The document discusses the history and evolution of distributed computing technologies including containers and container orchestration platforms. It provides an overview of common container orchestration platforms today and compares their core functions such as scheduling, resource management, and service management. It envisions the future of containerization, orchestration, and distributed operating systems and discusses how DC/OS aims to provide a full-featured enterprise container orchestration platform.

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CONTAINER
ORCHESTRATION
WARS
( Micro Edition )

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KARL WHO?
Where?
- Mesosphere
- Pivotal
What?
- DC/OS
- Kubernetes (on Mesos)
- CloudFoundry
- BOSH
- github.com/karlkfi
- twitter.com/karlkfi
- linkedin.com/in/karlkfi
- karl.isenberg.us

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Revisionist History of Distributed Computing
Container Orchestration
Platforms
Competitive Landscape
The Future
AGENDA

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IN THE BEGINNING...
Sombrero Galaxy by ESA/Hubble - CC BY 4.0

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Hardware
Operating System
Application
5
COMPUTERS

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Hardware
Operating System
Web Application
6
INTERNET
- Remote Users!

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Web App
Hardware
Operating
System
7
DISTRIBUTION
- Horizontal Scale
- Fault Tolerance
- Availability
- Load Balancing
Operating
System
Operating
System
Hardware Hardware
Web App Web App

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Service Service Service
Web App Web App Web App
Hardware
Operating
System
8
SERVICE-
ORIENTED
ARCHITECTURE
- Separation of
concerns
- Optimization of
bottlenecks
- Smaller teams
- API Contracts
- Data replication
- Complicated
provisioning
- Dependency
management
Operating
System
Operating
System
Hardware Hardware

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Service Service Service
Web App Web App Web App
Machine
Operating
System
9
HARDWARE
VIRTUALIZATION
- Fast provisioning
- Isolation
- Portability
- Utilization
- Configuration
Management
- Virtual Networking
- Credential
management
Operating
System
Operating
System
Infrastructure
Machine Machine

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Operating
System
Operating
System
Operating
System
ServiceApp ServiceServiceAppApp
10
MICROSERVICES
- Polyglot
- Single Responsibility
- Smaller Teams
- Utilization
- Machine
types/groups
- Dependency hell
Machine
Infrastructure
Machine Machine
ServiceService ServiceServiceServiceService

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ServiceApp ServiceServiceAppApp
OS
11
CONTAINERS
- Rapid deployment
- Dependency
vendoring
- Container image
repositories
- Spreadsheet
scheduling
OS OS
Machine
Infrastructure
Machine Machine
Container Runtime Container Runtime Container Runtime
ServiceService ServiceServiceServiceService

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Service
Container Runtime Container Runtime Container Runtime
OS
12
CONTAINER
ORCHESTRATION
OS OS
Container Orchestration
Machine
Infrastructure
Machine Machine
App ServiceServiceAppApp

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CONTAINER ORCA-WHAT-NOW?
Scheduling, Coordination, & Management
of
Containerized Processes
as
Higher Order Abstractions
(e.g., Jobs, Services, Applications, Pods, etc.)

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Orchestration
15
Machine Infrastructure
Web Apps & Services
Scheduling
Resource Management
Container Runtime
Machine & OS
Service Management
CONTAINER
ORCHESTRATION
Machine & OS Machine & OS
Container Runtime Container Runtime
Expanded

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SCHEDULING
- Placement
- Replication/Scaling
- Resurrection
- Rescheduling
- Rolling Deployment
- Upgrades
- Downgrades
- Collocation
RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
- Memory
- CPU
- GPU
- Volumes
- Ports
- IPs
- Images/Artifacts
SERVICE
MANAGEMENT
- Labels
- Groups/Namespaces
- Dependencies
- Load Balancing
- Readiness Checking
FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES

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SCALABILITY
Performance, Responsiveness, Efficiency
AVAILABILITY
Fault Tolerance, Robustness, Reliability, Resilience,
Disaster Recovery
FLEXIBILITY
Format Support, Interoperability, Extensibility,
Container Runtimes
USABILITY
Familiarity, Maintainability, Compatibility,
Debuggability
PORTABILITY
Host OS, Cloud, Bare-Metal, Hybrid
SECURITY
Auditability, Secrets Management, Encryption,
Isolation
NON-FUNCTIONAL QUALITIES

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PLATFORM
A base of technologies on which other technologies or processes are built.
PLATFORM AS A SERVICE
A managed, multitenant platform.
CLOUD PLATFORM
A hosted platform as a service on shared infrastructure.
PLATFORM SPECTRUM
Rainbow by Susanne Nilsson - CC BY-SA 2.0

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INFRASTRUCTURE PLATFORM
e.g., OpenStack, VMware vSphere
CONTAINER PLATFORM
e.g., Kubernetes, DC/OS, Rancher
APPLICATION PLATFORM
e.g., Cloud Foundry, Red Hat OpenShift, Deis
19
PLATFORMS
Oil Platform by Berardo62 - CC BY-SA 2.0

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CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE PLATFORM
e.g., Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, Microsoft Azure,
Google Compute Engine
CLOUD CONTAINER PLATFORM
e.g., Google Container Engine, Azure Container Services,
Amazon EC2 Container Service
CLOUD APPLICATION PLATFORM
e.g., Heroku, Google App Engine, Pivotal Web Services,
IBM Bluemix
20
CLOUD PLATFORMS

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TODAY’S
CONTESTANTS
- Docker Swarm
- ECS
- Kontena
- Nomad
- Kubernetes
- Rancher
- OpenShift
- DC/OS
Non-Exhaustive List

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SCHEDULING
ORCHESTRATION FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON (06/2016)
Placement
Kubernetes DC/OS ECS Swarm Nomad Cattle Kontena
Replication/Scaling
Readiness Checking
Resurrection
Rescheduling
Rolling Deployment
Collocation
Included External/Partial/Experimental

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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
ORCHESTRATION FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON (06/2016)
Memory
Kubernetes DC/OS ECS Swarm Nomad Cattle Kontena
CPU
GPU
Disk Space
Persistent Volumes
Ports
IPs
Included External/Partial/Experimental
Volumes

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SERVICE MANAGEMENT
ORCHESTRATION FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON (06/2016)
Labels
Kubernetes DC/OS ECS Swarm Nomad Cattle Kontena
Groups/Namespaces
Dependencies
Load Balancing
Readiness Checking
Included External/Partial/Experimental

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CONTAINERIZATION
- Stability & maturity
- Standard image format
- Distinct from orchestration
- API reverse compatibility guarantees
ORCHESTRATION
- Feature parity
- Abstraction convergence
- Pluggable schedulers
- Scale & responsiveness
DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEMS
- Collection of components
- Package management
- System space vs user space
- POSIX for the datacenter
THE FUTURE

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DC/OS
- Resource Management
- Universal Containerizer
- Container Orchestration
- Pluggable Schedulers
- Jobs & Services
- Distributed System Services
- Virtual Networking
- Package Management
- Services Catalog & Application Ecosystem
- Day 2 Operational Focus
ENTERPRISE DC/OS
- E2E Encryption
- Identity & Access Management
- Secrets Management
- Support

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"Let's face it, the universe is messy. It is nonlinear,
turbulent, and chaotic. It is dynamic. It spends its time in
transient behavior on its way to somewhere else, not in
mathematically neat equilibria. It self-organizes and
evolves. It creates diversity, not uniformity. That's what
makes the world interesting, that's what makes it
beautiful, and that's what makes it work."
Donella H. Meadows
(Thinking in Systems: A Primer)