The document outlines a PowerPoint presentation covering the needs of computer networks, network topology, and types of computer networks. It explains the fundamental requirements for computer networks including resource sharing and communication capabilities, along with various network topologies like point-to-point, bus, star, ring, tree, and mesh. Additionally, it categorizes computer networks based on geographical coverage into personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and wide area networks (WAN).

1. TOPIC :-
Make a Power point presentation explaining the
following topics in an innovative and short way :-
1. Needs of Computer Network
2. Network Topology
3. Types of Computer Network

2. 1. Needs of Computer Network
• Computer Network allows devices (such as computers, printers, and storage)
to share resources.
• This resource sharing enhances efficiency and reduces redundancy.
• Networks enable communication between devices, whether they are in the
same physical location or geographically dispersed.
• A network provides access to the internet, allowing users to browse websites,
send emails, and access online services.
• Networks support the transfer of data and information across various
platforms and devices.
• The internet itself is a massive global network that connects millions of devices
worldwide.

3. 2.Network Topology
Network topology refers to the layout in which various components of a
network, like nodes, links, peripherals, etc., are connected and
communicate with each other. Topology can either be physical or logical.
Network Topologies are categorized into the following basic types :-
• Point-To-Point
• Bus topology
• Star topology
• Ring topology
• Tree topology
• Mesh topology

4. • Point-To-Point
Point-To-Point Topology is the simplest form of network structure in
which two nodes are directly connected with each other.
This type of network is more suitable for small areas where
computers are in close proximity.
This technology provides a faster and reliable connection.

5. • Bus Topology
This topology uses a single communication line or one main cable to
which all nodes are directly connected. The main cable acts as a
backbone for the network. It transmits data only in one direction. In
this type of structure, one of the computers in the network acts as
the computer server, that provides data to all the clients. This
topology is used in small networks where cable requirement is
relatively small. One of the disadvantages of this type of network is
that if the main cable fails, the network goes down.
That’s why this network is not used for large areas.

6. • Star Topology
In this topology, each device is connected to a central computer
using a point-to-point connection. The central server acts as a hub.
Devices communicate across the network by passing data through
this hub. Star Topology is very popular because the startup cost is
low. It is easy to add a new device to the network as only one cable is
required and configuration is simple.
Moreover, the network is robust; if any one connection in the
network fails, the other connections remain intact. But if the central
hub fails, the entire network goes down.

7. • Ring Topology
In ring topology, all the nodes in the network are connected in a
circular manner. Each node connects to exactly two other nodes,
forming a single-continuous pathway for signals, when one node
sends messages to the other node, which is not adjacent to it, data
travels through all the intermediate nodes until it reaches the final
destination. Ring topologies are used in both LAN and WAN setups.
The main disadvantage of this topology is that if one workstation
goes down, the entire network gets affected.
Since data being transferred over the network has to pass through
each workstation, this makes it slower than star topology.

8. • Tree Topology
Tree Topology is one of the most common network setups that consists
of a group of star-figured workstations connected to a linear bus
backbone cable. In tree topology, one star network is connected to
another star networks. In a tree network, a cable failure in of the star
networks will isolate only the workstation that is linked to the central
computer of that star network, whereas, all the other workstations will
continue to function normally. If a central computer goes down, the
entire workstations connected to it will suffer either degraded
performance or complete failure, but the rest of the network will
function normally. In this topology, the expansion of network is possible
and easy but maintainance becomes difficult.

9. • Mesh Topology
In Mesh Network Topology, each node is connected to every other
node in the network. In this topology, every node not only sends its
own signals but also relays data from the other nodes.
It is commonly used in wireless networks. In case, if one of the
component fails, there is always an alternative present so that the
data transfer does not get affected.
Even the expansion and modifications can be done in this topology
without affecting other nodes. The overall cost is extremely high as
compared to other network topologies.

10. 3. Types of Computer Networks
Depending on the geographical area covered by a network, there are
various types of computer networks, used worldwide, which are as follows
:-
• PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
• LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
• METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
• WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

11. • PERSONAL AREA NETWORK
PAN is a computer network that is mainly created for an individual
person. It is used for communication among devices, such as
laptops, mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), or
smartphones.
Personal area networks can either be wired or wireless.
PAN generally covers a range of less than 10 metres (about 30 feet).
You can use these networks to transfer files including e-mails,
calendar appointments, digital photos, and music.

12. • LOCAL AREA NETWORK
In LAN, two or more computers and peripherals devices are
connected within a small area, such as room, office building, or a
campus.
In Local Area Network, computer terminals are physically connected
with wires.
The data transmission speed is faster than WAN. Since LAN is
operated in a small area, it can be controlled and administered by a
single person or organisation.

13. • METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
MAN is a larger network than LAN. It is spread across a city.
Since it covers a city, it is called metropolitan.
The most common example of MAN is the city cable network or
branches of a local bank in a city.

14. • WIDE AREA NETWORK
This kind of network connects two or more computers located at
distant places. They are linked by communication facilities, like
telecommunication or satellite signals. The most common example of
WAN type network is telecom system. The usage of WAN is limited to
very large organisations and government agencies. The main
characteristics of WAN is that it requires a public telecommunication
media to transfer data. The best example of WAN are :-
Internet and intranet in a large multinational company.
ATM facility.
National and multinational bank customer services.

15. THANKYOU