The UN report found that the exploitation of natural resources in the Democratic Republic of Congo is systematic and benefits armed groups. It notes that coltan mining in particular is largely controlled by armed groups, subjecting miners to dangerous conditions and low pay. While the minerals provide funding for the ongoing conflict, international companies and other private sectors also benefit from this resource exploitation without ensuring fair compensation for the Congolese people.
Reseña sobre el coltan, sus aplicaciones y condiciones de trabajo de los mineros en africa que lo extraen, incluidos los niños que se hace trabajar.Fuentes: www.uhu.es7museovirtualdemineralogia
Wikipedia.
Auladigital2.blogspot.com
Más imagenes disponibles en la web. Material para profesores y alumnos.
This document discusses the challenges of implementing human rights due diligence in mineral supply chains from conflict areas like the Democratic Republic of Congo. It introduces the UN framework for human rights due diligence and reviews multi-stakeholder initiatives aimed at increasing supply chain traceability and human rights compliance. However, it notes that initiatives face significant obstacles to implementation in the DRC due to issues like insecurity, informal mining and trade, and lack of local political will. Local perspectives are often missing from these initiatives as well.
Presentation at compass conference 25 june 2011Andy Whitmore
The document summarizes issues related to mining companies listed on the London Stock Exchange that have negative impacts on local communities. It discusses examples like African Barrick Gold, whose mines in Tanzania have been sites of conflict and deaths, and Vedanta Resources, which has been in conflict with indigenous groups in India over mining plans. It calls for greater transparency, accountability, and access to justice regarding harmful corporate conduct, as well as respect for communities' rights to say no to mining on their lands.
This document discusses future global trends and scenarios based on input from over 50 CSIRO scientists. It identifies several key megatrends that will shape the future, including a more digital and interconnected world, increasing urbanization and mobility, divergent demographics like an aging population, and needing to do more with less resources. The document also discusses potential megashocks like pandemics or climate change and presents scenarios for how the identified megatrends could play out globally in the future.
The document discusses the growing problem of electronic waste (e-waste) and its illicit trade. It outlines that rapidly advancing technology has led to a surge in obsolete electronics. While developed nations have implemented e-waste recycling systems, much of the waste is actually exported to developing countries. This illegal trade has created "toxic towers" where e-waste is dismantled under dangerous conditions, exposing workers and communities to hazardous materials. The document examines the health and environmental impacts of this practice using the town of Guiyu, China as a case study. It explores who is involved in the illicit e-waste trade and provides recommendations for improving regulation and awareness.
This document summarizes a workshop and book on the law of public participation in mining and resource development. It outlines 18 studies that were presented at the workshop and will be published in the book. The studies analyze public participation laws, practices and trends at the international, regional and national levels. Some key points:
- There has been a large growth in public participation laws and requirements since the 1960s, particularly around access to information, participation in decision making, and access to justice.
- Many international laws and organizations now require or promote public participation in resource projects. This includes laws around indigenous rights, sustainable development, environmental protection and human rights.
- The studies analyze public participation from various perspectives, including international law,
Scotland as a hydro-nation: global perspective: challenges and opportunities - by Professor Patricia Wouters, IHP-HELP Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science under the auspices of UNESCO, University of Dundee, Scotland.
Reseña sobre el coltan, sus aplicaciones y condiciones de trabajo de los mineros en africa que lo extraen, incluidos los niños que se hace trabajar.Fuentes: www.uhu.es7museovirtualdemineralogia
Wikipedia.
Auladigital2.blogspot.com
Más imagenes disponibles en la web. Material para profesores y alumnos.
This document discusses the challenges of implementing human rights due diligence in mineral supply chains from conflict areas like the Democratic Republic of Congo. It introduces the UN framework for human rights due diligence and reviews multi-stakeholder initiatives aimed at increasing supply chain traceability and human rights compliance. However, it notes that initiatives face significant obstacles to implementation in the DRC due to issues like insecurity, informal mining and trade, and lack of local political will. Local perspectives are often missing from these initiatives as well.
Presentation at compass conference 25 june 2011Andy Whitmore
The document summarizes issues related to mining companies listed on the London Stock Exchange that have negative impacts on local communities. It discusses examples like African Barrick Gold, whose mines in Tanzania have been sites of conflict and deaths, and Vedanta Resources, which has been in conflict with indigenous groups in India over mining plans. It calls for greater transparency, accountability, and access to justice regarding harmful corporate conduct, as well as respect for communities' rights to say no to mining on their lands.
This document discusses future global trends and scenarios based on input from over 50 CSIRO scientists. It identifies several key megatrends that will shape the future, including a more digital and interconnected world, increasing urbanization and mobility, divergent demographics like an aging population, and needing to do more with less resources. The document also discusses potential megashocks like pandemics or climate change and presents scenarios for how the identified megatrends could play out globally in the future.
The document discusses the growing problem of electronic waste (e-waste) and its illicit trade. It outlines that rapidly advancing technology has led to a surge in obsolete electronics. While developed nations have implemented e-waste recycling systems, much of the waste is actually exported to developing countries. This illegal trade has created "toxic towers" where e-waste is dismantled under dangerous conditions, exposing workers and communities to hazardous materials. The document examines the health and environmental impacts of this practice using the town of Guiyu, China as a case study. It explores who is involved in the illicit e-waste trade and provides recommendations for improving regulation and awareness.
This document summarizes a workshop and book on the law of public participation in mining and resource development. It outlines 18 studies that were presented at the workshop and will be published in the book. The studies analyze public participation laws, practices and trends at the international, regional and national levels. Some key points:
- There has been a large growth in public participation laws and requirements since the 1960s, particularly around access to information, participation in decision making, and access to justice.
- Many international laws and organizations now require or promote public participation in resource projects. This includes laws around indigenous rights, sustainable development, environmental protection and human rights.
- The studies analyze public participation from various perspectives, including international law,
Scotland as a hydro-nation: global perspective: challenges and opportunities - by Professor Patricia Wouters, IHP-HELP Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science under the auspices of UNESCO, University of Dundee, Scotland.
The document discusses the concept of the "race to the bottom" phenomenon caused by globalization and deregulation. It provides several case studies as examples, such as poor working conditions in Bangladesh's textile industry, Nestle's formula milk scandal that killed infants, and e-waste dumping by developed nations. The race to the bottom intensifies competition that lowers costs by reducing worker benefits, environmental protections, and social welfare. While globalization increases competition and lowers prices, it also decreases wages and widens inequality gaps.
The document discusses the issue of conflict minerals in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) that fund armed violence. Many electronic devices use tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold from the DRC, where militias control mines and profit from mineral sales to commit atrocities. The document calls on companies, governments, organizations and individuals to take steps like educating suppliers, auditing sources, raising awareness, and pushing for policies to curb the trade of conflict minerals that fuel the ongoing conflict and human rights abuses in the DRC.
Persuasive Essay On Pro Animal TestingAmanda Dahya
William Carlos Williams' poem "To Elsie" depicts a cynical view of American society through the character of Elsie. Elsie is born out of wedlock and grows up to be exploited and objectified by wealthy men. She represents how American purity can be corrupted by the debauched structures of society. The poem uses harsh diction and consonant sounds to detach the reader from the grim reality it conveys.
Cultural aspects affecting Promotional strategies in International MarketsKaran Salla
This document discusses several cultural aspects that affect international marketing strategies. It provides examples of how McDonald's, Starbucks, and other multinational companies have adapted their products, packaging, and business practices to different cultural contexts. McDonald's offers localized menus in different countries to accommodate cultural preferences. Starbucks uses recycled materials in some packaging in response to cultural norms around sustainability. The document also discusses "grey markets" where authorized goods are exported to another country and sold at lower prices, undermining official distribution channels.
The city of the future will be green, sustainable, high tech, and efficient. It will have green spaces and green architecture that is environmentally friendly and energy efficient. Renewable energy sources like solar panels will power buildings, making them self-sufficient. Transportation will be electric, like cars that charge from solar panels and roads, and may be autonomous. Recycling systems will be implemented. High speed travel may use magnetic levitation trains. The city will aim to reduce pollution and use resources efficiently.
This document summarizes a report about conflict minerals in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the link between consumer electronics and sexual violence in the region. It notes that militias in Congo rape women on a massive scale to assert control over mining areas for minerals like tin, tantalum, and gold that are used in electronics. These militias profit from selling the minerals. The document calls for consumer pressure on electronics companies to ensure their supply chains are conflict-free as well as government action to address the issue.
This document provides an overview of sustainable development in China. It discusses key facts about China's population, resources, and environmental issues. It outlines the government's role in sustainable development legislation and initiatives. It also discusses the business role and responsibilities in implementing sustainable practices in China to balance economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity.
Богдан Купич. “Social Entrepreneurship – The Growing Need”Lviv Startup Club
This document provides an introduction to social entrepreneurship with examples of successful social enterprises. It discusses how social entrepreneurs directly involve beneficiaries and focus on results rather than just raising donations. Opportunities exist today due to technologies connecting billions of people and generating massive amounts of data. Entrepreneurs can create businesses that solve local and global problems. Examples highlighted include providing microcredit to the poor, using lasers to kill mosquitoes reducing malaria, and a device translating sign language to audio. Ukraine has potential for innovation and entrepreneurship to drive social and economic development.
This document summarizes debates around national strategies to combat digital piracy. It discusses claims by the recording industry that piracy is a major threat undermining their business, while others argue they failed to explore peer-to-peer sharing as an opportunity. The UK's Digital Economy Act aimed to address piracy through an agreement with ISPs, but faced criticism over industry lobbying influence. Evidence on the actual economic impacts of piracy remains inconclusive, with some findings suggesting it may not significantly harm media industries.
The Evolution Of Crime And Our Criminal Justice SystemLissette Hartman
The Palo Verde Irrigation District was formed in 1923 to manage water rights and irrigation for over 130,000 acres of agricultural land in California. A water agreement from 1931 assigned water allocations from the Colorado River to various California entities, including PVID. Recently, PVID has filed a lawsuit against the Metropolitan Water District for allegedly violating environmental laws and attempting to divert water away from PVID lands through restrictive land leases.
2015 has been an amazing year for Global Witness. I feel enormously proud to work for an organisation that is currently deeply engaged in 19 campaigns across 29 countries–investigating and exposing injustice, and advocating for systemic change to end corruption, conflict, human rights abuse and environmental destruction. The team has had many great campaign successes throughout the year and I wanted to share just a few of them with you:
For over 20 years, Global Witness has exposed how many of the world’s worst environmental and human rights abuses are driven by the exploitation of natural resources, and corruption in the global political and economic system. We have only been able to achieve change on these issues because of the generous support of our donors and other supporters. Next year we will continue to work towards a better world: a world where corruption is challenged and accountability prevails, so that all can thrive within the planet’s boundaries and governments act in the public interest.
The document summarizes a conference paper about the mining of coltan in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It discusses how most electronics contain coltan, which is often mined in DRC and Central Africa under dangerous conditions. Weak governance has allowed rebel groups to take control of mining areas and profit from coltan sales, hurting workers and local economies. The paper will analyze the social, economic, and environmental risks of mining, issues of worker empowerment, and the role of consumer demand in perpetuating the problems. It will explore theoretical frameworks on risk, empowerment, and consumption and potential solutions through that lens.
The document discusses how oil has negatively impacted many countries and harmed the environment. While oil provides fuel and energy, it undermines most oil-producing nations by weakening democracy and encouraging corruption. It also pollutes the environment through emissions and oil spills. The example of Nigeria is provided, where oil production in the Niger Delta region has led to widespread pollution and many oil spills dating back decades. This pollution has severely damaged the region's environment and harmed the livelihoods of local communities, yet most see little success in obtaining justice or compensation due to barriers like poverty, lack of legal resources, and corruption.
Canada was formed in 1867 through the confederation of four British colonies. On July 1, 1867, the British North America Act established Canada as an independent country. Canada has two official languages, English and French. The capital of Canada is Ottawa. Canada has a parliamentary democracy and is a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
The document discusses the concept of the "race to the bottom" phenomenon caused by globalization and deregulation. It provides several case studies as examples, such as poor working conditions in Bangladesh's textile industry, Nestle's formula milk scandal that killed infants, and e-waste dumping by developed nations. The race to the bottom intensifies competition that lowers costs by reducing worker benefits, environmental protections, and social welfare. While globalization increases competition and lowers prices, it also decreases wages and widens inequality gaps.
The document discusses the issue of conflict minerals in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) that fund armed violence. Many electronic devices use tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold from the DRC, where militias control mines and profit from mineral sales to commit atrocities. The document calls on companies, governments, organizations and individuals to take steps like educating suppliers, auditing sources, raising awareness, and pushing for policies to curb the trade of conflict minerals that fuel the ongoing conflict and human rights abuses in the DRC.
Persuasive Essay On Pro Animal TestingAmanda Dahya
William Carlos Williams' poem "To Elsie" depicts a cynical view of American society through the character of Elsie. Elsie is born out of wedlock and grows up to be exploited and objectified by wealthy men. She represents how American purity can be corrupted by the debauched structures of society. The poem uses harsh diction and consonant sounds to detach the reader from the grim reality it conveys.
Cultural aspects affecting Promotional strategies in International MarketsKaran Salla
This document discusses several cultural aspects that affect international marketing strategies. It provides examples of how McDonald's, Starbucks, and other multinational companies have adapted their products, packaging, and business practices to different cultural contexts. McDonald's offers localized menus in different countries to accommodate cultural preferences. Starbucks uses recycled materials in some packaging in response to cultural norms around sustainability. The document also discusses "grey markets" where authorized goods are exported to another country and sold at lower prices, undermining official distribution channels.
The city of the future will be green, sustainable, high tech, and efficient. It will have green spaces and green architecture that is environmentally friendly and energy efficient. Renewable energy sources like solar panels will power buildings, making them self-sufficient. Transportation will be electric, like cars that charge from solar panels and roads, and may be autonomous. Recycling systems will be implemented. High speed travel may use magnetic levitation trains. The city will aim to reduce pollution and use resources efficiently.
This document summarizes a report about conflict minerals in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the link between consumer electronics and sexual violence in the region. It notes that militias in Congo rape women on a massive scale to assert control over mining areas for minerals like tin, tantalum, and gold that are used in electronics. These militias profit from selling the minerals. The document calls for consumer pressure on electronics companies to ensure their supply chains are conflict-free as well as government action to address the issue.
This document provides an overview of sustainable development in China. It discusses key facts about China's population, resources, and environmental issues. It outlines the government's role in sustainable development legislation and initiatives. It also discusses the business role and responsibilities in implementing sustainable practices in China to balance economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity.
Богдан Купич. “Social Entrepreneurship – The Growing Need”Lviv Startup Club
This document provides an introduction to social entrepreneurship with examples of successful social enterprises. It discusses how social entrepreneurs directly involve beneficiaries and focus on results rather than just raising donations. Opportunities exist today due to technologies connecting billions of people and generating massive amounts of data. Entrepreneurs can create businesses that solve local and global problems. Examples highlighted include providing microcredit to the poor, using lasers to kill mosquitoes reducing malaria, and a device translating sign language to audio. Ukraine has potential for innovation and entrepreneurship to drive social and economic development.
This document summarizes debates around national strategies to combat digital piracy. It discusses claims by the recording industry that piracy is a major threat undermining their business, while others argue they failed to explore peer-to-peer sharing as an opportunity. The UK's Digital Economy Act aimed to address piracy through an agreement with ISPs, but faced criticism over industry lobbying influence. Evidence on the actual economic impacts of piracy remains inconclusive, with some findings suggesting it may not significantly harm media industries.
The Evolution Of Crime And Our Criminal Justice SystemLissette Hartman
The Palo Verde Irrigation District was formed in 1923 to manage water rights and irrigation for over 130,000 acres of agricultural land in California. A water agreement from 1931 assigned water allocations from the Colorado River to various California entities, including PVID. Recently, PVID has filed a lawsuit against the Metropolitan Water District for allegedly violating environmental laws and attempting to divert water away from PVID lands through restrictive land leases.
2015 has been an amazing year for Global Witness. I feel enormously proud to work for an organisation that is currently deeply engaged in 19 campaigns across 29 countries–investigating and exposing injustice, and advocating for systemic change to end corruption, conflict, human rights abuse and environmental destruction. The team has had many great campaign successes throughout the year and I wanted to share just a few of them with you:
For over 20 years, Global Witness has exposed how many of the world’s worst environmental and human rights abuses are driven by the exploitation of natural resources, and corruption in the global political and economic system. We have only been able to achieve change on these issues because of the generous support of our donors and other supporters. Next year we will continue to work towards a better world: a world where corruption is challenged and accountability prevails, so that all can thrive within the planet’s boundaries and governments act in the public interest.
The document summarizes a conference paper about the mining of coltan in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It discusses how most electronics contain coltan, which is often mined in DRC and Central Africa under dangerous conditions. Weak governance has allowed rebel groups to take control of mining areas and profit from coltan sales, hurting workers and local economies. The paper will analyze the social, economic, and environmental risks of mining, issues of worker empowerment, and the role of consumer demand in perpetuating the problems. It will explore theoretical frameworks on risk, empowerment, and consumption and potential solutions through that lens.
The document discusses how oil has negatively impacted many countries and harmed the environment. While oil provides fuel and energy, it undermines most oil-producing nations by weakening democracy and encouraging corruption. It also pollutes the environment through emissions and oil spills. The example of Nigeria is provided, where oil production in the Niger Delta region has led to widespread pollution and many oil spills dating back decades. This pollution has severely damaged the region's environment and harmed the livelihoods of local communities, yet most see little success in obtaining justice or compensation due to barriers like poverty, lack of legal resources, and corruption.
Canada was formed in 1867 through the confederation of four British colonies. On July 1, 1867, the British North America Act established Canada as an independent country. Canada has two official languages, English and French. The capital of Canada is Ottawa. Canada has a parliamentary democracy and is a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state.
Similar to Congolese Coltan team_7_sept_8_2011 (17)
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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1. CONGOLESECOLTAN “The only loser in this huge business venture is the Congolese people.” from The United Nations’ Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Cohort A Team 7 Travis Reynolds| Dennis Maltais| Christina Kanjer| Michael Dinsmore| Amanda Berry
58. bibliography Banerjee, Sidhartha, “Congolese citizens sue Canadian mining company, alleging complicity in massacre,” 660 News, accessed August 30, 2011, http://www.660news.com/news/national/article/126273--congolese-citizens-sue-canadian-mining-company-alleging-complicity-in-massacre. “A Comprehensive Approach to Congo’s Conflict Minerals,” The Enough Project Team with the Grassroots Reconciliation Group, April 2009. Dent, Gwalgen Geordie, “Mining the Congo: Canadian mining companies in the DRC ,” The Dominion, May 26, 2007, http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1195. Dias, Elizabeth, “First Blood Diamonds, Now Blood Computers?,” Time World, July 24, 2009, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1912594,00.html. “The Dodd Frank Act's Section 1502 on conflict minerals,” Global Witness website, August 10, 2011, http://www.globalwitness.org/library/dodd-frank-acts-section-1502-conflict-minerals. “Dodd-Frank Is Sarbanes-Oxley on Steroids,” CEB Views, September 15, 2009, http://cebviews.com/2010/09/15/dodd-frank-is-sarbanes-oxley-on-steroids/. “Export Statistics,” National Bank of Rwanda (August 2008), http://www.bnr.rw/statistics.aspx. “Fact Sheet: Measuring Mortality in Congo,” International Rescue Committee, accessed August 22, 2011, http://www.rescue.org/special-reports/congo-forgotten-crisis. Garrett, Nicholas, “Artisanal Cassiterite Mining and Trade in North Kivu: Implications for Poverty Reduction and Security,” Communities and Small Scale Mining, June 2008. Hamermesh, Daniel, “The Unintended Congo ‘Catastrophe’ of Dodd-Frank Conflict Mineral Provision,” Freakonomics website, August 22, 2011, http://www.freakonomics.com/2011/08/22/the-unintended-congo-catastrophe-of-dodd-frank-conflict-mineral-provision/. Hayes, Karen and Richard Burge, “Coltan Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo: How Tantalum- using industries can Commit to the Reconstruction of the DRC,” Flora and Fauna International Conservation Report, Cambridge, UK, 2003, p. 33. Hemmerich, Clay, “The Coltan Conundrum: How a Mineral Essential to the Cellphone Industry Contributes to an Ongoing Human Rights Nightmare,” January 11, 2011, The Link, http://thelinknewspaper.ca/article/826. “How Congress Devastated Congo,” The New York Times, August 8, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/opinion/how-congress-devastated-congo.html?_r=4&nl=todaysheadlines&emc=tha212.
59. bibliography cont’d Lasker, John, “Of Blood and Gold: How Canadian Mining Companies Loot the Congo,” Tower Freedom, February 26, 2009, http://www.towardfreedom.com/africa/1534-of-blood-and-gold-how-canadian-mining-companies-loot-the-congo. “Lessons Unlearned: How the UN and Member States Must Do More to End Natural Resource-Fuelled Conflicts,” Global Witness, January 2010. Magnowski, Daniel, “Tin price spike shows Congo’s growing origin role,” Reuters, October 30, 2008, http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLU661455. Marlow, Iain and Omar El Akkad, “Industry groups move to clean up sourcing of ‘blood minerals’,” The Globe and Mail, December 7, 2010, updated December 13, 2010, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/industry-groups-move-to-clean-up-sourcing-of-blood-minerals/article1829018/. Marlow, Iain and Omar El Akkad, “Smartphones: Blood stains at our fingertips,” The Globe and Mail, December 3, 2010, updated December 8, 2010, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/smartphones-blood-stains-at-our-fingertips/article1825207/. OECD (2011), OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264111110-en. Ojo, Bolaji, “Conflict Metals Law: Good Intentions Gone Bad?,” EBN Online, May 24, 2011, http://www.ebnonline.com/author.asp?section_id=1038&doc_id=206879. “Overview,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, accessed August 23, 2011, http://www.ushmm.org/genocide/take_action/atrisk/region/dr-congo. Petrou, Michael, “Canadian mining company accused of complicity in Congo massacre,” Maclean’s, November 8, 2010, http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/11/08/canadian-mining-company-accused-of-complicity-in-congo-massacre/. “Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” United Nations, 2001, http://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/drcongo.htm. Schurr, Matthew A. and Larry A. Swatuk, Critical Environmental Security: Rethinking the links between natural resources and political violence, Chapter 7, Center for Foreign Policy Studies: Dalhousie University, 2010. Vesperini, Helen, “Congo’s Coltan Rush,” BBC World News Service, August 1, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1468772.stm. Ware, Natalie D., “Congo War and the Role of Coltan,” acessed August 27, 2011, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:PtvaC2EMPYJ:www1.american.edu/ted/ice/congo-coltan.htm+interahamwe+control+of+DRC+coltan&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ca&source=www.google.ca.
60. Cohort A Team 7 Travis Reynolds| Dennis Maltais| Christina Kanjer| Michael Dinsmore| Amanda Berry
Editor's Notes
Congolese Coltan (Title Page)Thank you for joining us. Many of you have heard of “blood computers or phones”: consumer electronics products that contain components, which both ignite and fuel conflict around the developing world. In this presentation, we will be exploring the issue of Congolese Coltan, what it is, why you should care, and what you – as a business leader and consumer – should do about it.
War in the DRCThe Democratic Republic of Congo is one of Africa’s largest countries. Endowed with vast natural resources, the country stands at the centre of what could be termed “Africa’s World War”. The Democratic Republic of Congo (or DRC for short) has suffered two devastating wars since the early 90’s. The first war in 1996 began as direct result of the 1994 Rwandan genocide. The second began in 1998 and pitted government forces against rebels backed by Uganda and Rwanda. Since ’98, an estimated 5.4 million people have died due to direct and indirect results of the fighting.
The EconomyDespite its natural bounty, the DRC is one of the poorest countries in the world, with an unemployment rate of 85% and 79% of the population living on less than $2 per day. The economy is dominated by the mining sector, with minerals for the electronics industry as the main export and the largest attraction for foreign direct investment.
Conflict PersistsDespite a peace deal and the formation of a transitional government in 2003, national organizations remain incapable of ensuring basic security for communities, providing management of natural resources, and addressing the problems of corruption and poverty. Armed forces, including the both the national army and various rebel militia groups, continue to perpetrate violence against the civilian population, including abductions, looting, forceful recruitment of child soldiers, and rampant sexual violence. Sustained conflict and resource exploitation have also caused a significant decline in the once flourishing gorilla and elephant populations.
Key Term: Conflict MineralsMineral resources remain one of the key drivers of conflict in the DRC, with all sides taking advantage of the chaos. Opposing armed forces jockey to control the most valuable mines and transportation routes, and to impose “taxes” on others involved in the trade.
Key Term: The 3T’sArmed groups trade in the 3Ts: the mineral ores that produce Tungsten, Tin, and Tantalum. The DRC accounts for over 20 percent of the global production of tantalum (commonly referred to as “coltan”) and is estimated to contain an astounding 80% of the world’s reserves.
Key Term: ColtanColtan is a metallic grit that occurs in river deposits and is obtained by panning, much like gold. Through refinement, coltan becomes powder twice as dense as steel and highly resistant to heat and corrosion, sometimes called “magic dust”. Its ability to store and release an electrical charge is vital in the manufacturing of portable electronic equipment, such as mobile phones and computers. Other applications include surgical equipment, turbine blades for jet engines, and lining for chemical reactors. With high worldwide demand and a limited supply, many players are eager control this valuable mineral in the DRC.
Mining Sites and ProfitsMining sites are spread across eastern Congo and vary from large-scale operations employing upward of 2,000 miners to scattered holes mined by just a few. Conflict mining is “artisanal” – that is, it uses manual labour and simple tools. Armed groups profit from the minerals trade by two primary means. First, by controlling the mines and forcing miners to work in desperate and dangerous conditions, paying them an average of $1 to $5 per day. The second is by placing a “tax” on transporters, local and international buyers, and at border crossings. While it’s hard to know for certain, it is estimated that armed groups in the DRC earned approximately $185 million from the trade in 2008 alone.
The Supply ChainOnce miners dig, pan and bag the coltan, it’s smuggled through neighbouring countries including Rwanda and Uganda, often mixed with legally mined ores. Traders frequently misreport these resources as having originated in Rwanda, Uganda, or other countries to avoid the taint of “conflict minerals” originating from the DRC. As an example, in the first half of 2008, Rwanda reported 2679 tons of tin exports, yet its largest tin mine only produces 5 tons per month. Coltan is then exported (mainly to Asia) for refining. Processing companies sell the refined tantalum to the manufacturers of electronics components. In turn, these components are supplied to the makers of consumer electronics like cell phones, computers, and digital cameras.
United Nations ReportIn 2001, the United Nations issued its Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The report generated several key conclusions with regards to conflict minerals:Conflict in the DRC is mainly about coltan, diamonds, copper, cobalt and gold. “The wealth of the country is appealing and hard to resist in the context of lawlessness and the weakness of the central authority.”“Exploitation… by foreign armies has become systematic and systemic.”The private sector plays a vital role in the war by preparing “the field for illegal mining activities.” Some companies have gone so far as to trade arms for natural resources.“Because of its lucrative nature, [the conflict] has created a “win-win” situation for all belligerents… Business has superseded security concerns. The only loser in this huge business venture is the Congolese people.”
Key Term: Resource CaptureResource capture occurs when the degradation and depletion of a renewable resource (a decrease in supply) interacts with an increase in demand, encouraging powerful groups within a society to shift resource access in their favour.
Rwanda’s Role & Resource CaptureDemand for coltan fuelled war through the trading of arms and other resources, perpetuated by illegal mining activities. High global demand, limited supply, and high price created a lucrative environment. Everyone wanted access. Armies – both legitimate and rebel – occupying the area use coltan to fund their fighting, thereby creating an even more powerful force to control the resources. Locals were either driven out or forced to mine. This situation creates environmental scarcity, whereby the riches of the land are being stolen by outsiders and sold for profits to keep them there… this is “resource capture”. The UN report accuses Rwanda’s Army – among others – of funding its military by taking control of mineral mines, and looting coltan and cash reserves en mass. Military experts suggest “that the official defense budget of Rwanda cannot alone cover the cost of their war and presence in the DRC.” It is “a self-financing war.” Rwandan exploitation is “systematic, efficient, and organized,” with both formal and informal linkages between governments, businesses, armies, and individuals. The conclusions of the UN report are suggestive of “resource capture” by Rwanda.
Corporate Complicity Although the UN has not directly blamed DRC’s conflict on the private sector, they have suggested that the companies trading minerals are essentially creating the “engine for the conflict” and that they should accept at least some responsibility for their role in purchasing illegally mined materials. Much of the public concern has centred on high profile companies, such as Apple and Intel, who use tantalum in their products. In particular, the smartphone industry shows no sign of slowing down, with revenues expected to hit over $200 billion by 2013. In short, demand for Congolese Coltan will only increase.
Canadian Companies in the DRCIn 2009, it was estimated that Canadian-owned mining assets in the DRC stood between $2.7 billion and $5.2 billion… Nearly one-fifth of Canadian mining assets in Africa. The UN’s 2001 report accused eight Canadian companies (among others) of stealing resources from the DRC.
Barrick Gold and Anvil MiningIn 2005, Human Rights Watch accused Canadian company Barrick Gold of making agreements with two Eastern DRC militia groups that had murdered hundreds of civilians. In return for the gold mines, the militias were given housing, trucks, and other forms of support. Most recently, Anvil Mining was faced with a class action suit in 2010, launched by a group called the “Canadian Association Against Impunity”, which includes conflict survivors and representatives from various NGOs. The group alleges that Anvil provided vehicles and planes in 2004 to Congolese troops suppressing a small uprising in the mining town of Kilwa, killing more than 70 people. Anvil concedes that it did allow Congolese troops to use its vehicles, but claims that had no choice in the matter.
“Tragedy of the Commons”Dr. Gad Saad of Concordia University, states that when it comes to issues such as “blood computers or cell phones” consumers are affected by the “tragedy of the commons”. In other words, most people would say that they support saving those who are suffering abuses in the DRC; however, after learning of a connection between the product they purchase and its related human rights abuses, they don’t change their behaviour. They feel their actions would be inconsequential.
“Concentric Circle of Influence”Dr.Saad also suggests part of the problem is that we as consumers do not see the people of the DRC as part of our “concentric circle of influence”. An example he uses to illustrate this point is that a non-specific plea for assistance to help children in Africa is typically ineffective, whereas a plea requesting money for your sponsor child, whose picture sits on your fridge, has a much greater impact on behaviour.
Supply Chain AuditingCommodity-based supply chains are complex. Due to prevalent smuggling and the nature of the world market, it’s often difficult for purchasers to gain guarantees that minerals are conflict-free. Nonetheless, human rights activists lobby for companies to be held responsible for tracing the origin of their supply.
Dodd Frank ActIn 2010, lobbyists succeeded in adding a provision to the U.S.’s Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform Act, requiring publicly traded companies to report on the measures they are taking to ensure that minerals in their supply chain don’t benefit warlords in the DRC.
Challenges with Dodd FrankThe challenge with the Dodd Frank amendment is twofold. First is the difficulty in establishing and verifying a mineral’s original source; the supply chain may already include hundreds or even thousands of participants before it arrives as a capacitor in your new iPad. Second is the cost to verify compliance. Critics assert that the proposed compliance measures will not accurately verify the absence of conflict materials, simply due to the complexity of the supply chains involved. Some have even taken to calling the legislation “Sarbanes Oxley on Steroids”.
Contradictory Impacts Critics go further to suggest that legislation may actually bring harm to those it is intended to help. They claim it serves as a de facto embargo on any minerals mined in the DRC. Many companies who once sourced minerals from the DRC have sought alternative sources of supply, as they don’t want to be accused of financing warlords in the country. This has had a devastating impact on the miners in the country, who have seen their income drop from a few dollars a day to nothing at all. They argue that as the demand for DRC minerals decreases, prices will drop, further hurting local miners, all the while benefiting buyers who don’t adhere to the same standards of social responsibility. At the same time, demand from other non-conflict sources will rise, thus raising costs for companies that do business legitimately.
Proponents of Dodd FrankProponents assert that the law does not prohibit use of the minerals, but rather, simply requires that companies discovering they have sourced DRC conflict minerals must report so to the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission). The Congolese government has publicly expressed its support for the Dodd Frank changes, and the measure is backed by mining sector officials in the areas most affected. In addition, Global Witness has stated that they “are absolutely not calling for companies to pull out, [acknowledging that mining] is a legitimate source of livelihood.”
Conflict Free Smelter ProgramIn response to the new law, in December 2010, two industry groups – the Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition and the Global E-Sustainability Initiative – representing companies such as Apple, RIM, and Intel, formally launched the Conflict Free Smelter Program, which “aims to identify smelters that can demonstrate through an independent third-party assessment that the raw materials they procured did not originate from sources that contribute to the conflict in DRC.” The program also supports recommendations from The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High Risk Areas. With input from the UN and relevant countries, the guidance report essentially recommends that the electronics industry:Establish good information systems to identify and assess their material risk,Establish strategies to manage such risk,Have a third party verify their efforts, andReport on overall efforts. The cost of implementing the Conflict Free Smelter Program varies according to who is asked. The SEC estimates compliance at a modest $16 million, while the electronic interconnect industry (only a small part of the electronics industry as a whole) estimates their compliance will cost $269 million for just the first year.
Canada’s ResponseIn Canada, Bill C571 – the “Trade in Conflict Materials Act” – was tabled earlier this year by NDP MP Paul Dewar, with the support of the Liberal Party. If passed, it will hold Canadian companies accountable for the means through which they gather resources. Because Canada has no national securities regulator, responsibility for its oversight will be left with an ombudsman, who will produce an annual report naming and shaming companies that continue to use conflict minerals.
Consumer ActionConsumers can effect change by putting pressure on technology companies who use coltan, by supporting laws that will regulate the industry, and by spreading the word about the human rights abuses taking place in countries like the DRC. They can also influence change by how they choose to spend their dollars. By demanding that they be given an option to buy “fairly traded” phones and other, they will create further incentive for companies to take action against conflict minerals.
In this presentation, we have learned about the escalating demand for coltan and its role in perpetuating the devastating conflict that dominates the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. We have discussed the key finding of a UN Report on the continued conflict and resource exploitation in the region. We have explored the roles that both corporations and consumers have to play in the violence, and we have presented an overview of the legislation in response to the crisis. Finally, we have outlined what you – as a business leader and consumer – can do about it. Thank you for joining us.