This document provides an introduction to anticancer chemotherapy. It discusses the cell cycle, including the interphase and mitosis stages. Interphase involves cell growth and DNA replication in preparation for mitosis. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells. The document also discusses regulation of the cell cycle by promoters and inhibitors. Finally, it describes two classifications of cancer chemotherapy - cell cycle specific and non-specific drugs, and examples of drug mechanisms and which cell cycle phases they target.

1. Introduction to
Anticancer Chemotherapy

2. Topics
 Cell cycle
 Classification of cancer chemotherapy

3. Stages of cell cycle

4. Interphase
 Interphase is the part of the cell cycle in which the cell
grows, replicates its
DNA and synthesizes new proteins in preparation for
mitosis.
 Cells which are constantly dividing have a relatively short
interphase period, while cells that do not divide, are
permanently stuck in interphase (quiescence).
 Cells which do not divide are permanently stuck in a special
stage of interphase called GO.

5. Interphase
 G1 (Growth Phase 1) - Cell grows and synthesizes proteins
required for
DNA replication.
 S (Synthesis Phase) - DNA is replicated.
 G2 (Growth Phase 2) - Cell synthesizes proteins required
for mitosis.
 GO - (Resting Phase) - Cell is not preparing for replication.

6. Mitosis
 Mitosis is the part of the cell cycle in which the nucleus and
cytoplasm of a parent cell split into two genetically identical
cells (daughter cells).
 Mitosis always produces cells which are genetically
identical to the parent cell.
 Errors in mitosis can lead to inhibition of cell division and
therefore the cell cycle, cell death and genetic mutations
(aneuploidy).

7. Mitosis

8. Significance of Mitosis
 Once mitosis has occurred, any DNA changes or mutations
which were not corrected prior to mitosis become
permanent.
 For this reason, mitosis can be thought as an endpoint in
the steps of the cell cycle.
 Throughout the steps of the cell cycle, there are various
quality control checkpoints which ensure that mitosis only
occurs once the cell is free of DNA mutations.

12. Regulation of cell cycle
Promoters (oncogenes)
 Cyclins ( E,D,A,B).
 Cyclin dependent kinases.
 Together forming
(cyclin+CDKS complex.
Inhibitors (tumour
suppressor genes)
 Retinoblastoma gene
 P53 gene

14. Classification of cancer chemtherapy
Cell cycle specificty
 Cell cycle specific
(actively dividing cells).
 Cell cycle non specific
(resting & actively
dividing cells).
Mechanism of action
 Alkylating agents.
 Antimetabolites.
 Antibiotics.
 Etc…….

15. Cell cycle phase specific
 G1- L asparagenase
 S - Methotrexate
6-Mercaptopurine
5-Fluorouracil
 G2 -Bleomycin Etoposide,
Topotecan Daunorubicin
 M - Vincristine
Vinblastine,Paclitaxel,
Docetaxel
Cell cycle phase non specific
 Cyclophosphamide
 Chlorambucil
 Cisplatin
 Actinomvcin-D
 L-Asparaginase
Classification of cancer chemotherapy

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