CSS is a style sheet language used to determine the formatting of HTML documents. It separates the presentation of HTML elements from the document's structure and semantics. The key benefits of CSS include separation of concerns, cascading style sheets, and selector-based rules. CSS fundamentals include the anatomy of style sheets with selectors, declarations, and properties. Specificity rules determine which styles take precedence when multiple selectors apply to an element.
جيفير باي الساحل الشمالي
http://northcoast-village.com/compounds-details/34/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A
علي اجمل شواطئ مصر تقع قرية جيفيرا باى الساحل الشمالي حيث الهدوء والمتعة الحقيقة حيث يمنحك منتجع جفيرا باي إطلالة ممتعة ومستمره علي مياة البحر المتوسط ,فالقرية عبارة عن شاليهات وفيلات مقامة بمنظر رائع علي الطراز الأندلسي كما تتمحور الشاليهات حول الحدائق الخاصة وحمامات السباحة المنتشره بالقرية ,بالاضافة الي الشاطئ ,والمساحات الخضراء المتوفره بكثره بالقرية ,بالاضافة الي المنطقة الترفيهية ومنطقة الخدمات من محلات تجارية ومطاعم عاليمة وتضم القرية مجموعة متنوعة من الأنشطه الترفهية من مناطق مخصصة للرياضة والانشطة المجتمعية لذلك تمثل قرية جفيرا باي وجهة مميزه في شاطئ البحر الابيض المتوسط.للمزيد
جيفير باي الساحل الشمالي
http://northcoast-village.com/compounds-details/34/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A
علي اجمل شواطئ مصر تقع قرية جيفيرا باى الساحل الشمالي حيث الهدوء والمتعة الحقيقة حيث يمنحك منتجع جفيرا باي إطلالة ممتعة ومستمره علي مياة البحر المتوسط ,فالقرية عبارة عن شاليهات وفيلات مقامة بمنظر رائع علي الطراز الأندلسي كما تتمحور الشاليهات حول الحدائق الخاصة وحمامات السباحة المنتشره بالقرية ,بالاضافة الي الشاطئ ,والمساحات الخضراء المتوفره بكثره بالقرية ,بالاضافة الي المنطقة الترفيهية ومنطقة الخدمات من محلات تجارية ومطاعم عاليمة وتضم القرية مجموعة متنوعة من الأنشطه الترفهية من مناطق مخصصة للرياضة والانشطة المجتمعية لذلك تمثل قرية جفيرا باي وجهة مميزه في شاطئ البحر الابيض المتوسط.للمزيد
The sequels of steps the browser goes through to convert HTML, CSS and JavaScript into actual pixels on the screen – that’s the critical rendering path. By understanding what happens between writing the markup and looking at our websites we can optimize the performance of each page.
We will cover whole of the web development basics comprising of HTML, CSS, JavaScript in this series.
Following are topics useful for any newbie to intermediate who is interested in learning Web Development
Copy & Pest - A case-study on the clipboard, blind trust and invisible cross-...Mario Heiderich
The clipboard is one of the most commonly used tools across operating systems, window managers and devices. Pressing Ctrl-C and Ctrl-V has become so fundamentally important to productivity and usability that we cannot get rid of it anymore. We happily and often thoughtlessly copy things from one source and paste them into another. URLs into address-bars, lengthy commands into console windows, text segments into web editors and mail interfaces. And we never worry about security when doing so. Because what could possibly go wrong, right?
But have we ever asked ourselves what the clipboard content actually consists of? Do we really know what it contains? And are we aware of the consequences a thoughtless copy&paste interaction can have? Who else can control the contents of the clipboard? Is it really just us doing Ctrl-C or is there other forces in the realm who are able to infect what we believe to be clean, who can desecrate what we trust so blindly that we never question or observe it?
This talk is about the clipboard and the technical details behind it. How it works, what it really contains – and who can influence its complex range of contents. We will learn about a new breed of targeted attacks, including cross-application XSS from PDF, ODT, DOC and XPS that allow to steal website accounts faster than you can click, turn your excel sheet into a monster and learn about ways to smuggle creepy payload that is hidden from sight until it executes. Oh, and we’ll also see what can be done about that and what defensive measures we achieved to create so far.
Implementing Awesome: An HTML5/CSS3 WorkshopShoshi Roberts
We go over what parts of HTML5 and CSS3 you can use right away and how to degrade gracefully in order to appease the older browsers. Then, we play with some of the awesome visual candy you can make using the latest properties.
- Presented at PyGotham
If you are new to CSS or have been using it for years this presentation should give you more insight into how to write and use CSS to make your web sites better.
The sequels of steps the browser goes through to convert HTML, CSS and JavaScript into actual pixels on the screen – that’s the critical rendering path. By understanding what happens between writing the markup and looking at our websites we can optimize the performance of each page.
We will cover whole of the web development basics comprising of HTML, CSS, JavaScript in this series.
Following are topics useful for any newbie to intermediate who is interested in learning Web Development
Copy & Pest - A case-study on the clipboard, blind trust and invisible cross-...Mario Heiderich
The clipboard is one of the most commonly used tools across operating systems, window managers and devices. Pressing Ctrl-C and Ctrl-V has become so fundamentally important to productivity and usability that we cannot get rid of it anymore. We happily and often thoughtlessly copy things from one source and paste them into another. URLs into address-bars, lengthy commands into console windows, text segments into web editors and mail interfaces. And we never worry about security when doing so. Because what could possibly go wrong, right?
But have we ever asked ourselves what the clipboard content actually consists of? Do we really know what it contains? And are we aware of the consequences a thoughtless copy&paste interaction can have? Who else can control the contents of the clipboard? Is it really just us doing Ctrl-C or is there other forces in the realm who are able to infect what we believe to be clean, who can desecrate what we trust so blindly that we never question or observe it?
This talk is about the clipboard and the technical details behind it. How it works, what it really contains – and who can influence its complex range of contents. We will learn about a new breed of targeted attacks, including cross-application XSS from PDF, ODT, DOC and XPS that allow to steal website accounts faster than you can click, turn your excel sheet into a monster and learn about ways to smuggle creepy payload that is hidden from sight until it executes. Oh, and we’ll also see what can be done about that and what defensive measures we achieved to create so far.
Implementing Awesome: An HTML5/CSS3 WorkshopShoshi Roberts
We go over what parts of HTML5 and CSS3 you can use right away and how to degrade gracefully in order to appease the older browsers. Then, we play with some of the awesome visual candy you can make using the latest properties.
- Presented at PyGotham
If you are new to CSS or have been using it for years this presentation should give you more insight into how to write and use CSS to make your web sites better.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. CSS 101:
An Impossibly Fast Introduction to the World of
Cascading Style Sheets.
Rob Larsen
10.13.2010
htmlcssjavascript.com | drunkenfist.com
@robreact
htmlcssjavascript.com/downloads/css.ppt | dfst.us/styles
2. Who is this Guy Anyway?
• 13+ years HTML/CSS/JavaScript. My day
job since 1999.
• Interface Architect at Isobar (AKA
Molecular)
• PAST: Cramer, AdvisorTech, Compete, Demandware, The Weekly Dig, Gillette,
Museum of Science, Boston, PC Connection, State Street, Webex
3. What Are We Going to Talk
About
• Introduction to CSS
• CSS Fundamentals
• Specificity
• CSS Versions
• CSS in Action
• Frameworks, Abstractions, etc.
• Testing
• Resources
4. CSS?
Cascading Style Sheets
CSS is a style sheet language used to determine the formatting of an HTML
document.
Before we had CSS (and before it was widely adopted) all of this formatting
information was embedded directly in the document- either in the form of
attributes like width or bgcolor (background color) or in the form of purely
presentational tags like font.
Combined with the abuse of the table tag to create complicated layouts, the
landscape for layout and design on the web was an unmanageable mess.
CSS fixed all that (kind of.)
Using separate style sheets for an entire site, leveraging semantic markup and
identifiers like ids (for unique page elements) and classes (for multiple, like
elements) a developer can apply styles across a whole site while updating a
single (cacheable) file.
5. What It Looked Life Before
<p align="center">
<font face="Papyrus"><img border="0" src=“fancy-header.png” width="207" height="279"></font>
</p>
<p align="center">
<font face="Papyrus“> Welcome to The Fancy lad Site!</font>
</p>
<p align="center">
<font face="Papyrus">This web-page is the semi-official home of Fancylads on the World Wide Web.</font>
</p>
8. Enter CSS (The timeline)
CSS1
December 1996
CSS 2
Became a W3C Recommendation in May 1998
CSS 3
CSS level 3 has been under development since December 15, 2005
9. Enter CSS
It took a while for CSS to catch on with developers and
browser vendors.
So… 1996 really turned into 2000 or later for relatively
widespread adoption.
Before that it was <font>city all the way.
10. CSS Fundamentals
–The Separation of Style, Content and Behavior
–One BIG Core Concept
–Getting the style sheet on the page
–The anatomy of a style sheet
11. The Separation of Style, Content
and Behavior
• Core Concept of web development
• HTML + CSS + JavaScript
• Content + Style + Behavior
13. Our New HTML
<h1>Fancy Lads</h1>
<p>Welcome to The Fancy lad Site!</p>
<p>This web-page is the semi-official home of Fancy lads on the World Wide Web.</p>
<!--How much simpler is that?
<p align="center">
<font face="Papyrus"><img border="0" src=“fancy-header.png” width="207"
height="279"></font>
</p>
<p align="center">
<font face="Papyrus“> Welcome to The Fancy lad Site!</font>
</p>
<p align="center">
<font face="Papyrus">This web-page is the semi-official home of Fancylads on the World Wide
Web.</font>
</p>
14. Let’s See the Associated Style
Sheet
h1{
background:url(fancy-header.png) no-repeat;
width:207px;
height:279px;
text-indent:-9999px;
}
p {
text-align:center;
font-family:papyrus;
}
15. So, How Does It Work?
You create a style sheet, the browser downloads it,
parses it and then the browser:
Matches elements
on the page
And then it ->
Styles Them
17. Getting the Style Sheet on the
Page
<!– This is in the HEAD of your document -- >
<!– xHTML -- >
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_assets/styles/style.css" />
<!– HTML5-- >
<link type="text/css" href="/_assets/styles/style.css" >
18. Basic Anatomy of a Style Sheet
/* A single tag */
/* Many elements will inherit from this tag, since it's high up in the document
*/
body {
background: #CCC url(/_assets/styles/images/page-bg.png) repeat-x;
font: normal .825em/1.65 Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
color: #333;
}
/*an ID */
#container {
background:#fff;
height:auto;
margin:auto;
overflow:auto;
position:relative;
width:980px;
}
19. Basic Anatomy of a Style Sheet
/* A single tag */
h1 {
color: #999;
font-size: 200%;
text-transform: uppercase;
font-weight:normal;
}
/* A series of ID/tag combinations, with the same rules applied */
#main h2, #main h3, #main h4, #main h5 {
font-weight:normal;
line-height:1.4;
margin:7px auto;
}
20. Basic Anatomy of a Style Sheet
/* A class */
.more-link {
font-weight:bold;
text-transform:uppercase;
font-size:110%;
text-decoration:none !important;
}
/* An ID/class combo */
#main .share {
margin-top:7px;
}
/* An ID/class/tag combo */
#main .share strong {
background: url(/_assets/styles/images/share.png) 0px 3px no-repeat;
color:#393;
padding-left: 19px;
text-transform:uppercase;
}
21. Basic Anatomy of a Style Sheet
/* A class */
.more-link {
font-weight:bold;
text-transform:uppercase;
font-size:110%;
text-decoration:none !important;
}
/* An ID/class combo */
#main .share {
margin-top:7px;
}
/* An ID/class/tag combo */
#main .share strong {
background: url(/_assets/styles/images/share.png) 0px 3px no-repeat;
color:#393;
padding-left: 19px;
text-transform:uppercase;
}
29. Formatting
• Whatever style you use, it’s good practice
to minify your CSS before pushing to
production so that all the extra characters
you pump into your sheets for ease-of-use
as a developer don’t slow down the
experience of your users.
I use:
http://developer.yahoo.com/yui/compressor/
30. Specificity/The Cascade
• One of the most important things in CSS is
understanding the way rules are inherited
and applied in the browser. This is one of
those things that many developers “get”
intuitively but don’t necessarily understand
at a granular level.
• There’s actually an algorithm, so if you’re
stumped, you can actually count it out. It
works like this:
31. Specificity/The Cascade
• First, find all rules that apply to the target
element/property. This will be some
combination of browser default > style
sheet default > targeted rules.
32. Specificity/The Cascade
• Once all the rules are gathered calculations are made to
decide which ones are to be followed and which ones
are to be discarded. That works like this:
– Sort by explicit weight- ‘!important’ rules carry more weight than
normal declarations.
– Sort by origin: the author’s style sheets trump the browser
default values.
– Sort by specificity of selector. More specific selectors trump more
general ones. The formula is as follows:
• factor in any inline styles
• count the number of ID attributes in the selector
• the number of CLASS attributes in the selector
• the number of tag names in the selector
33. Specificity/The Cascade
Some Examples
Selector
# of INLINE
RULES
# of IDS
#of
CLASSES
# of
TAGS
Specificity
LI 0 0 0 1 0,0,0,1
UL LI 0 0 0 2 0,0,0,2
DIV UL LI 0 0 0 3 0,0,0,3
DIV UL .mLIClass 0 0 1 2 0,0,1,2
#myLI 0 1 0 0 0,1,0,0
<li style="color:blue"> 1 0 0 0 1,0,0,0
Some examples:
http://jsfiddle.net/GqJ7n/1/
34. Specificity/The Cascade
– Sort by order specified: if two rules have the same weight, the
latter specified wins. Rules in imported style sheets are
considered to be before any rules in the style sheet itself.
• If two rules only impact one column, the higher number
wins. If the selector cuts across more than one column,
the biggest numbers in the farthest most left column
wins. So, inline styles (which you should avoid) are
more specific than an ID, which, in turn is more specific
than a class, which itself will trump a tag. If you can wrap
your head around these concepts, you’ll go a long way
towards making sense of CSS and how the rules are
applied.
35. CSS Versions
• CSS 1
– Font properties such as typeface and emphasis
– Color of text, backgrounds, and other elements
– Text attributes such as spacing between words, letters, and lines of text
– Alignment of text, images, tables and other elements
– Margin, border, padding, and positioning for most elements
– Unique identification and generic classification of groups of attributes
• CSS2
includes a number of new capabilities like
– absolute, relative, and fixed positioning of elements and z-index,
– the concept of media types
– support for aural style sheets and bidirectional text
– new font properties such as shadows.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets, once again
40. A Quick Aside on Floats
“A float is a box that is shifted to the left or right on the
current line. The most interesting characteristic of a float
(or "floated" or "floating" box) is that content may flow
along its side (or be prohibited from doing so by the
'clear' property). Content flows down the right side of a
left-floated box and down the left side of a right-floated
box. The following is an introduction to float positioning
and content flow; the exact rules governing float
behavior are given in the description of the 'float'
property. “
w3c::http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html
43. This is what that looks like.
http://jsfiddle.net/KfjAL/
44. Do this enough, you need a
system.
We messed around with this for a while. Eventually we
found:
“Simple Clearing of Floats” (overflow:auto on the
containing element. Learn it, love it, live it)
http://blogs.sitepoint.com/2005/02/26/simple-clearing-of-floats/
Also see:
.clearfix
http://www.positioniseverything.net/easyclearing.html
:after
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/2002Aug/0134.html
Thank Adam for the right links: http://www.amodernfable.com/
47. Frameworks/Abstractions
Frameworks
Pre-built layout systems which allow for much easier layout construction. All of
the hard stuff is figured out for you, you just need to learn/love the system.
See: http://sethetter.com/web-design/css-framework-comparison/
Abstractions
Sits at a higher level than CSS. Allows for variables, functions and alternative
syntax. See: SASS/COMPASS (http://sass-lang.com/ and http://compass-style.org/ )
48. Reset Style Sheets
Level the playing field across browsers.
Up until now, there were never rules for how browsers
should set defaults on how elements were styled. Resets
allow us to level the playing field.
62. Internet Explorer- HasLayout
“Layout” is an IE/Win proprietary concept that determines
how elements draw and bound their content, interact
with and relate to other elements, and react on and
transmit application/user events.
This quality can be irreversibly triggered by some CSS
properties. Some HTML elements have “layout” by
default.
Microsoft developers decided that elements should be able
to acquire a “property” (in an object-oriented
programming sense) they referred to as hasLayout,
which is set to true when this rendering concept takes
effect.
• - http://www.satzansatz.de/cssd/onhavinglayout.html
63. Internet Explorer- Triggering
HasLayout
• position: absolute
• float: left|right
• display: inline-block
• width: any value other than 'auto'
• height: any value other than 'auto'
• zoom: any value other than 'normal'
As of IE7, overflow became a layout-trigger.
• overflow: hidden|scroll|auto
• position: fixed
• min-width: any value
• max-width: any value other than 'none'
• min-height: any value
• max-height: any value other than 'none'
CSS is a language used to determine the formatting of an HTML document.
Before we had CSS all of this information was encoded directly into the document.
This was a mess.
CSS fixed all that.
Using separate style sheets for an entire site, leveraging semantic markup and identifiers like ids (for unique page elements) and classes (for multiple, like elements) a developer can apply styles across a whole site while updating a single (cacheable) file.
Best way to show what it means is to show you where we came from. I actually built sites like these. There’s not much here really, but a lot of what is here is related to the way the page looks.
And it got much worse.
This is the core concept of not just CSS, but web development in general. In a lot of ways it’s taken for granted now, but it wasn’t always so.
We’ve got that crummy page from before. Let’s fix it.
And this is a simpler example to start with. With the real tag soup pages you could cut out probably 70% of the markup. Don’t worry if none of this makes perfect sense yet. It’s there just to illustrate how much markup CSS can save.
And here’s where all that info goes.
Simplicity. Especially the HTML 5 example.
There are two things to pay attention to, one is the ID/Class/Tag combination. That's called a selector. A selector gives context to the browser and tells it what elements it wants to style. Selectors can be combined in a comma separated list if you want to apply the same styling to several different elements.
Inside the curly braces you'll find the declaration, which are property/value pairs that define the specific rules the browser should apply to matching elements.
There are two things to pay attention to, one is the ID/Class/Tag combination. That's called a selector. A selector gives context to the browser and tells it what elements it wants to style. Selectors can be combined in a comma separated list if you want to apply the same styling to several different elements.
Inside the curly braces you'll find the declaration, which are property/value pairs that define the specific rules the browser should apply to matching elements.
Take a look and familiarize yourself a little bit with the structure of a style sheet. Next time out we'll go through one of the most important concepts in CSS, the way rules are calculated. After that, we'll get into some of the different properties, what they're for and how they should be used.
There are two things to pay attention to, one is the ID/Class/Tag combination. That's called a selector. A selector gives context to the browser and tells it what elements it wants to style. Selectors can be combined in a comma separated list if you want to apply the same styling to several different elements.
Inside the curly braces you'll find the declaration, which are property/value pairs that define the specific rules the browser should apply to matching elements.
Take a look and familiarize yourself a little bit with the structure of a style sheet. Next time out we'll go through one of the most important concepts in CSS, the way rules are calculated. After that, we'll get into some of the different properties, what they're for and how they should be used.
There are two things to pay attention to, one is the ID/Class/Tag combination. That's called a selector. A selector gives context to the browser and tells it what elements it wants to style. Selectors can be combined in a comma separated list if you want to apply the same styling to several different elements.
Inside the curly braces you'll find the declaration, which are property/value pairs that define the specific rules the browser should apply to matching elements.
Take a look and familiarize yourself a little bit with the structure of a style sheet. Next time out we'll go through one of the most important concepts in CSS, the way rules are calculated. After that, we'll get into some of the different properties, what they're for and how they should be used.
Let’s review.
Learn this now. It’s the way to go.
Isn’t that so much nicer? Also, alphabetical order. Just sayn’
For things like padding, where there are four values, the order is ROP RIGHT BOTTOM LEFT
During development I format my CSS with selectors on one line and then each property on its own line. The declarations are indented 4 spaces. I like this style because my interest is always in the properties, not the selectors. I can find any selector I need with CTRL+F and then I can easily scan down the list of properties to do my business.
It looks like this:
Some people take that approach and indent related or child styles and additional 2 or 4 spaces. That allows for hierarchical scanning and organization and makes (for some people) an easier-to-read style sheet. That looks like this:
Other people like to scan the file for selectors, so they produce CSS with selectors and declarations on one line. I personally have a hard time with this style, but some people I know swear by it, so I present it here:
I’m just going to read these slides word for word. I almost never do that, but this is important AND confusing.