of electric
field.
+
+
+
+
- -
- -
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
I
Drift Velocity and Current:
Drift velocity is defined as the velocity with
which the free electrons get drifted towards the
positive terminal under the effect of the
applied electric field.
I
vd = - (eE / m) τ
- - -
vd
E
l
A
I = neA vd
vd = a τ
vd - drift velocity, a – acceleration, τ – relaxation time, E – electric field, e –
electronic charge, m – mass of electron, n – number density of electrons, l – length of
the conductor and A – Area of cross-section
Current is directly proportional to
drift velocity.
Conventional current due to motion of
electrons is in the direction opposite to that of
motion of electrons.
+ + +
I
- - -
4. Current density:
Current density at a point, within a conductor, is the current through a unit area of the
conductor, around that point, provided the area is perpendicular to the direction of flow
of current at that point.
J = I / A = nevd
In vector form, I = J . A
Ohm’s Law:
The electric current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference across the two ends of the conductor when physical
conditions such as temperature, mechanical strain, etc. remain the same.
I
V
I α V or V α I or V = R I
V
I
0
5. Resistance:
The resistance of conductor is the opposition offered by the conductor to
the flow of electric current through it.
R = V / I
Resistance in terms of physical features of the conductor:
I = neA | vd |
I = neA (e |E| / m) τ
ne2Aτ
m
V
l
I =
ne2Aτ
V
I
=
ml
ne2τ A
R =
m l
A
R = ρ
l
where ρ =
ne2τ
m
is resistivity or specific
resistance
Resistance is directly proportional to length
and inversely proportional to cross-sectional
area of the conductor and depends on
nature of material.
Resistivity depends upon nature of
material and not on the geometrical
dimensions of the conductor.
6. When temperature
increases, vd
decreases and ρ
increases.
When l increases, vd
decreases.
Relations between vd , ρ, l, E, J and V:
ρ = E / J = E / nevd
vd = E /(neρ)
vd = V /(neρl)
(since, J = I / A = nevd )
(since, E = V / l )
Conductance and conductivity:
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance. Its S.I unit is mho.
Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity. Its S.I unit is mho / m.
Temperature dependence of Resistances:
ne2τ A
R =
m l When temperature increases, the no. of collisions increases due to
more internal energy and relaxation time decreases. Therefore,
Resistance increases.
Temperature coefficient of Resistance:
R0 t
α =
Rt – R0
R1t2 – R2t1
α =
R2 – R1
or
R0 – Resistance at 0°C
Rt – Resistance at t°C
R1 – Resistance at t1°C
R2 – Resistance at t2°C
If R2 < R1, then α is – ve.
7. Colour code for carbon resistors:
B V B Gold
G R B Silver
B V B
The first two rings from the end give the first
two significant figures of resistance in ohm.
The third ring indicates the decimal multiplier.
The last ring indicates the tolerance in per
cent about the indicated value.
Eg. AB x 10C ± D % ohm
17 x 100 = 17 ± 5% Ω
52 x 106 ± 10% Ω
17 x 100 = 17 ± 20% Ω
Letter Colour Number Colour Tolerance
B Black 0 Gold 5%
B Brown 1 Silver 10%
R Red 2 No colour 20%
O Orange 3
Y Yellow 4
G Green 5
B Blue 6
V Violet 7
G Grey 8
W White 9
B B ROY of Great Britain has Very Good
Wife
8. Another Colour code for carbon resistors:
Yellow Body
Blue Dot
Gold Ring
YRB Gold
42 x 106 ± 5% Ω
Red Ends
i) The colour of the body gives the first
significant figure.
ii) The colour of the ends gives the second
significant figure.
iii) The colour of the dot gives the decimal
multipier.
iv) The colour of the ring gives the
tolerance.
Series combination of resistors:
Parallel combination of resistors:
R = R1 + R2 + R3
R is greater than the greatest of all.
R1 R2 R3
R1
R2
R3
1/R =1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
R is smaller than the smallest of all.
9. Sources of emf:
The electro motive force is the maximum potential difference between the two
electrodes of the cell when no current is drawn from the cell.
Comparison of EMF and P.D:
EMF Potential Difference
1 EMF is the maximum potential
difference between the two
electrodes of the cell when no
current is drawn from the cell
i.e. when the circuit is open.
P.D is the difference of potentials
between any two points in a closed
circuit.
2 It is independent of the
resistance of the circuit.
It is proportional to the resistance
between the given points.
3 The term ‘emf’ is used only for
the source of emf.
It is measured between any two
points of the circuit.
4 It is greater than the potential
difference between any two
points in a circuit.
However, p.d. is greater than emf
when the cell is being charged.
10. Internal Resistance of a cell:
The opposition offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of electric current
through it is called the internal resistance of the cell.
Factors affecting Internal Resistance of a cell:
i) Larger the separation between the electrodes of the cell, more the length
of the electrolyte through which current has to flow and consequently a
higher value of internal resistance.
ii) Greater the conductivity of the electrolyte, lesser is the internal resistance
of the cell. i.e. internal resistance depends on the nature of the electrolyte.
iii) The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the common
area of the electrodes dipping in the electrolyte.
iv) The internal resistance of a cell depends on the nature of the electrodes.
R
r
E
I
I
E = V + v
= IR + Ir
= I (R + r)
I = E / (R + r)
This relation is called circuit equation.
V
v
11. Internal Resistance of a cell in terms of E,V and R:
R
r
E
I
I
V
v
E = V + v
= V + Ir
Ir = E - V
Dividing by IR = V,
Ir E – V
=
IR V
E
r = ( - 1) R
V
Determination of Internal Resistance of a cell by voltmeter method:
r
K
R.B (R)
V
+
r
I
I
R.B (R)
K
V
+
Open circuit (No current is drawn)
EMF (E) is measured
Closed circuit (Current is drawn)
Potential Difference (V) is measured
12. Cells in Series combination:
Cells are connected in series when they are joined end to end so that the same
quantity of electricity must flow through each cell.
R
I
I
V
r
E r
E r
E
NOTE:
1. The emf of the battery is the
sum of the individual emfs
2. The current in each cell is the
same and is identical with the
current in the entire
arrangement.
3. The total internal resistance of
the battery is the sum of the
individual internal resistances.
Total emf of the battery = nE (for n no. of identical cells)
Total Internal resistance of the battery = nr
Total resistance of the circuit = nr + R
Current I =
nE
nr + R
(i) If R << nr, then I = E / r (ii) If nr << R, then I = n (E / R)
Conclusion: When internal resistance is negligible in comparison
to the external resistance, then the cells are connected in series to
get maximum current.
13. Cells in Parallel combination:
Cells are said to be connected in parallel when they are joined positive to positive and
negative to negative such that current is divided between the cells.
NOTE:
1. The emf of the battery is the same as that of a
single cell.
2. The current in the external circuit is divided equally
among the cells.
3. The reciprocal of the total internal resistance is the
sum of the reciprocals of the individual internal
resistances.
Total emf of the battery = E
Total Internal resistance of the battery = r / n
Total resistance of the circuit = (r / n) + R
Current I =
nE
nR + r
(i) If R << r/n, then I = n(E / r) (ii) If r/n << R, then I = E / R
Conclusion: When external resistance is negligible in comparison
to the internal resistance, then the cells are connected in parallel
to get maximum current.
V
R
I
I
r
E
r
E
r
E
14. CURRENT ELECTRICITY - II
1. Kirchhoff’s Laws of electricity
2. Wheatstone Bridge
3. Metre Bridge
4. Potentiometer
i) Principle
ii) Comparison of emf of primary cells
15. KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS:
I Law or Current Law or Junction Rule:
The algebraic sum of electric currents at a junction in any
electrical network is always zero.
O
I1
I4
I2
I3
I5
I1 - I2 - I3 + I4 - I5 = 0
Sign Conventions:
1. The incoming currents towards the junction are taken positive.
2. The outgoing currents away from the junction are taken negative.
Note: The charges cannot accumulate at a junction. The number of charges
that arrive at a junction in a given time must leave in the same time in
accordance with conservation of charges.
16. II Law or Voltage Law or Loop Rule:
The algebraic sum of all the potential drops and emf’s along any
closed path in an electrical network is always zero.
Sign Conventions:
1. The emf is taken negative when we traverse from positive to negative
terminal of the cell through the electrolyte.
2. The emf is taken positive when we traverse from negative to positive
terminal of the cell through the electrolyte.
The potential falls along the direction of current in a current path
and it rises along the direction opposite to the current path.
3. The potential fall is taken negative.
4. The potential rise is taken positive.
Loop ABCA:
- E1 + I1.R1 + (I1 + I2).R2 = 0
E1
R1
E2
R3
R2
I1
I2
I1
I2
I1
I2 I1 + I2
A B
C
D
Note: The path can be traversed in
clockwise or anticlockwise direction
of the loop.
Loop ACDA:
- (I1 + I2).R2 - I2.R3 + E2 = 0
17. Wheatstone Bridge:
I1
I
Ig
I1 - Ig
I - I1
E
A
B
C
D
P Q
R S
G
I
I
I
I - I1 + Ig
Loop ABDA:
-I1.P - Ig.G + (I - I1).R = 0
Currents through the arms are assumed by
applying Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule.
Applying Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule for:
When Ig = 0, the bridge is said to balanced.
By manipulating the above equations, we get
Loop BCDB:
- (I1 - Ig).Q + (I - I1 + Ig).S + Ig.G = 0
P
Q
R
S
18. Metre Bridge:
A B
R.B (R) X
G
J
K
E
l cm 100 - l cm
Metre Bridge is based on
the principle of
Wheatstone Bridge.
When the galvanometer current
is made zero by adjusting the
jockey position on the metre-
bridge wire for the given values
of known and unknown
resistances,
R RAJ
X RJB
R AJ
X JB
R l
X 100 - l
(Since,
Resistance α
length)
Therefore, X = R (100 – l) ∕ l
19. Potentiometer:
J
V
+
K
E
A
Rh
+
l cm
I
Principle:
V = I R
= I ρl/A
If the constant current flows
through the potentiometer wire of
uniform cross sectional area (A)
and uniform composition of
material (ρ), then
V = Kl or V α l
0
l
V
V /l is a constant.
The potential difference across any length of a wire of
uniform cross-section and uniform composition is
proportional to its length when a constant current flows
through it.
A
B
100
200
300
400
0
20. +
E1
E2
+
R.B
G
J1
l1
J2
l2
E
A
K
A
B
Rh
+
I
100
200
300
400
0
Comparison of emf’s using
Potentiometer:
The balance point is obtained
for the cell when the
potential at a point on the
potentiometer wire is equal
and opposite to the emf of
the cell.
E1 = VAJ1
= I ρl1 /A
E2 = VAJ2
= I ρl2 /A
E1 / E2 = l1 /l2
Note:
The balance point will not be obtained on the potentiometer wire if the fall of
potential along the potentiometer wire is less than the emf of the cell to be
measured.
The working of the potentiometer is based on null deflection method. So the
resistance of the wire becomes infinite. Thus potentiometer can be regarded as an
ideal voltmeter.
End of Current Electricity