Criminal Justice Formal Written Paper Rubric Quality of Response No Response Poor/Unsatisfactory Satisfactory Good Excellent Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources(worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors inAPA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the m.

1. Criminal Justice Formal Written Paper Rubric
Quality of Response
No Response
Poor/Unsatisfactory
Satisfactory
Good
Excellent
Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points)
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper.
20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of
the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly
addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or
inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or
incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning
behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using
terminology; and elements of the response are lacking.
30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary
understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not
full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key
concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain
many of them; using terminology, though sometimes
inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key
claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them
or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response
may also be lacking.

2. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of
the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the
relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key
concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the
reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where
necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate
examples. The answer is complete.
50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the
relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the
relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key
concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the
reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as
necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating
examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing.
Use of Sources(worth a maximum of 20% of the total points).
Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or
references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper.
5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements
and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th
Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the
references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on
highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate
synthesis of research collected for the paper.
10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are
occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated.
Frequent errors inAPA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader
confused about the source of the information. There are
significant errors of the formation in the references and
citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly
questionable sources.
15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used
effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and
fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few
minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or
citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources.
20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give

3. compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly
represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and
consistently. The student uses above the maximum required
references in the development of the assignment.
Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points)
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper.
5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate
ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and
vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or
incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous
grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors
10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to
follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague
language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or
repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical,
spelling, punctuation errors
15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of
appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no
tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost
perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage.
20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as
a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total
coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical
organization; and the essay is error free.
Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points)
Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper.
3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting
skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required
for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has
major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition
requirements whatsoever.
5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the
student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are
significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of
major components of an APA 6th edition paper. The can include
the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers.

4. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing
or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform with size
requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or
too short of and paper
7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average
use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the
paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover
page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also
slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font
Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the
specific number of required written pages for the assignment.
10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper.
This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page
number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font.
Additionally the paper conforms to the specific number of
required written pages and neither goes over or under the
specified length of the paper.
Anxiety Disorders, PTSD, and Related Disorders
Week 6 Discussion: Treatment of Anxiety Disorders due to
another Medical Condition
Post:
An Overview of Anxiety Disorder Due to another Medical
Condition
Explain the difference between an adjustment disorder and
Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition. Provide
examples to illustrate your rationale.
Explain the diagnostic criteria for Anxiety Disorder Due to
Another Medical Condition.
Explain the evidenced-based psychotherapy and
psychopharmacologic treatment for Anxiety Disorder Due to

5. Another Medical Condition. Support your rationale with
references to the Learning Resources or other academic
resource.
Learning Resources
Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). Kaplan &
Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical
psychiatry (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
· Chapter 9, “Anxiety Disorders” (pp. 387–417)
· Chapter 11, “Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders” (pp.
437–451)
Gabbard, G. O. (2014). Gabbard’s treatment of psychiatric
disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric
Publications.
· Chapter 16, “Panic Disorder”
· Chapter 18, “Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)”
· Chapter 19, “Generalized Anxiety Disorder”
· Chapter 20, “Specific Phobia”
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington,
DC: Author.
· “Anxiety Disorders”
· “Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders”
Stahl, S. M. (2014). Prescriber’s Guide: Stahl’s Essential
Psychopharmacology (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge
University Press.
Note: All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden
Library using the link below. This link will take you to a login
page for the Walden Library. Once you log in to the library, the
Stahl website will appear.
http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=http://stahlonline.cambr
idge.org/
To access information on specific medications, click on The
Prescriber’s Guide, 5th Ed. tab on the Stahl Online website and
select the appropriate medication.

6. Anxiety
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
alprazolam
amitriptyline
amoxapine
buspirone
chlordiazepoxide
citalopram
clomipramine
clonazepam
clonidine
clorazepate
cyamemazine
desipramine
diazepam
dothiepin
doxepin
duloxetine
escitalopram
fluoxetine
fluvoxamine
gabapentin (adjunct)
hydroxyzine
imipramine
isocarboxazid
lofepramine
loflazepate
lorazepam
maprotiline
mianserin
mirtazapine
moclobemide
nefazodone

7. nortriptyline
oxazepam
paroxetine
phenelzine
pregabalin
reboxetine
sertraline
tiagabine
tianeptine
tranylcypromine
trazodone
trifluoperazine
trimipramine
venlafaxine
vilazodone
alprazolam
citalopram
desvenlafaxine
duloxetine
escitalopram
fluoxetine
fluvoxamine
mirtazapine
paroxetine
pregabalin
sertraline
tiagabine (adjunct)
venlafaxine
alprazolam
citalopram
clonazepam
desvenlafaxine
escitalopram
fluoxetine
fluvoxamine
isocarboxazid

8. lorazepam
mirtazapine
nefazodone
paroxetine
phenelzine
pregabalin
reboxetine
sertraline
tranylcypromine
venlafaxine
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Reversal of benzodiazepine effects
Social anxiety disorder
citalopram
clonidine
desvenlafaxine
escitalopram
fluoxetine
fluvoxamine
mirtazapine
nefazodone
paroxetine
prazosin (nightmares)
propranolol (prophylactic)
sertraline
venlafaxine
flumazenil
citalopram
clonidine
desvenlafaxine
escitalopram
fluoxetine
fluvoxamine
isocarboxazid
moclobemide

9. paroxetine
phenelzine
pregabalin
sertraline
tranylcypromine
venlafaxine
Maples-Keller, J. L., Price, M., Rauch, S., Gerardi, M., &
Rothbaum, B. O. (2017). Investigating relationships between
PTSD symptom clusters within virtual reality exposure therapy
for OEF/OIF veterans. Behavior Therapy, 48(2), 147–155.
doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.011
Hayes, J. P., Logue, M. W., Reagan, A., Salat, D., Wolf, E. J.,
Sadeh, N., & ... Miller, M. W. (2017). COMT Val158Met
polymorphism moderates the association between PTSD
symptom severity and hippocampal volume. Journal of
Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN, 42(2), 95–102.
doi:10.1503/jpn.150339
Quinn, B. L., & Peters, A. (2017). Strategies to reduce nursing
student test anxiety: A literature review. Journal of Nursing
Education, 56(3), 145–151. doi:10.3928/01484834-20170222-05
Required Media
Wolpe, J. (Producer). (n.d.). Joseph Wolpe on systematic
desensitization [Video file]. Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 59 minutes.
You will access this video from the Walden Library databases
Acosta, M. C., Possemato, K., Maisto, S. A., Marsch, L. A.,
Barrie, K., Lantinga, L., . . . Rosenblum, A. (2017). Web-
delivered CBT reduces heavy drinking in OEF-OIF veterans in
primary care with symptomatic substance use and PTSD.
Behavior Therapy, 48(2), 262-–276.
doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.09.001
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Association
(SAMHSA). (2014). TIP 57: Trauma-informed care in

10. behavioral health services. Retrieved from:
http://store.samhsa.gov/product/TIP-57-Trauma-Informed-Care-
in-Behavioral-Health-Services/SMA14-4816
Note: This document is available as a free download.
Brandon Olsen
SSGS 300 Research MethodsJason Anderson
05JAN19
Preventing Juvenile Delinquencies
Abstract
The study aims at investigating the inside knowledge and
awareness of juvenile delinquencies and the preventive
approach non-justice systems in the six Great Lake States
namely Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin and
Minnesota. The study analyzes the level at which the residents
are knowledgeable about growing problems and the suggested
policies that would help juveniles to access opportunities and
economic mobility towards fruitful future lives. It adopted a
cross-sectional survey model as the sample procedures, with
1000 questionnaires issued out to respondents, data collection
and analysis courtesy of the statistical package for social
sciences (SPSS). The outcomes availed that 58% had knowledge
of juvenile crime in the six Great Lake States, 24.5% admitted
to having witnesses juvenile theft, 82% admitted to having an
idea on juvenile delinquency services, 42% blamed ignorance
and exposure to the justice system as the leading causes of
juvenile crimes while 33% considered non-justice system and
sensitization as the suitable approach towards addressing
juvenile crime. In conclusion, the study showed the residents of
Great Lake understood juvenile delinquency, threats and the
need for a non-justice system, separation of juveniles from adult
offenders and creating awareness and proper policies to address
the issue.

11. Preventing Juvenile Delinquency
Introduction
There are collective institutions and regulations through which
juvenile offenders face until the pressed charges are disposed of
or evaluated punishment has been finalized hence termed as
juvenile services. Such systems constitute of the juvenile
courts, remand homes, judges, borstal homes, lawyers, approved
institutions, probation officers, law enforcement officers, and
social workers (Alfrey, 2010). Amid the existence of numerous
policies that protect children since 1959, the juveniles have
continuously exposed to policies which denies them their
fundamental rights. Throughout decades as catalyzed by the
growth of urban centers courtesy of rural-urban migrations, the
number of juvenile delinquency increased worldwide thanks to
the negligence of juvenile welfare and increasing poverty
(Hanson et al., 2010). Majority of the juveniles from poverty-
stricken regions resorted to crime, violence and youth misdeeds
with the modern society facing an extreme of the same. Various
institutions were set up to help address juvenile delinquency yet
the rates of juvenile delinquency continued to skyrocket. As a
result, reforms exist only to limit the available juvenile care. In
the presence of digitization, contemporary society has become
vigorous that youths are more vulnerable to engage in crime.
Consequently, the world has so far detained more than two
million juveniles with about a half of the population confined
due to petty crimes hence going against their rights provided in
the constitutions of every sovereign state (Alfrey, 2010). Some
of the rights include the proper issuing of prompt notification of
charges, impartial adjudication, separate trial, examination of
prosecution witness an adequate defense. The Great Lake
juvenile justice system shows gross inadequacy in both
qualitative and quantitative terms to comply with juvenile
rights. The study would, therefore, examine juvenile crime

12. knowledge and awareness and the impact of non-justice system
of juvenile delinquencies.
Problem Statement
The future of the youths and society could be under threat in the
cases where children who engage in gross-misconduct face
mistreatment from the law hence denying the reformation,
isolation, and reintegration in the community, a role given to
the juvenile services (Hanson et al., 2010). More so, submitting
the youths to the justice system and making them undergo
stereotyping due to the demographic factors would only help to
increase the magnitude of the problem rather than resolving this
issue. The study would assess the knowledge and awareness of
the juvenile delinquency and the influence of non-justice system
to the juvenile crimes.
Research Questions
The study would get the guidance of the progressing questions:
Do the Great Lake residents know juvenile delinquency
services?
What are some of the approaches of the non-justice system in
addressing juvenile delinquency?
How is the justice system influence juvenile delinquency?
Literature Review
The UNICEF reports of 2016 show that about two million
youths have their liberty ignored as they continuously languish
in prisons. They are likely to come in contact with the authority
for various reasons ranging from the political issues among
others. More so, the youths could engage the authority not as

13. the real culprit’s, but as victims of circumstance, that is, being
at the wrong place at the wrong time ( Alfrey, 2010). The
modern digitization has further agitated the youths hence
making them more violent and destructive. Some of the youths
engage in armed fighting; teenage girls sneak out of school for
prostitution, both male and female engage in theft to satisfy
their urges for drugs with some youths used by the political
class to cause havoc during the electioneering period.
Types of Juvenile Delinquency
Scholars such as Uqwuoke (2015) avails to broad categories of
juvenile delinquencies namely the personal and sociologic
delinquencies. The personal delinquency refers to the young
youth whose misdeeds emerge from the unhealthy parent-child
relationship as well as other numerous negative factors during
the early developmental period that resulted in the inability to
differentiate between the Do’s and Don’ts (Patacchini & Zenou,
2009). The sociologic delinquency, on the other hand, is the
product of home, and other factors form the environment which
intentionally made the youth aware of the fact that what the
society deems wrong is embraced in the immediate
surroundings. Sociologic delinquency is the cultural deviation
of society’s norms and traditions.
Before talking about addressing adolescent crimes, one should
have adequate knowledge of the risk factors. Bello(2006)
presents the risk factors for juvenile crimes as home, society,
school surroundings, peer groups, social and psychological
trauma, lack of sex education in schools, stereotyping due to
exposure to the justice system, the absence of social
acceptability due to maladjustments away from home and the
incitement among other factors.
Research Methodology and Design
The design utilized for the progressing research was cross-

14. section-driven survey research design which targets at
collecting data on certain variables within the research
population at one area in a given time (Hanson et al., 2010).
The design aided in studying a sample group of 1000
participants in the Great Lake states which were a suitable
representation of the whole population of the region. The
utilization of small segments of the said population enables the
study partakers to acquire suitable information for the possible
generalization of the total population (Patacchini & Zenou,
2009). Either, the application of a co-model titled the social
Genome Model helped explore the influence of the criminal
record on the family life resources in the Great Lake states. The
primary tool used in the collection of study information was the
questionnaire.
The study happened in six Great Lake states namely Illinois,
Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Out of the
total population of 439,115 people, 1000 participants; 540 girls
and 460 boys all below 18 years of age, availed the following
responses (Hanson et al., 2010). 24.5% were witnesses of
juvenile theft, 82% understood juvenile delinquency services
and the impact of the justice system, and 42% blamed ignorance
and exposure to the justice system as the leading causes of
juvenile crimes and suggested the utilization of the non-justice
system in and suitable policies to address the problem.
Additionally, 33% considered and sensitization as a suitable
approach towards addressing juvenile crimes.
The utilized questionnaire comprised of two sections: the first
section highlighting the demographic data of the respondents
while the remaining section contained very crucial research
issues. The guiding principle for the questionnaire was the
research questions and hypothesis, and it characterizes self-
administration (Alfrey, 2010). The target sample received
questionnaire courtesy of the five research assistants in every
state once at a time. Data analysis and pressing happened

15. courtesy of computation processes by use of the statistical
package for social science (SPSS) version20. There was the
application of the frequency distribution table and percentage to
help interpret the availed information. The chi-square helped to
determine the relationship among the variables.
References
Alfrey, C. (2010). Juvenile Delinquency and family Structure:
Implications for marriage and Relationship education. Retrieved
from
http://www.healthymarriageinfo.org/docs/juveniledelinquency.p
df April 20th, 2016.
Hanson, Rochelle, Genelle Sawyer, Angela Beagle, & Grace
Hubel. (2010). “The Impact of Crime Victimization on Quality
of Life.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 23 (2): 189–97.
Patacchini, E. & Zenou, Y. (2009). Juvenile Delinquency and
Conformism. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization
28 (1):1-31.
Appendices
Annotate Bibliography: Curbing Adolescence Criminology
Hanson, Rochelle, Genelle Sawyer, Angela Beagle, & Grace
Hubel. (2010). “The Impact of Crime
Victimization on Quality of Life.” Journal of Traumatic Stress
23 (2): 189–97.
The above-given resource explores the insight of
marginalization, societal stereotyping and other maltreatments
affecting teens and the associated risk factors towards juvenile
crime and the approach of preventing their participation in the
vice. Exposing the youths to crime has a direct impact on their

16. development and opportunities in various ways. Either, the cost
of mitigating crime in the society raises courtesy most of the
adolescents residing in marginalized areas with high rates of
poverty, less organized social structures and high rates of crime.
The situation could worsen as they enter a delicate stage of
adolescence which requires proper parenting and guidance
hence facing maltreatment by the society in which they reside.
Lack of the latter further renders them helpless therefore could
do anything to survive including violent activities and crime.
Relevant institutions should formulate the policies which lower
the footprint of the justice system in which the judicial system
does not over-enforce low-level offenses. More so, the non-
justice approaches could help to address juvenile crime as
coursed by various risk factors. Consequently, there is a need
to invest in prevention for the vulnerable adolescents who could
involve injustice crimes. Different prevention models such as
the school-based Violence Mitigation Program, One Summer
plus Job’s Program and Becoming a Man Program could help
address the risk factors towards implicating in crime, the justice
system, and delinquency. For instance, the application of
Becoming a Man Program in Chicago public schools through the
utilization of mental behavior-based treatment showed
witnessed high rates of graduation among youths as levels of
crime reduced drastically among. Other initiatives could solve
the primary prevention in the broader community; secondary
curbing which focuses on teens who are at risk of affiliating to
gang-related crimes and the interventions activities for
teenagers in groups seems to mitigate crime in areas with high
rates of crime.
Among the required infrastructure are the clearly defined
criteria according to the level of services offered, evaluative
tools, and program guide. Among the drawbacks of effectively
executing the initiatives include the inadequate capital the
implementation of the efforts. The approach could, however,

17. help to deter adolescents from engaging in crime for future
patriotism and economic development
Patacchini, E. & Zenou, Y. (2009). Juvenile Delinquency and
Conformism. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization
28 (1):1-31.
The study examines the situation in the economically
disadvantaged regions, the risk posed towards engaging in crime
and the appropriate strategy towards preventing adolescents
from involving in the offense. In their article, Patacchini and
Zenou state that adolescents and families residing in poverty-
stricken regions experience necessary scarcity wants as
compared to those in the active areas. Their situation renders
them vulnerable to any appealing option of accessing such
amenities. In the case where the population could easily obtain
firearms further create an unsafe environment with rampant
cases of crime among the youths. The dual suggests some
approaches of addressing gun violence through the reduction of
the diversion of guns and other weapons from legitimate to the
illegitimate users hence preventing the highly vulnerable
individuals from accessing such weapons.
By lowering the supply of firearms, the teens would not fall
victim to gun-related criminal acts or participate in the vice
hence reducing the associated outcomes. Lack of regulation in
firearm policies could lead to high rates of crime among the
youths. The equilibrium or study evidence proves that the rule
that helps to strengthen necessary checks and needs legal
permits to acquire firearms have a link with the decline in gun
violence. However, evidence-based research from Ohio revealed
that the impact for the other weaponry regulations and homicide
showing combination or negative. More so, in the absence of
firearms, the teens and other perpetrators of crime could opt to
use crude weapons to execute offense hence creating the same
disturbing scenarios. There must, therefore, relevant to establish

18. a framework to eliminate the root cause of the problem before
implementing policies on firearms ownership. The society with
adolescents who have proper upbringing and education poses
future prosperity with the opposite realizing horrific
consequences associated with insecurity, deaths, violence and
all other unwanted behavior.
Liberman, Akiva, and Jocelyn Fontaine. 2015. “Reducing Harms
to Boys and Young Men of Color from Criminal Justice System
Involvement.” Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
The progressing study explores the shortage of monitoring by
appropriate entities, as a risk factor towards juvenile crime
hence suggesting the suitable approach towards preventing teen
participation in the offense. There has been a debate on the
impact of involving teens in the justice system with
stereotyping and numerous other factors emerging to embody
them in criminal activities continuously. As a result, there was
an emphasis on the non-judicial system as the solution of
preventing them from crime. An exposure of adolescents to
trauma and stress from the violence surrounding (marginalized
regions) rocked with skyrocketing criminal activities could
influence decision-making and sound childhood development
among the fast transiting adults. Additionally, the pressure from
all dimensions of the society ranging from life hardships,
peerpressure, and biological factors among others could
catalyze their engagement in crime. The home, school, and
social environment should avail the appropriate climate for
proper characterization of adolescents. Lack of adequate
monitoring from the parents, religious institutions, teachers and
the relevant government institutions threatens to render the
adolescents vulnerable to criminal activities and the associated
vices.
Parents, religious institutions and schools should come up with
an initiative which could help to guide and counsel adolescents

19. and provide them with basic needs to help them focus on
constructive activities that could positively impact their lives.
An initiative that provides the youths with appropriate
information and support to deter them from engaging in crime
could help to reduce crime and facilitate sound behavior in the
society. For instance, the application of the Restorative Justice
Models in Ohio as the substitutive to institutional discipline as
compared to the no-perseverance methods proved to mitigate
adolescence criminality. There is also a thin line between
adolescent crime and substance abuse thus eliminating the latter
would automatically reduce the former. According to the
Wisconsin study, the illegalizing and curbing all loopholes of
drug and substance trafficking as well as rehabilitating the
addicted teens, the rates of crime among teenagers dropped
suddenly hence impacting the youths academically. However,
the community lacked behind regarding infrastructure and
capital to facilitate the program thus engaging the justice
system. The relevance of the article emerges from the fact that,
adolescent crime mitigation poses a bright future not only to the
lives of the involved teens but also to the general society.
Brandon Olsen
SSGS 300 Research MethodsJason Anderson
05JAN19
Preventing Juvenile Delinquencies
Abstract
The study aims at investigating the inside knowledge and
awareness of juvenile delinquencies and the preventive
approach non-justice systems in the six Great Lake States
namely Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin and
Minnesota. The study analyzes the level at which the residents

20. are knowledgeable about growing problems and the suggested
policies that would help juveniles to access opportunities and
economic mobility towards fruitful future lives. It adopted a
cross-sectional survey model as the sample procedures, with
1000 questionnaires issued out to respondents, data collection
and analysis courtesy of the statistical package for social
sciences (SPSS). The outcomes availed that 58% had knowledge
of juvenile crime in the six Great Lake States, 24.5% admitted
to having witnesses juvenile theft, 82% admitted to having an
idea on juvenile delinquency services, 42% blamed ignorance
and exposure to the justice system as the leading causes of
juvenile crimes while 33% considered non-justice system and
sensitization as the suitable approach towards addressing
juvenile crime. In conclusion, the study showed the residents of
Great Lake understood juvenile delinquency, threats and the
need for a non-justice system, separation of juveniles from adult
offenders and creating awareness and proper policies to address
the issue.
Preventing Juvenile Delinquency
Introduction
There are collective institutions and regulations through which
juvenile offenders face until the pressed charges are disposed of
or evaluated punishment has been finalized hence termed as
juvenile services. Such systems constitute of the juvenile
courts, remand homes, judges, borstal homes, lawyers, approved
institutions, probation officers, law enforcement officers, and
social workers (Alfrey, 2010). Amid the existence of numerous
policies that protect children since 1959, the juveniles have
continuously exposed to policies which denies them their
fundamental rights. Throughout decades as catalyzed by the
growth of urban centers courtesy of rural-urban migrations, the
number of juvenile delinquency increased worldwide thanks to
the negligence of juvenile welfare and increasing poverty

21. (Hanson et al., 2010). Majority of the juveniles from poverty-
stricken regions resorted to crime, violence and youth misdeeds
with the modern society facing an extreme of the same. Various
institutions were set up to help address juvenile delinquency yet
the rates of juvenile delinquency continued to skyrocket. As a
result, reforms exist only to limit the available juvenile care. In
the presence of digitization, contemporary society has become
vigorous that youths are more vulnerable to engage in crime.
Consequently, the world has so far detained more than two
million juveniles with about a half of the population confined
due to petty crimes hence going against their rights provided in
the constitutions of every sovereign state (Alfrey, 2010). Some
of the rights include the proper issuing of prompt notification of
charges, impartial adjudication, separate trial, examination of
prosecution witness an adequate defense. The Great Lake
juvenile justice system shows gross inadequacy in both
qualitative and quantitative terms to comply with juvenile
rights. The study would, therefore, examine juvenile crime
knowledge and awareness and the impact of non-justice system
of juvenile delinquencies. Comment by Anderson, Jason:
Revise grammar Comment by Anderson, Jason: Revise
grammar Comment by Anderson, Jason: Revise grammar
Comment by Anderson, Jason: Revise grammar
Problem Statement
The future of the youths and society could be under threat in the
cases where children who engage in gross-misconduct face
mistreatment from the law hence denying the reformation,
isolation, and reintegration in the community, a role given to
the juvenile services (Hanson et al., 2010). More so, submitting
the youths to the justice system and making them undergo
stereotyping due to the demographic factors would only help to
increase the magnitude of the problem rather than resolving this
issue. The study would assess the knowledge and awareness of
the juvenile delinquency and the influence of non-justice system

22. to the juvenile crimes. Comment by Anderson, Jason: Revise
for grammar
Research Questions
The study would get the guidance of the progressing questions:
Comment by Anderson, Jason: What is a progressing
question?
Do the Great Lake residents know juvenile delinquency
services? Comment by Anderson, Jason: Know about? Please
revise for coherency
What are some of the approaches of the non-justice system in
addressing juvenile delinquency?
How is the justice system influence juvenile delinquency?
Comment by Anderson, Jason: Revise grammar
Literature Review
The UNICEF reports of 2016 show that about two million
youths have their liberty ignored as they continuously languish
in prisons. They are likely to come in contact with the authority
for various reasons ranging from the political issues among
others. More so, the youths could engage the authority not as
the real culprit’s, but as victims of circumstance, that is, being
at the wrong place at the wrong time ( Alfrey, 2010). The
modern digitization has further agitated the youths hence
making them more violent and destructive. Some of the youths
engage in armed fighting; teenage girls sneak out of school for
prostitution, both male and female engage in theft to satisfy
their urges for drugs with some youths used by the political
class to cause havoc during the electioneering period.
Comment by Anderson, Jason: Authorities? Comment by
Anderson, Jason: Juveniles and political issues? Can you please

23. clarify? Comment by Anderson, Jason: Revise grammar
Comment by Anderson, Jason: Please define this. It is
unclear Comment by Anderson, Jason: Citation needed.
Types of Juvenile Delinquency
Scholars such as Uqwuoke (2015) avails to broad categories of
juvenile delinquencies namely the personal and sociologic
delinquencies. The personal delinquency refers to the young
youth whose misdeeds emerge from the unhealthy parent-child
relationship as well as other numerous negative factors during
the early developmental period that resulted in the inability to
differentiate between the Do’s and Don’ts (Patacchini & Zenou,
2009). The sociologic delinquency, on the other hand, is the
product of home, and other factors form the environment which
intentionally made the youth aware of the fact that what the
society deems wrong is embraced in the immediate
surroundings. Sociologic delinquency is the cultural deviation
of society’s norms and traditions.
Before talking about addressing adolescent crimes, one should
have adequate knowledge of the risk factors. Bello(2006)
presents the risk factors for juvenile crimes as home, society,
school surroundings, peer groups, social and psychological
trauma, lack of sex education in schools, stereotyping due to
exposure to the justice system, the absence of social
acceptability due to maladjustments away from home and the
incitement among other factors.
Research Methodology and Design Comment by Anderson,
Jason: Are you proposing your own research as the assignment
intends? It seems like you are using the design from another
study that has already been published or presented. The idea
behind this assignment is to propose your own hypothetical
research plan. This whole section appears to be copied and
pasted from another source, hence leading me to believe that it
is not your own material and not your own design.

24. The design utilized for the progressing research was cross-
section-driven survey research design which targets at
collecting data on certain variables within the research
population at one area in a given time (Hanson et al., 2010).
The design aided in studying a sample group of 1000
participants in the Great Lake states which were a suitable
representation of the whole population of the region. The
utilization of small segments of the said population enables the
study partakers to acquire suitable information for the possible
generalization of the total population (Patacchini & Zenou,
2009). Either, the application of a co-model titled the social
Genome Model helped explore the influence of the criminal
record on the family life resources in the Great Lake states. The
primary tool used in the collection of study information was the
questionnaire.
The study happened in six Great Lake states namely Illinois,
Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Out of the
total population of 439,115 people, 1000 participants; 540 girls
and 460 boys all below 18 years of age, availed the following
responses (Hanson et al., 2010). 24.5% were witnesses of
juvenile theft, 82% understood juvenile delinquency services
and the impact of the justice system, and 42% blamed ignorance
and exposure to the justice system as the leading causes of
juvenile crimes and suggested the utilization of the non-justice
system in and suitable policies to address the problem.
Additionally, 33% considered and sensitization as a suitable
approach towards addressing juvenile crimes.
The utilized questionnaire comprised of two sections: the first
section highlighting the demographic data of the respondents
while the remaining section contained very crucial research
issues. The guiding principle for the questionnaire was the
research questions and hypothesis, and it characterizes self-
administration (Alfrey, 2010). The target sample received

25. questionnaire courtesy of the five research assistants in every
state once at a time. Data analysis and pressing happened
courtesy of computation processes by use of the statistical
package for social science (SPSS) version20. There was the
application of the frequency distribution table and percentage to
help interpret the availed information. The chi-square helped to
determine the relationship among the variables.
References
Alfrey, C. (2010). Juvenile Delinquency and family Structure:
Implications for marriage and Relationship education. Retrieved
from
http://www.healthymarriageinfo.org/docs/juveniledelinquency.p
df April 20th, 2016.
Hanson, Rochelle, Genelle Sawyer, Angela Beagle, & Grace
Hubel. (2010). “The Impact of Crime Victimization on Quality
of Life.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 23 (2): 189–97.
Patacchini, E. & Zenou, Y. (2009). Juvenile Delinquency and
Conformism. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization
28 (1):1-31.
Appendices
Annotate Bibliography: Curbing Adolescence Criminology
Hanson, Rochelle, Genelle Sawyer, Angela Beagle, & Grace
Hubel. (2010). “The Impact of Crime
Victimization on Quality of Life.” Journal of Traumatic Stress
23 (2): 189–97.
The above-given resource explores the insight of
marginalization, societal stereotyping and other maltreatments
affecting teens and the associated risk factors towards juvenile

26. crime and the approach of preventing their participation in the
vice. Exposing the youths to crime has a direct impact on their
development and opportunities in various ways. Either, the cost
of mitigating crime in the society raises courtesy most of the
adolescents residing in marginalized areas with high rates of
poverty, less organized social structures and high rates of crime.
The situation could worsen as they enter a delicate stage of
adolescence which requires proper parenting and guidance
hence facing maltreatment by the society in which they reside.
Lack of the latter further renders them helpless therefore could
do anything to survive including violent activities and crime.
Relevant institutions should formulate the policies which lower
the footprint of the justice system in which the judicial system
does not over-enforce low-level offenses. More so, the non-
justice approaches could help to address juvenile crime as
coursed by various risk factors. Consequently, there is a need
to invest in prevention for the vulnerable adolescents who could
involve injustice crimes. Different prevention models such as
the school-based Violence Mitigation Program, One Summer
plus Job’s Program and Becoming a Man Program could help
address the risk factors towards implicating in crime, the justice
system, and delinquency. For instance, the application of
Becoming a Man Program in Chicago public schools through the
utilization of mental behavior-based treatment showed
witnessed high rates of graduation among youths as levels of
crime reduced drastically among. Other initiatives could solve
the primary prevention in the broader community; secondary
curbing which focuses on teens who are at risk of affiliating to
gang-related crimes and the interventions activities for
teenagers in groups seems to mitigate crime in areas with high
rates of crime.
Among the required infrastructure are the clearly defined
criteria according to the level of services offered, evaluative
tools, and program guide. Among the drawbacks of effectively

27. executing the initiatives include the inadequate capital the
implementation of the efforts. The approach could, however,
help to deter adolescents from engaging in crime for future
patriotism and economic development
Patacchini, E. & Zenou, Y. (2009). Juvenile Delinquency and
Conformism. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization
28 (1):1-31.
The study examines the situation in the economically
disadvantaged regions, the risk posed towards engaging in crime
and the appropriate strategy towards preventing adolescents
from involving in the offense. In their article, Patacchini and
Zenou state that adolescents and families residing in poverty-
stricken regions experience necessary scarcity wants as
compared to those in the active areas. Their situation renders
them vulnerable to any appealing option of accessing such
amenities. In the case where the population could easily obtain
firearms further create an unsafe environment with rampant
cases of crime among the youths. The dual suggests some
approaches of addressing gun violence through the reduction of
the diversion of guns and other weapons from legitimate to the
illegitimate users hence preventing the highly vulnerable
individuals from accessing such weapons.
By lowering the supply of firearms, the teens would not fall
victim to gun-related criminal acts or participate in the vice
hence reducing the associated outcomes. Lack of regulation in
firearm policies could lead to high rates of crime among the
youths. The equilibrium or study evidence proves that the rule
that helps to strengthen necessary checks and needs legal
permits to acquire firearms have a link with the decline in gun
violence. However, evidence-based research from Ohio revealed
that the impact for the other weaponry regulations and homicide
showing combination or negative. More so, in the absence of
firearms, the teens and other perpetrators of crime could opt to

28. use crude weapons to execute offense hence creating the same
disturbing scenarios. There must, therefore, relevant to establish
a framework to eliminate the root cause of the problem before
implementing policies on firearms ownership. The society with
adolescents who have proper upbringing and education poses
future prosperity with the opposite realizing horrific
consequences associated with insecurity, deaths, violence and
all other unwanted behavior.
Liberman, Akiva, and Jocelyn Fontaine. 2015. “Reducing Harms
to Boys and Young Men of Color from Criminal Justice System
Involvement.” Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
The progressing study explores the shortage of monitoring by
appropriate entities, as a risk factor towards juvenile crime
hence suggesting the suitable approach towards preventing teen
participation in the offense. There has been a debate on the
impact of involving teens in the justice system with
stereotyping and numerous other factors emerging to embody
them in criminal activities continuously. As a result, there was
an emphasis on the non-judicial system as the solution of
preventing them from crime. An exposure of adolescents to
trauma and stress from the violence surrounding (marginalized
regions) rocked with skyrocketing criminal activities could
influence decision-making and sound childhood development
among the fast transiting adults. Additionally, the pressure from
all dimensions of the society ranging from life hardships,
peerpressure, and biological factors among others could
catalyze their engagement in crime. The home, school, and
social environment should avail the appropriate climate for
proper characterization of adolescents. Lack of adequate
monitoring from the parents, religious institutions, teachers and
the relevant government institutions threatens to render the
adolescents vulnerable to criminal activities and the associated
vices.

29. Parents, religious institutions and schools should come up with
an initiative which could help to guide and counsel adolescents
and provide them with basic needs to help them focus on
constructive activities that could positively impact their lives.
An initiative that provides the youths with appropriate
information and support to deter them from engaging in crime
could help to reduce crime and facilitate sound behavior in the
society. For instance, the application of the Restorative Justice
Models in Ohio as the substitutive to institutional discipline as
compared to the no-perseverance methods proved to mitigate
adolescence criminality. There is also a thin line between
adolescent crime and substance abuse thus eliminating the latter
would automatically reduce the former. According to the
Wisconsin study, the illegalizing and curbing all loopholes of
drug and substance trafficking as well as rehabilitating the
addicted teens, the rates of crime among teenagers dropped
suddenly hence impacting the youths academically. However,
the community lacked behind regarding infrastructure and
capital to facilitate the program thus engaging the justice
system. The relevance of the article emerges from the fact that,
adolescent crime mitigation poses a bright future not only to the
lives of the involved teens but also to the general society.