Contents lists available at ScienceDirectRenewable and Sus

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser
Editorial
Sustainable development of energy, water and environment
systems 2016
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Bioenergy
Climate change
District heating
Energy efficiency
Energy security
Fuel poverty
Low energy buildings
Renewable energy
Rural development
Solar power
Sustainability
A B S T R A C T
This paper presents the editorial for the Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews joint special issue devoted
to the research work discussed and presented at the 11th
Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy,

Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES), held from the 4th
September to the 9th September 2016 in Lisbon,
Portugal and the 2nd South East European (SEE) SDEWES
Conference held from June 15th to June 18th, 2016 in
Piran, Slovenia. This special issue is in line with the journal's
aim of publishing research from across the ever-
broadening field of renewable and sustainable energy with a
strong review element. Previous SDEWES con-
ference special issues have gathered a significant knowledge
base in the field of sustainable development that
reflects the continuous research efforts of the SDEWES research
community. Therefore, this editorial provides
not only an overview of the papers published in this particular
special issue, but also a wider overview of the
current trends in the domain of sustainable and renewable
energy. This year's special issue focuses particularly
on the benefits of the bio-based economy, energy security
issues, fossil fuel thermal plant alternatives and
environmental constraints, district heating and cooling together
with cross sector energy efficiency and energy
conservation issues. Sustainable transport systems, the issue of
fuel poverty in urban neighbourhoods and re-
newable energy to support development of peripheral rural
areas, optimising passive building design for hot
climates and solar-powered heating and cooling are further
topics featured in this special issue. In the process of
selecting papers for this special issue, the guest editors invited
in total 23 extended manuscripts for consideration
for publication. After a rigorous review process by expert
reviewers overseen by the guest editors a total of 16
articles were accepted for publication.
1. Introduction
The annual Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and
Environment Systems (SDEWES) conference [1] is one of the

world's foremost events
for researchers in sustainable technologies to gather and present
their latest findings. Similar to other sister special issues
published in Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews [2], the more recently
established South East European Conference on Sustainable
Development of Energy, Water
and Environment Systems (SEE SDEWES) provides a similar
forum for researchers with a strong regional focus. This Special
Issue of Renewable &
Sustainable Energy Reviews gathers together 16 of the most
interesting papers presented at the 11th SDEWES Conference,
held in Lisbon, Portugal
from the 4th to the 9th September 2016 and the 2nd SEE
SDEWES Conference, held in Piran, Slovenia from the June
15th to the 18th 2016. All
aspects of energy generation, transmission, distribution and end
use are undergoing a transition to low-carbon, sustainable
systems. In this year's
Special Issue there is a strong focus on energy use in buildings,
with insulation materials for passive and low-energy house
design in different
climates, district heating and cooling networks, and novel solar-
powered heating and cooling systems among the topics studied.
Energy demand for
heating and cooling and the issue of waste heat are also studied
from the perspective of the industrial sector. Improvements in
biomass estimation
processes used in the emergent bio-economy are also addressed.
Important cross-cutting topics such as fuel poverty, energy
security, barriers to
achieving sustainable transport systems and social sustainability
assessments are also to the fore, and serve to remind us of the
wider the social and
geopolitical context within which the transition to sustainable
energy systems must take place. The expertise of the guest

editors incorporates a wide
range of research themes related to the global transition to
sustainability, including energy usage in buildings [1,2], district
heating [3], biomass
energy [4], sustainable transport including electric vehicles [5–
10], wind energy [11–18], energy policy and impacts of climate
change [19–23] and
management of distributed generation and loads to facilitate
integration of renewables [24–27].
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.057
List of abbreviations: AC, Alternating Current; CHP, Combined
Heat and Power; CO2, Carbon Dioxide; DC, Direct Current;
DH, District Heating; DRVT, Demand-Resources Value
Targeting; EU, European Union; GDP, Gross Domestic Product;
GHG, Greenhouse Gas; GWP, Global Warming Potential; LCA,
Life Cycle Assessment; MCP Directive, Medium Combustion
Plants Directive;; MESSAGE, Model for Energy Supply
Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impact;
NZEB, Nearly zero energy buildings; PJ, petajoule; PV,
Photovoltaic;
R&D, Research & Development; SLCA, Social life cycle
analysis; 4DH, 4th Generation of District Heating; SDEWES,
Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment
Systems;
SEE, South East European; UK, United Kingdom
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82 (2018) 1685–
1690
Available online 11 November 2017
1364-0321/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
T

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0.057&domain=pdf
2. Overview
2.1. Energy security
One of the key aspects of the transition to sustainable energy
systems, along with long term environmental impacts, is energy
security on the
national, regional or local level. Geostrategic relations among
major superpowers have a strong impact on factors such as
energy consumption,
prices, and infrastructure development. The impact of climate
change at a local level in Europe was examined in [21] while
quantification of energy
security was the main focus of [28]. The authors of the latter
study have proposed a new approach that, in addition to basic
indicators, takes into
account sovereign credit rating as a measure of economic,
financial and political stability. A ‘geoeconomic’ index of
energy security was developed,
and tested using principal component analysis on the case of
European Union (EU) and other selected countries over a period
of ten years
(2004–2013). In this research the authors concluded that the
biggest impact on energy security is exerted by Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) per
capita, and a slightly smaller but still significant impact by
sovereign credit rating. Surprisingly, the results showed only a

small influence of energy
dependence and of production of energy from renewable sources
on energy security in general. This means that high import
dependence does not
necessarily mean a low energy security level for a country since
it can be compensated by enhancing other elements of the
system, such as a stronger
financial position. The authors of [29] applied a time-series
clustering approach and three energy security indicators based
on the Shannon–Wiener
diversity index. The main intention was to analyse how the
European Union's (EU) energy security, in term of energy
supply, evolved over several
decades. The analysis was carried out for the time horizon
between 1978 and 2014. In this case the main driver of
improving energy security was the
diversification of primary energy sources. Another important
indicator of improving energy security was closely connected to
the diversity and
specific origins of imports. Through the results of this research
three groups of countries were identified; the first with
consistently high levels of
energy security and moderate improvements, the second wi th
lower levels of energy security than those in the first group and
the third group with
initially low energy security levels but significant
improvements over the observed time period. As a main
conclusion, the authors have identified the
positive effect of the EU's energy policy efforts in creating
electricity and gas markets, increasing competition, driving
diversification of supplies and
reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions.
Energy security is a long-running theme of the SDEWES
conferences. For example, in [30] the authors have tried to

define а new energy security
indicator with special focus on long-term sustainability. The
indicator was tested with the EU as a case study for the period
1990–2012. Usually
researchers focus on the security of supply without taking
environmental indicators and social aspects into account.
Through this research, the
authors have proposed a new indicator, the Energy Security
Index, which includes environmental and social aspects. One of
the first efforts to
connect sustainability and energy security presented at
SDEWES conferences was through [31]. In that paper, the
authors discussed security in
relation to sustainable development. One of the main
conclusions was that the present situation cannot be modified by
employing old approaches
predicated on oil dependence and competition for remaining
reserves. Instead, the authors emphasised the need for basic
curiosity-driven research
enriched by research and development (R&D) focused on
renewable energy. Energy security issues have been analysed on
the national level as well.
In [32] the authors focused on Cyprus and Israel and the issue
of the role of natural gas in the future energy security concepts.
Scenarios were
developed with the MESSAGE (Model for Energy Supply
Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impact)
global optimisation model in
order to analyse the interactions between the two countries’
energy systems. The inter-reliance of gas and electric power
systems has also been
investigated in [33,34] and the potential for compressed air
energy storage in [35].
2.2. Energy demand and conservation

Energy security issues are not only connected to the supply side
of the energy system or trying to satisfy current energy
demands. Reducing cross
sector energy demands is also one of the most important aspects
of increasing energy security. Within this special issue several
authors have analysed
various cross-sector energy efficiency and conservation
approaches. The authors of [36] focussed on medium-scale
combustion plants and the impact
of the EU Medium Combustion Plants (MCP) Directive in the
Czech Republic. A new approach of policy impact assessment is
introduced which is
compared to the official EU assessment methodology. In this
comparison the authors have calculated that the EU assessment
leads to results that are
10 times lower than the proposed approach. The authors argue
that the significant discrepancies are due to the insufficiency of
the EU's general
abatement cost curves. The main conclusion is that it is
necessary to perform such analyses on the local level. The
authors of [37] examine energy
intensive industries, particularly the aluminium industry. The
research is focused on the industry's need to reduce its energy
consumption and to
become more competitive on the market. As a consequence of
energy demand reduction, the environmental impact is also
decreased. The main
retrofitting strategy to be introduced is the innovative direct
current (DC) technology, with a 50% increase in energy
efficiency in comparison to
traditional natural gas and alternating current (AC) induction.
The authors have conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) for
four European electricity
mixes and showed reductions of up to 8% GHG emissions in
every country.

Energy efficiency and conservation has been researched very
widely within SDEWES conferences; from the perspective of
specific industries in
[38], where the focus was on energy consumption and
environmental impact reduction in the cement industry, to the
process industry in [39] and
[40], where the authors tried to improve the energy efficiency of
heat exchangers by developing a novel optimisation method
focusing on the
exchanger geometry details or by analysing energy savings
potential through process integration technology, focusing on
better modelling tech-
niques. In [41] the authors have presented an effective
framework in order to determine the most cost-effective retrofit
possibilities for a total site
system. Possibilities for the reduction of energy usage and
environmental impacts were also analysed for the power sector,
with a special focus on the
possibilities of carbon capture retrofits. In [42] the authors have
focused on the investment decision concerning the possibility of
retrofitting existing
supercritical pulverised coal units with carbon capture and
storage technology while the authors of [43] have focused on
Portuguese fossil fuel power
plants and the effect of their retrofit with post-combustion
carbon capture and storage. Finally, the authors in previous
SDEWES conferences have
researched the effects and implementation of energy efficiency
measures and policies on the level of an entire national industry
[44] or a whole
country [45].
2.3. District heating and cooling
One of the strongest research topics of SDEWES conferences, in
relation to the increase of energy security and sustainability, is

district heating
(DH) and cooling. Within this special issue the authors of [46]
have created a library for the modelling of thermal-energy
transport in district heating
Editorial Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82 (2018)
1685–1690
1686
systems. Systematic comparison between models has been
carried out and the main conclusion is that, although most of the
models perform
similarly, they do not equally reproduce the dynamics. Since
district heating systems are robust and complex, the authors
have also developed a
methodology for reduced mathematical models. These models
correctly identify relevant model dynamics and are implemented
in MATLAB
(Mathworks Inc., USA). One of the key issues in 4DH systems
is the integration of various energy sources and the integration
of low temperature heat.
With that in mind, the authors of [47] have focused on the
potential for utilisation of waste heat from data centres in the
Nordic countries, with the
main focus being Finland. The authors identified the main
barriers to the utilisation of waste heat, which are: the low
quality of waste heat (e.g.
besides the low temperature, instability in the heat output is
identified as an issue) and the high investment cost. Another
barrier is the non-
transparent relation between DH companies and data centres.
This is the case for data centres that are already connected to
the DH networks. The

authors of [48] presented a new approach to minimise capital
costs and the total energy consumption of a DH network, which
was tested on the case
of South Wales in the United Kingdom (UK). The focus was on
different temperature regimes and target pressure losses. Flow
rate and temperature
were optimised in order to have a clear operation strategy. In
[49] different policy strategies for the integration of wood
biomass into district heating
systems were analysed. A system dynamic model was developed
and applied to the Latvian district heating system. Comparing
different countries
(Croatia and Denmark) and the specifics of their district heating
systems was the topic of [50]. In this case, the comparison
identified potential
improvements to both countries’ systems. In [51] the authors
analysed the configuration of a district heating network and
optimised the route from
the plant to the end users. The main conclusion is that optimal
DH network configuration is influenced by many factors such as
the consumer heating
load, the distance between the heating plants to the consumer,
the design criteria regarding the pressure and temperature
limitation and the
corresponding network heat loss.
In [52] the authors considered new business and service models
for district heating companies in order to maintain their
competitiveness levels
and still achieve EU energy and climate targets. Some of the
key issues facing future district heating systems lie not only in
the technical domain but
also in the service-oriented approach. In this case the authors
attempted to determine the key aspects of this service oriented
path for the end
consumers. In [53] the authors considered a small town as a

case study, in order to create a hybrid district heating system
and integrate more
renewable energy sources. The focus of the research was the
development of a mathematical model to optimise the chosen
case study. Similar
research was reported in [54], with the Danish town of
Frederikshaven as a case study, but in this case instead of
combined heat and power (CHP)
the focus was on low temperature geothermal energy. When it
comes to district heating, heat demand mapping and planning
are two of the main
prerequisites for new systems or improvement of existing
district heating systems. In [55] the authors analysed the
dynamic impacts nearly zero
energy buildings (NZEBs) will have on the overall smart energy
system, primarily how their energy production will influence
the overall district
heating system. Meanwhile in [56] the focus was urban area
planning with a district heating system and heat pumps as the
main heating technology
contenders. The authors proposed a method for determining
which areas or users should be connected to a district heating
network and which should
be served using alternative technologies such as heat pumps.
2.4. Biomass energy
Biomass energy has always been a major research topic within
the SDEWES conferences. The sustainability and economics of
biomass-based
systems are central themes of these research efforts. In [57] the
authors expanded the traditional way of analysing bio-based
economy impact
assessment. Heretofore, analysis of the environmental and
economic aspects was carried out, while social aspects were
rarely considered. In this case

the authors have proposed a modified approach that considers
social sustainability factors as well. This approach is based on
four iterative steps of
social life cycle analysis (SLCA) which considers all life cycle
phases of the economy. As a conclusion of this approach the
authors state that there is
no perfect methodology that covers all social aspects because
the results are heavily dependent on the boundary conditions of
the system or study. In
[58] the authors applied a process-based ecological model to
assess wood biomass production in Japan. This is crucial in
order to estimate the
ecosystem's dynamics under various forest management
approaches. In the cost calculation model the authors calculated
the cost of each wood chip
production stage. Four scenarios were constructed with the main
conclusion that the current “business as usual” method of forest
management is not
efficient for the production of wood biomass in terms of
economic cost. In [59] the authors analysed the sustainability of
the biomass industry,
focusing on biomass management and the supply chain. In this
case the authors have developed a new Demand-Resources
Value Targeting (DRVT)
approach in order to determine the various biomass chains and
their optimal utilisation pathways. To test their model and
approach the authors
applied it to Malaysia as a case study. The geographic
distribution of economic potential of forest and agricultural
biomass was determined in [60],
with Croatia as a case study. In order to calculate the
distribution the authors used the biomass cost at the plant l evel,
transport distances and costs
and the size of the plants themselves. The results of the research
showed that the total energy potential of wheat straw in Croatia
was 8.5 petajoules

(PJ), corn stover 7.2 PJ and forestry residues 5.9 PJ.
The issue of sustainability of biomass energy has been
frequently addressed in SDEWES special issue papers. In [61]
the authors analysed 100%
renewable energy systems and the role of biomass used for
heating in these systems. As a main conclusion, district heating
systems were proposed.
For areas where the heat density is not sufficient for an
economically viable district heating system, geothermal heat
pumps can be proposed for
individual heating systems, even though consumption of
biomass is higher than for district heating. Within the SDEWES
conferences LCA has also
been an important topic for assessing the wider impacts and
sustainability issues associated with the bio-based economy and
processes. In [62] a LCA
focusing on a conceptual biomass hydrothermal liquefacti on
process for bio-oil production was constructed and presented
while in [63] LCA was
used to compare two options of biomass utilisation; power
plants running on biomass only versus power plants co-firing
biomass. In [64] the authors
presented an environmental assessment of combined heat, power
and cooling systems based on biomass in comparison to
conventional systems. They
performed this analysis by applying the LCA methodology and
came to the conclusion that small cooling-to-heating ratios
cause plants, based on
biomass combustion, to be environmentally feasible while high
cooling-to-heating ratios cause plants to be environmentally
unfeasible. One of the
major concerns for the bio-based economy is the issue of energy
crops and their sustainability. In [65] the authors presented a
new approach for
estimating biomass yield of giant miscanthus (miscanthus

giganteus) at any point during its vegetation period. Key
information from the biomass
assessment forms the required input data during the
measurement process and in this case the authors have
simplified the required input data
process. The accuracy of the approach is heavily dependent
upon the number of shoots upon which the measurements are
performed. The authors
argued that measurement of 10 shoots is the most appropriate
since measurement of further shoots does not provide any
additional increase in
accuracy.
In [66] the water footprint of four main energy crops (corn,
sweet potatoes, sugarcane and sweet sorghum), and one food
crop (rice), were
investigated for the case of Taiwan while in [67] Taiwanese
chenopod was analysed for the production of bioethanol. The
results showed that the
1685–1690
1687
plant has strong productivity and high adeptness with yields of
24.3–33.3 t of dried biomass per ha for three annual harvests.
The bio-based economy
is also expected to impact upon the transportation sector. In
[68] sustainable alternatives to the present-day fossil fuel-
dominated energy usage of the
transport sector were evaluated. Biofuels, hydrogen,
electrofuels and renewable electricity were considered in
addition to eight emerging innovative

technologies such as the Hyperloop and delivery drones. Non-
transportation technologies which may nonetheless affect
transportation demand were
also included, e.g. 3D printing which may shorten supply
chains, and augmented reality which may allow for increased
remote working. The authors’
findings strongly supported the electrification of transport as far
as possible in order to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions,
increase energy
efficiency and allow different energy sectors to be integrated.
Rural and urban communities both face challenges in the
transition to sustainable energy. This is evidenced by two case
studies from different
European countries. The German city of Oberhausen faces
socio-economic challenges as a result of deindustrialization,
and its residents are likely to
be vulnerable to fuel poverty as a result. However, in order to
tackle fuel poverty, neighbourhood-level data is required, and
the authors of [69] used
a multi-criteria decision analysis approach combined with a
geographical information system in order to identify the
neighbourhoods most at risk of
fuel poverty. These neighbourhoods are also those which face
the greatest barriers to make the transition to sustainability.
Covasna County in
Romania is a rural area whose residents also face economic
challenges [70]. This case study informed methods of
calculating the heat capacities of
materials and worldwide applications to provide an overview of
the thermal behaviour of lightweight insulation materials and
their implications for
energy demand and indoor comfort. The study proposed a
simple method to evaluate the specific heat capacity of real
scale building materials with
an uncertainty of approximately 5%. The methodology of the

study allows for renewable energy developments to be targeted
in the localities of the
region which have the potential for greatest socio-economic
impact and rural economic development.
Approximately 20% of the world's energy demand comes from
residential and commercial buildings [71]. Energy for heating
and cooling forms a
major part of building energy demand. Therefore, the study of
[72] is timely, as it used simulation case studies to examine the
potential for
innovative solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) based heating
and cooling systems to replace conventional systems based on
gas-fired heaters and
electric chillers. In hot and humid climates such as that of Hong
Kong, an even greater proportion of energy demand, up to 60%,
may come from
buildings. Therefore, minimisation of building energy
consumption is an imperative. In the study of [73] an
optimisation process was applied to the
design of a generic high-rise residential building in order to
minimise energy demand for heating, ventilation and air
conditioning. Five different
locations, all in hot and humid climatic regions, were selected
as case studies. Some common factors influencing demand at all
locations, such as
window transmittances, were identified. In [74], the comfort
requirements of a healthcare building were assessed under
similar climatic conditions.
This work examined the environmental impact and benefits of
adding materials and technologies in order to reduce the energy
consumption of a
building by evaluating the embodied and operational energy of a
case study of a passive housing block in Austria [75]. The key
finding revealed that
distribution pipes for building services apparently contr ibute

10% of the Global Warming Potential (GWP). Renewable
energy sources also show
potential for mitigating CO2 emissions from conventional,
fossil-fired generation, as the study of [76] showed based upon
a novel process utilising
solar thermal power for CO2 capture and storage.
3. Conclusion
Building affordable and robust sustainable energy systems
presents complex challenges in every region of the world. This
Special Issue of
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews has gathered together
some of the latest advances in the technical and policy spheres
which can help to
achieve the transition to reliable, low carbon energy systems for
the benefit of local communities as well as helping to mitigate
global climate
change. From process improvements allowing greater efficiency
in energy resource usage, through to energy transmission and
end-use in heating,
cooling, transportation and electricity systems, and finally, to
controls on emissions and ensuring social sustainability and
fairness, the breadth of
topics addressed is comprehensive. This reflects the goal of the
SDEWES conference series, which is the “improvement and
dissemination of knowledge
on methods, policies and technologies for increasing the
sustainability of development by de-coupling growth from
natural resources and replacing them with
knowledge based economy, taking into account its economic,
environmental and social pillars”.
Acknowledgements
The guest editors of the SDEWES and SEE SDEWES 2016 joint

special issue express their gratitude to the Editor-in-Chief of
Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, Lawrence Kazmerski and the
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews team, particularly
Wendy Ye, Janaki
Bakthavachalam, Katherine Eve for their support and advice.
We also gratefully acknowledge the efforts of the many
reviewers of the initial
conference papers and the subsequent journal articles.
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Tomislav Pukšec
Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment,
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval, Architecture, Ivana Lučića 5,
10002 Zagreb, Croatia
Paul Leahy*
School of Engineering & Centre for Marine and Renewable
Energy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
E-mail address: [email protected]
Aoife Foley

School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Queen's
University Belfast, Ashby Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast
BT9 5AH, United Kingdom
E-mail address: [email protected]
Natasa Markovska
Research Center for Energy and Sustainable Development,
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (RCESD-MASA),
P.O. Box 428, Skopje, Macedonia
Neven Duić
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval, Architecture, Ivana Lučića 5, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
* Corresponding author.
1685–1690
1690
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.072
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http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.061Sustainable
development of energy, water and environment systems
2016IntroductionOverviewEnergy securityEnergy demand and
conservationDistrict heating and coolingBiomass
energyConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences

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