The document discusses the concept of mental grouping, where concepts help categorize and understand objects, events, and people based on shared attributes. It elaborates on types of concepts such as disjunctive, conjunctive, and relational concepts and their definitions, offering examples to illustrate these types. Additionally, it outlines steps for concept formation and promotes effective strategies for learning and evaluation.

1. Unit Four
Concept learning
Shantiram Dahal

2. Concept
• A mental grouping of similar things, events and people.
– s'g} a:t', 36gf jf dflg;sf] af/]df pgLx?df /x]sf ;dfg ljif]ztfsf] cfwf/df JolQmn] agfPsf]
dfgl;s ?kdf lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;f]r ljrf/ g} cjwf/0ff xf] .
• They are used to remember and understand what things are,
what they mean and what categories they belong to.
– a:t'x?s] x'g, s'g ju{df kb{5g elg a'emg / ;Demg oLlgx?sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
• For example if I ask about elephant, what form in your mind?
About car?
• Concepts are mental representation
– dfgl;s ?kdf lgdf{0f x'g] k|ltljDj g} cjwf/0ff x'g .

3. Definitions
• Concept is a group of objects or events having
common property or basic similarities
• Garrett
• A concept is a way to classify the world in our
mind. Terms like 'dog,' 'home,' or 'fruit' can mean
many things.
• Concept is a tool of knowing, understanding and
thinking

4. Disjunctive Concept (Or concept)
• a concept that is based on possession of any one of a set
of attributes. For example, the concept people with
black hair or brown hair is a disjunctive concept.
•
c;+of]hgfTds अवधारणा
• एक अवधारणा जुन ववशेषताहरूको एक ;d'x मध्ये कु नै
एक स्वाममत्वमा आधाररत छ। उदाहरणका लागि, कालो
बाली वा खैरो कपाल वाला व्यक्तत एक अवधारणात्मक
अवधारणा हो।

5. Conjunctive Concept (And concept)
• a concept that is defined by a set of attributes, every
member of which must be present for the concept to
apply.
• For example, the concept brother requires the joint
presence of the attributes (a) male and (b) sibling,
• एक अवधारणा जो ववशेषताहरु को एक सेट द्वारा
पररभावषत िररएको छ, जसको प्रत्येक सदस्य
अवधारणा को लािी अवधारणा को लागि मौजूद हुनु
पछछ।
• उदाहरणको लागि, अवधारणा भाइले ववशेषताहरू (a)
पुरुष र (b) भाइबहहनीको संयुतत उपक्स्ितत चाहह्छ,

7. Relational Concept
• There is a special relationship between two or more
objects and one can present with the other
• Example
• Black and white
• Tall and short
• Good and bad
• Teacher and student

8. Steps of concept formation
• Determining objectives- p4]Zo lgwf{/0f_
• Analyze the concept in terms of attributes and value-
ljif]ztf/ dxTjsfcfwf/dfljZn]if0fug]{_
• Provide useful verbal mediators- zflJbsdWo:ytf_
• Provide positive and negative examples- ;sf/fTds/ gsf/fTds
pbfx/0fk|:t'tug]{
• Present examples simultaneously- ;+u;u}pbfx/0fk|:t'tug]{_
• Provide opportunity to response and reinforcement-
l;sf?nfO{k|ltlqmof/k'gj{nsf]cj;/ k|bfgug]{_
• Evaluate the learning of concept- pknJwLsf]d"Nofªsgug]{_

9. Promoting concept formation
• Learning features of the concept
• Define and provide examples
• Hierarchical categorization and concept map
• Hypothesis testing
• Prototype matching