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Compare and contrast leadership from management (headship) Solution Leadership and management share many similarities. Both leadership and management involve influence, working with people, and working with effective goal management. However, the fields of leadership and management can also be considered very different. According to John Kotter, leadership can be considered an age-old concept that has been around for centuries, while management is a concept developed in the last 100 years, in part from the rise of the industrial revolution. Many other scholars share Kotter’s viewpoint in differentiating between management and leadership: • Bennis and Nanus define management as accomplishing activities and mastering routines; to lead means to influence others and create visions for change. • Rost asserts that leadership is a multidirectional influence relationship; management is a unidirectional authority relationship. • Zaleznik argues that management and leadership require different types of people Still there is an overlap between the two fields; when managers are involved in influencing a group of employees to meets its goals, they are operating under leadership. In addition, when leaders are involved in aspects such as planning, organizing, staffing or controlling, they are operating within management. So while we are spending the majority of this publication distinguishing between leadership and management, suffice it to say that while different, they may never be completely separate.
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After reading this chapter, you should be able to
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you83701_07_c07_195-230.indd 195 4/20/17 5:19 PM
© 2017 Bridgepoint Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution.
196
Section 7.1 The Meaning of Leadership
7.1 The Meaning of Leadership
Researchers and practitioners have studied organizational leadership for more than a cen-
tury. Although research approaches differ, the same basic question guides all leadership
research: What constitutes leadership and how does it emerge? To find answers, researchers
and practitioners break the topic into three main lines of inquiry:
• What is the difference between management and leadership? Are all good leaders
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• How does leadership emergence differ from assigned leadership? What are the
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• Are leaders born or made? What specific characteristics of leaders are innate?
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The following sections address each of these questions in turn.
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© 2017 Bridgepoint Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution.
196
Section 7.1 The Meaning of Leadership
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143 Economics, Management, and Financial Mar.docx
143
Economics, Management, and Financial Markets 11(1)
2016, pp. 143–151, ISSN 1842-3191, eISSN 1938-212X
LEADERSHIP VERSUS MANAGEMENT
IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS
IONELA GABRIELA SOLOMON
[email protected]
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
CARMEN COSTEA
[email protected]
Spiru Haret University
AUREL MIRCEA NIŢĂ
[email protected]
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ABSTRACT. Over time the concept of leadership was analyzed from different
perspectives. Some of them refer to human relationships that are established under
it, others are focus on management as a process. The article analyzes the evolution
of the concept of leadership, the differences between management and leadership,
and challenges that may arise in the management process within a public institution,
namely public administration in Romania. This article aims aspects of leadership in
public administration such as: the application of this concept in the decision-making
process, and the changes that are taking place in a public organization.
JEL codes: H00
Keywords: leadership, management; public organizations; public administration;
competencies
1. Introduction
“Leadership involves the art of working with people. Knowing how to lead
does not mean knowing how to dominate, but to know how to convince
people to work for a common goal” (Goleman, 2002: 222).
Professor Mielu Zlate (2004) defines leadership as “the process by which
a person establishes a goal or a direction to one or a certain number of
people, and determines them to act with competence and full commitment to
their realization.”
144
The term “leader” was used for the first time in the XIV-th century,
according to The Oxford English Dictionary. Over time, the term leadership
has taken on several meanings. According to Explanatory Dictionary of the
Romanian Language, the meaning given to this term is “management” or
“directorship”.
The leader is an individual who determines the meaning and direction of
a group, gets the group cohesion, and then manages to motivate the group in
order to achieve the desired results. From this statement it can be detach the
components of the concept of leadership. The main element is the person
who leads. The second, equally important, is the group. We cannot speak of
leadership and leading function, without a group of followers. A leader
without a group of followers is a “crazy loner” (Zlate, 2004). Another
fundamental element that we can findif we study the definition of leadership
is the goal; leader in theprocess of leading, follows the goal, that must
become common, and have to be reached by the group after a certain period
of time.
The leader quality does not refer to the way he presents himself, but to
the manner he manages to exploit the powers of a group (Petca, 1999).
When we speak about leading a team in a business or a company, the
style of.
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This document discusses developing leaders and leadership development. It argues that organizations must take leadership development seriously to succeed in the future. Leadership is no longer defined by a single leader's traits, but by the ability to collaborate, motivate teams, and manage networks. Due to changing organizational structures, a distributed view of leadership with multiple leaders is needed. Developing leaders requires various forms of self-assessment, action learning, and apprenticeship. Companies now play an active role in developing their workforce through corporate universities and other tools like simulations and 360-degree evaluations.
143 Economics, Management, and Financial Mar
This document discusses the differences between leadership and management in public organizations. It defines leadership as establishing a goal and motivating people to work towards it, while management focuses more on processes. The document outlines several challenges for leadership in public administration, including effectively evaluating employee performance, dealing with organizational change, and making decisions that balance serving the public good with responsible governance. Leaders in public administration must be aware that their decisions impact citizens and are accountable to serving community needs.
143 Economics, Management, and Financial Mar
This document discusses the differences between leadership and management in public organizations. It defines leadership as establishing a goal and motivating people to work towards it, while management focuses more on the processes involved. The document also analyzes different types of leaders and leadership styles. A key difference outlined is that managers focus on tasks and short-term goals, while leaders take a long-term visionary approach and focus more on people. Effective leadership in public administration requires qualities like responsibility, honesty, and prioritizing the needs of the general public. Challenges for future leadership include improving staff performance, managing organizational change, and making high-impact decisions.
Charisma
Leadership and management are two related but distinct concepts. Management focuses on planning, controlling, and organizing routine activities, while leadership involves inspiring others and coping with change. Effective leadership depends on the situation and leadership style. Transformational leaders inspire followers and facilitate organizational change, while transactional leaders focus more on exchanges between leaders and followers. Charismatic leadership skills can influence leadership effectiveness but must be balanced with other skills to avoid potential negative consequences.
There have been many illuminating debates over the years conce.docx
There have been many illuminating debates over the years concerning the differences or
similarities of leadership and management. Many people would argue that there are major
differences in the concepts and precepts of leadership and management because you lead and
love people from the emotional state of mind (heart) and manage processes, ideas, and things
through a logical state of mind (head). Having said this, one could postulate that leadership and
management debates will probably continue well into the future because the opposing
differences in philosophical viewpoints are based on unique organizational dynamics.
Sometimes you hear the expression “natural-born leader.” Leadership is a learned process, but
people must be born with the ability to absorb and apply the leadership concepts they have
learned. UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE Developing Leaders MHR 6551, Training and Development 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Those who have served as leaders and managers for many years
are oftentimes inclined to believe that there are similarities as well as differences in leadership
and management. Equally important, experience has proven that in some cases leadership and
management overlap because organizations are composed of behavior (emotional) and task
(production) relationships. However, some do not believe that they are one and the same. Some
similarities of leadership and management are that they are both influential, work with others,
and work towards meeting the organizational goals (Northouse, 2010). Leadership and
management skills are required to be an effective leader. Moye (2004) echoed this point by
stating that not only are the best leaders good managers, but the strongest managers are also
great leaders. It is also important to note that managing is a subset of leading, meaning that
management is just one part of leadership. She went on to say that managers have authority
with employees or projects, whereas leaders motivate those people and projects (Moye, 2004).
Warren Bennis is famous for his one-liners about leadership and management. His one-liners
demonstrate that the differences between managers and leaders. While managers enforce the
expectations, leaders are inspiring and innovative. If you are interested in studying Bennis
further, consider reading his book listed in the Suggested Readings. Remember that
management is a subset of leading. It is the leaders who grow and develop as well as motivate
and connect with their employees. Management, on the other hand, enforces and maintains
guidelines and rules. However, it is important to note that Northouse (2004) stated that effective
organizations need to nourish competent management and leadership skills. Briner and
Pritchard (1997) stated that leaders lead and managers manage. Interestingly, they also stated
that often one person will fill both roles in an organization. Many believe that not all managers
can be considered leaders, and that while there a.
Please Follow directions or I will dispute Please answer origi.docx
Please Follow directions or I will dispute
Please answer original forum with a minimum of 250 words and respond to both students separately with a minimum of 100 words each
Page 1 Original Forum with References
page 2 Rebekah response with references
page 3 Justin response with references
Original Forum
Write a one-two sentence personal definition of leadership. Base you definition on what you have encountered this week, as well as on what you have already learned about leadership.
• Discuss the statements: "Leadership is everybody's business” and “Leadership is not an affair of the head, but rather an affair of the heart.”
• Finally, write about the differences between leadership and management.
Student Responses
Rebekah
Army leadership is defined as “the activity of influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation to accomplish the mission and improve the organization” (Army Doctrine Publication No. 6-22, 2019). ADP 6-22 presents the belief that leaders should contain core attributes (character, presence, and intellect) and competencies (leads, develops, and achieves). I agree with this idea that a leader job is to influence. My definition of leadership changes course in that it is more focused on the individuals that are being led than the one leading. A leader is an individual that influences others by exploiting their individual strengths and weaknesses. The leader guides others to use those strengths and strengthen said weaknesses for the gain of both the individual and the organization. In saying that, I would then define leadership as the act of influencing others to become better versions of themselves and thus positively impacting the organization.
“Leadership is everybody’s business”
Leadership is not an act left only for someone identified as a leader through rank or title. In fact, those ranks or titles do not make a leader. “…Leadership [is] the process of influencing groups to achieve goals, while a leader is someone who can influence others” (Cole, 2006; Robbin and Coulter, 2007; Weihrich et al, 2008). This means that both the leader and the group play a role in the success of leadership. In order for the leader to influence, there has to be influence and for the group to be influenced, some desire to be must be aroused.
“Leadership is not an affair of the head, but rather an affair of the heart”
The components of a transformational leader are; charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and personal and individual attention (Odumeru and Ifeanyi, 2013). These components are part of the core of an individual and require that person to spend time with those that they are leading. It requires insight into the thought-process and motivations of those that are led. To inspire means to connect. Connection is done through interpersonal communication and relationships and cannot be forged through thought. Genuine connection comes from an emotional response which i.
1 Introduction Leadership is a highly sought-after a
1
Introduction
Leadership is a highly sought-after and highly valued commodity. In the 1 5 years since the first edition of this book was published, the
public has become increasingly captivated by the idea of leadership.
People continue to ask themselves and others what makes good leaders. As
individuals, they seek more information on how to become effective
leaders. As a result, bookstore shelves are filled with popular books about
leaders and ad,·ice on how to be a leader. Many people belie,·e that
leadership is a way to improve their personal, social, and professional lives.
Corporations seek those with leadership ability because they believe they
bring special assets to their organizations and, ultimately, improve the
bottom line. Academic institutions throughout the country have responded
by providing programs in leadership studies.
In addition, leadership has gained the attention of researche rs worldwide.
A review ofthe scholarly studies on leadership shows that there is a wide variety
of different theoretical approaches to explain the complexities of the leader
ship process (e.g., Bass, 1990; Bryman, 1992; Bl)'Tllan, Collinson, Grint, Jack
son & Uhl-Bien, 201 I ; Day & Antonakis, 2012; Gardner, 1990; Hickman.
2009; Mumford, 2006; Rost, 1991 ). Some researchers conceptualize leader
ship as a trait or as a behavior, whereas others view leadership from an infor
mation-processing perspective or relational standpoinl Leadership has been
studied using both qualitative and quantitative methods in many contexts,
including small groups, therapeutic groups, and large organizations. Collec
ti,·ely, the research findings on leadership from all of these areas provide a
picture ofa process that is far more sophisticated and complex than the often
simplistic view presented in some of the popular books on leadership.
This book treats leadership as a complex process having multiple
dimensions. Based on the research literature, this text provides an in-depth
I Cl) 1.1 FmPrninn Pr;>rtirP< I 'GEt 1 ? I ,:~;art~r<hin in Nurdnn
2 LEADERSHIP I TH EO RY AND PRACTICE
description and application of many different approaches to leadership.
Our emphasis is on how theory can inform the practice of leadership. In
this book, we describe each theory and then explain how the theory can be
used in real situations.
LEADERSHIP DEFINED
There are many ways to finish the sentence, "Leadership is...." In fact, as
Stogdill ( 1974, p. 7) pointed o ut in a review of leadership research, there
are almost as many different definitions of leadership as there are people
who have tried to define it. It is much like the words democracy, love, and
peace. Although each of us intuitively knows what we mean by such words,
the words can have different meanings for different people. As Box 1.1
shows, scholars and practitioners have attempted to define leadership for
more than a century without universal consensus.
Box 1.1 The Evolut ...
1 Introduction Leadership is a highly sought-after a
This document provides an introduction and overview of leadership. It begins by noting the widespread public interest in leadership and discusses how leadership has been conceptualized and defined over time. Key points include:
- Leadership is a complex social process that involves influence over a group working towards common goals. It is not a trait but a transactional process.
- There are nearly as many definitions of leadership as people who have tried to define it. Definitions have evolved over the last century from a focus on traits to emphasizing influence, transformation, and relationships.
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Companies for your comparative analysis Caterpillar Inc. and Deere .pdf
Companies for your comparative analysis: Caterpillar Inc. and Deere & Company
SITUATION
You are a financial analyst with HTC Corporation. HTC is an established investment banker
which services an international market. A client has determined that it wants to invest $2.3
billion in either Deere & Co. or Caterpillar stock (real publicly-traded companies). Which of
these companies\' shares is the best potential candidate for a long-term commitment? Both
targeted companies are competitively favorable. However, based on some serious general and
economic concerns about the fallout of companies in the industry in general, the CEO of the
client-company has asked your CFO to conduct a financial analysis of both CAT and DE to
determine if it is prudent to commit to either company. The cost of this investment is significant
and any interruption in cash flow from the investment during the next few years would adversely
affect the client\'s performance and profit. The CFO has given you the job of conducting this
analysis. Specifically, the question is: will a commitment to invest in either Caterpillar or John
Deere be financially viable over the next two to three years?
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Your specific assignment is to research, analyze, and prepare a report for the CFO on the actual
financial performance of both DE and CAT for the most recent three years. In addition to
reviewing the traditional financial performance indicators, you are also to review both targed
companies past and current stock performance for the last one year. Your report is to consist of
three parts:
(1) An evaluation of financial performance for the last three years, for both companies.
(2) An evaluation of stock performance for the last one year, for both companies.
(3) Finally, a specific recommendation, with supporting rationale, as to whether or not either
targeted company\'s recent trend in financial and stock performance is of sufficient financial
strength to warrant entering into a long-term commitment.
To assist you in your task, the CFO has provided the following general guidance. Since it is
recognized that the industry is undergoing a major contraction in selected markets, it is very
important to comparatively evaluate both CAT and DE relative to financial and stock
performance trends against its Industry.
IMPORTANT: You must include all necessary and relevant financial performance and stock
information, trends, and projections in supporting your recommendation. These factors must
include, financial ratio trends and industry comparatives, capital spending, stock growth, Beta
values, credit rating service valuations, bond rating valuations, and management and investment
reports - when these documents are available.
REPORT REQUIREMENTS
YOUR SPECIFIC ASSIGNMENT
Research and analyze the following information for both Caterpillar and Deere:
Annual Balance Sheets for the last three years.
The Income Statements for the last three years.
Annual reports, 10K or 10Q
Industry .
Compano Inc. was founded in 1986 in Baytown, Texas. The firm provide.pdf
Compano Inc. was founded in 1986 in Baytown, Texas. The firm provides oil-field services to
the Texas Gulf Coast region, including the leasing of drilling barges. Its balance sheet for year-
end 2014 describes a firm with $830, 541,000 in book value assets that has a market value of
$1.334 billion.
December 31, 2014
Balance Sheet (Book Values)
Invested Capital (Market Values)
Liabilities and Owner\'s Capital
Current liabilities:
Accounts Payable
$8,250,000
Notes Payable
-
-
Other current liabilities
$7,266,000
Total current liabilities
$15,516,000
Long-term debt (8.5% interest paid semiannually, due in 2015)
$420,000,000
$434,091,171
Total liabilities
$435,516,000
$434,091,171
Owner\'s capital:
Common stock ($1 par value per share
$40,000,000
Paid-in-capital
$100,025,000
Accumulated earnings
$255,000,000
Total owner\'s capital
$395,025,000
$900,000,000
Total liabilities and owner\'s capital
$830,541,000
$1,334,091,171
Capital Market Data
Treasury Bond Yield
5.42%
Market Risk Premium
5.00%
Unlevered equity beta
0.90
Stock price
22.50
Market capitalization
Yield on debt
8.00%
Bond beta
0.30
Short-term interest bearing debt
New long-term debt total
-
Tax Rate
40.00%
Question 1. Fill in the boxes for market capitalization and short-term interest bearing debt
located under the capital market data.
Step 1: Evaluation the capital structure weights
Enterprise Value = Market Capitalization + Debt
Debt/Enterprise Value
Equity/Enterprise Value
Step 2: Estimate the costs of Financing
Debt (after taxes)
Debt/Equity Ratio
Equity
Levered equity beta
Step 3: Calculate the WACC
WACC
Question 2. Fill in the boxes for steps 1 through 3.
Capital Structure Weight
Source of Capital
(Proportion)
After-Tax Cost
Weighted After-Tax Cost
Debt
Equity
WACC
Question 3. Fill in the boxes for capital structure weight (debt, equity, WACC, etc).
Balance Sheet (Book Values)
Invested Capital (Market Values)
Liabilities and Owner\'s Capital
Current liabilities:
Accounts Payable
$8,250,000
Notes Payable
-
-
Other current liabilities
$7,266,000
Total current liabilities
$15,516,000
Long-term debt (8.5% interest paid semiannually, due in 2015)
$420,000,000
$434,091,171
Total liabilities
$435,516,000
$434,091,171
Owner\'s capital:
Common stock ($1 par value per share
$40,000,000
Paid-in-capital
$100,025,000
Accumulated earnings
$255,000,000
Total owner\'s capital
$395,025,000
$900,000,000
Total liabilities and owner\'s capital
$830,541,000
$1,334,091,171
Solution
Question 1:
Step 1: Evaluation the capital structure weights.
Enterprise value = Market capitalization +Debt
Market capitalization = Number of share × market value per share
= 40,000,000 × $22.50
= $900,000,000
Debt = market value of debt
= $420,000,000
Enterprise value = $900,000,000 + $420,000,000
=$1,320,000,000
Calculation of Debt/Enterprise value:
Debt = $420,000,000
Enterprise value = $1,320,000,000
= Debt/Enterprise value
= $420,000,000 / $1,320,000,000
=0.32
Calculation of Equity/Enterprise value:
Equity = $40,000,0.
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Economics, Management, and Financial Markets 11(1)
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[email protected]
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Please Follow directions or I will dispute Please answer origi.docx
Please Follow directions or I will dispute
Please answer original forum with a minimum of 250 words and respond to both students separately with a minimum of 100 words each
Page 1 Original Forum with References
page 2 Rebekah response with references
page 3 Justin response with references
Original Forum
Write a one-two sentence personal definition of leadership. Base you definition on what you have encountered this week, as well as on what you have already learned about leadership.
• Discuss the statements: "Leadership is everybody's business” and “Leadership is not an affair of the head, but rather an affair of the heart.”
• Finally, write about the differences between leadership and management.
Student Responses
Rebekah
Army leadership is defined as “the activity of influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation to accomplish the mission and improve the organization” (Army Doctrine Publication No. 6-22, 2019). ADP 6-22 presents the belief that leaders should contain core attributes (character, presence, and intellect) and competencies (leads, develops, and achieves). I agree with this idea that a leader job is to influence. My definition of leadership changes course in that it is more focused on the individuals that are being led than the one leading. A leader is an individual that influences others by exploiting their individual strengths and weaknesses. The leader guides others to use those strengths and strengthen said weaknesses for the gain of both the individual and the organization. In saying that, I would then define leadership as the act of influencing others to become better versions of themselves and thus positively impacting the organization.
“Leadership is everybody’s business”
Leadership is not an act left only for someone identified as a leader through rank or title. In fact, those ranks or titles do not make a leader. “…Leadership [is] the process of influencing groups to achieve goals, while a leader is someone who can influence others” (Cole, 2006; Robbin and Coulter, 2007; Weihrich et al, 2008). This means that both the leader and the group play a role in the success of leadership. In order for the leader to influence, there has to be influence and for the group to be influenced, some desire to be must be aroused.
“Leadership is not an affair of the head, but rather an affair of the heart”
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1 Introduction Leadership is a highly sought-after a
1
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Leadership is a highly sought-after and highly valued commodity. In the 1 5 years since the first edition of this book was published, the
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I Cl) 1.1 FmPrninn Pr;>rtirP< I 'GEt 1 ? I ,:~;art~r<hin in Nurdnn
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Box 1.1 The Evolut ...
1 Introduction Leadership is a highly sought-after a
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Research and analyze the following information for both Caterpillar and Deere:
Annual Balance Sheets for the last three years.
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Compano Inc. was founded in 1986 in Baytown, Texas. The firm provide.pdf
Compano Inc. was founded in 1986 in Baytown, Texas. The firm provides oil-field services to
the Texas Gulf Coast region, including the leasing of drilling barges. Its balance sheet for year-
end 2014 describes a firm with $830, 541,000 in book value assets that has a market value of
$1.334 billion.
December 31, 2014
Balance Sheet (Book Values)
Invested Capital (Market Values)
Liabilities and Owner\'s Capital
Current liabilities:
Accounts Payable
$8,250,000
Notes Payable
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Other current liabilities
$7,266,000
Total current liabilities
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Long-term debt (8.5% interest paid semiannually, due in 2015)
$420,000,000
$434,091,171
Total liabilities
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$434,091,171
Owner\'s capital:
Common stock ($1 par value per share
$40,000,000
Paid-in-capital
$100,025,000
Accumulated earnings
$255,000,000
Total owner\'s capital
$395,025,000
$900,000,000
Total liabilities and owner\'s capital
$830,541,000
$1,334,091,171
Capital Market Data
Treasury Bond Yield
5.42%
Market Risk Premium
5.00%
Unlevered equity beta
0.90
Stock price
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Market capitalization
Yield on debt
8.00%
Bond beta
0.30
Short-term interest bearing debt
New long-term debt total
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Tax Rate
40.00%
Question 1. Fill in the boxes for market capitalization and short-term interest bearing debt
located under the capital market data.
Step 1: Evaluation the capital structure weights
Enterprise Value = Market Capitalization + Debt
Debt/Enterprise Value
Equity/Enterprise Value
Step 2: Estimate the costs of Financing
Debt (after taxes)
Debt/Equity Ratio
Equity
Levered equity beta
Step 3: Calculate the WACC
WACC
Question 2. Fill in the boxes for steps 1 through 3.
Capital Structure Weight
Source of Capital
(Proportion)
After-Tax Cost
Weighted After-Tax Cost
Debt
Equity
WACC
Question 3. Fill in the boxes for capital structure weight (debt, equity, WACC, etc).
Balance Sheet (Book Values)
Invested Capital (Market Values)
Liabilities and Owner\'s Capital
Current liabilities:
Accounts Payable
$8,250,000
Notes Payable
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-
Other current liabilities
$7,266,000
Total current liabilities
$15,516,000
Long-term debt (8.5% interest paid semiannually, due in 2015)
$420,000,000
$434,091,171
Total liabilities
$435,516,000
$434,091,171
Owner\'s capital:
Common stock ($1 par value per share
$40,000,000
Paid-in-capital
$100,025,000
Accumulated earnings
$255,000,000
Total owner\'s capital
$395,025,000
$900,000,000
Total liabilities and owner\'s capital
$830,541,000
$1,334,091,171
Solution
Question 1:
Step 1: Evaluation the capital structure weights.
Enterprise value = Market capitalization +Debt
Market capitalization = Number of share × market value per share
= 40,000,000 × $22.50
= $900,000,000
Debt = market value of debt
= $420,000,000
Enterprise value = $900,000,000 + $420,000,000
=$1,320,000,000
Calculation of Debt/Enterprise value:
Debt = $420,000,000
Enterprise value = $1,320,000,000
= Debt/Enterprise value
= $420,000,000 / $1,320,000,000
=0.32
Calculation of Equity/Enterprise value:
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mean=150*0.711=106.65
s=sqrt(150*0.711*(1-0.711))=5.551743
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degrees is defined as coefficient of linear expansion.
Most materials expand somewhat when heated through a temperature range that does not
produce a change in phase (that is changing from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a gas).
The added heat increases the average amplitude of vibration of the atoms in the material which
increases the average separation between the atoms. Suppose an object of length L undergoes a
temperature change of magnitude T. If T is reasonably small, the change in length, L, is
generally proportional to L and DT. Stated mathematically
L =LT,
where is the coefficient of linear expansion..
Higher the value, higher will be expansion with temperature.
Communications between computers can take several approaches. Which .pdf
Fiber optic cables are the most secure way for computers to communicate according to the document. While public telephone networks and wireless transmission via microwave or satellite are not secure, fiber optic cables are relatively safer due to their design. Direct wiring of lines between computers and workstations provides security but fiber optic cables are more secure.
Code In PythonFile 1 main.pyYou will implement two algorithms t.pdf
Code In Python
File 1: main.py
You will implement two algorithms to find the shortest path in a graph.
1. def dijkstra(G,start_node): Takes an Adjacency Matrix G and the index of the starting
node start_node. Returns the distance array.
2. def floyd(G): Takes an Adjacency Matrix G and returns the distance matrix
The graph you are working on will be give in a file with the following format.
1. Line 1: The number of Nodes in the Graph
2. Lines 2-EOF: Every other line in the file contains an edge
1. First Value is the FROM node
2. Second Value is the TO node
3. Third Value is the weight of the edge
Note: You should store the weights as floats.
The program will have a command line interface. First ask for the file name of the graph to work
with. Then implement 4 text commands.
· dijkstra x - Runs Dijkstra starting at node X. X must be an integer
· floyd - Runs Floyd\'s algorithm
· help - prints this menu
· exit or ctrl-D - Exist the program
You must implement this using only standard python3 libraries. You may not use any outside
libraries. For example, open source graph libraries. Your code must run on tux with just main.py
and the input files. You may not include any other python files.
Example Run 1
File containing graph: input1.txt
Possible Commands are:
dijkstra x - Runs Dijkstra starting at node X. X must be an integer
floyd - Runs Floyd\'s algorithm
help - prints this menu
exit or ctrl-D - Exits the program
Enter command: help
Possible Commands are:
dijkstra x - Runs Dijkstra starting at node X. X must be an integer
floyd - Runs Floyd\'s algorithm
help - prints this menu
exit or ctrl-D - Exits the program
Enter command: dijkstra 0
[0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0]
Enter command: exit
Bye
Example Run 2
File containing graph: input1.txt
Possible Commands are:
dijkstra x - Runs Dijkstra starting at node X. X must be an integer
floyd - Runs Floyd\'s algorithm
help - prints this menu
exit or ctrl-D - Exits the program
Enter command: dijkstra 0
[0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0]
Enter command: dijkstra 1
[inf, 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0]
Enter command: dijkstra 2
[inf, 3.0, 0.0, 2.0, 4.0]
Enter command: dijkstra 3
[inf, 1.0, 3.0, 0.0, 7.0]
Enter command: dijkstra 4
[inf, 6.0, 8.0, 5.0, 0.0]
Enter command: exit
Bye
Example Run 3
File containing graph: input1.txt
Possible Commands are:
dijkstra x - Runs Dijkstra starting at node X. X must be an integer
floyd - Runs Floyd\'s algorithm
help - prints this menu
exit or ctrl-D - Exits the program
Enter command: floyd
[0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0]
[inf, 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0]
[inf, 3.0, 0.0, 2.0, 4.0]
[inf, 1.0, 3.0, 0.0, 7.0]
[inf, 6.0, 8.0, 5.0, 0.0]
Enter command: exit
Bye
Example Run 4
File containing graph: input2.txt
Possible Commands are:
dijkstra x - Runs Dijkstra starting at node X. X must be an integer
floyd - Runs Floyd\'s algorithm
help - prints this menu
exit or ctrl-D - Exits the program
Enter command: dijkstra 0
[0.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.0, inf, 4.0]
Enter command: dijkstra 1
[inf, 0.0, 1.0, 3.0, inf, 1.0]
Enter command: dijkst.
Come up with a mean and standard deviation. Using the information yo.pdf
Come up with a mean and standard deviation. Using the information you came up with, calculate
the Z-score. FOR EXAMPLE: Bob eats an average of 10 chicken wings on a Saturday night. His
standard deviation is 2 wings. This past Saturday, Bob ate 14 chicken wings. The Z-score is 2.
Solution
sol:
Z= (X-Mu)/Sigma
= average =10,
= 2,
x = 14 wings,
z = (x-)/ = 14-10/2 = 4/2 = 2
answer.
Complex AnalysisFind the image of (the region outside the unite ci.pdf
The document provides a complex analysis problem asking to find the image of the region outside the unit circle |z| = 1 and between the rays arg(z) = pi/4 and arg(z) = 3pi/4 under the mapping w = Ln z. The solution expresses z as x + iy where x^2 + y^2 > 1 and tan(y/x) lies between -1 and +1, and expresses ln(z) = ln(x + iy) for variables x and y that satisfy the given conditions on x^2 + y^2 and tan(y/x).
completely forgot how to do these limits, could i have a extremely d.pdf
completely forgot how to do these limits, could i have a extremely detailed answer for
i know that if there was no sqrt you just divide each term by the expressions highest degree and
most of the things become 0 and usually a number is left, but the sqrts are really throwing me off
Solution
take x^4 common from numerator and denominator cancel them and put x infinity
ans= 2/3.
Complex logarithmDescribe log z.SolutionThe complex logarith.pdf
Complex logarithm
Describe log z.
Solution
The complex logarithm represents the invrse function to complex exponetial function.
log z = ln r + i*theta
r is the absolute value of the complex number z.
z = x + i*y
r = |z| = sqrt(x^2 + y^2)
theta = argument of the complex number z
theta = y/x.
Complete the Income Statement.What was the company’s interest expe.pdf
Complete the Income Statement.
What was the company’s interest expense for the year?
Milos To Go, Inc.
Income Statement 2008
EBIT 20 Interest Expense ?? EBT ? Taxes (35%) ? Net Income 10
a) $5.714 million. b) $15.50 million c) $10.00 million d) $11.25 million e) $4.615 million.
Solution
answer is e)$4.615 million.
College Algebra Can anyone help me If $2500 is invested in the ac.pdf
College Algebra: Can anyone help me?? If $2500 is invested in the account that pays interest
compounded continuously at a rate of 4%, how long will it take to double the investment? --
Formula: A=Pe^rt --Answer should be 17.3 years --HOW do I get the answer 17.3? Can
someone show me?
Solution
P=2500
r=0.04
A = 2*2500 = 5000
2 = e^(0.04t).
Complete by hand. Show all work. 14. Information Gathering and E.pdf
Complete by hand. Show all work.
14. Information Gathering and Educational
Background An instructor wishes to see if the way
people obtain information is independent of their
educational background. A survey of 400 high school
and college graduates yielded this information. At
0.05, test the claim that the way people obtain
information is independent of their educational
background.
Television Newspapers Other sources
High school 159 90 51
College 27 42 31
Solution
The test hypothesis is Ho: independent Ha: not independent The test statistic is
Chi-square:21.347 degrees of freedom: 2 p-value:0.00002315 Given a=0.05, since the p-value is
less than 0.05, we reject Ho. So we can not conclude that the way people obtain information is
independent of their educational background..
Compensation plans usually include a variety of benefits. Name the t.pdf
Compensation plans usually include a variety of benefits. Name the three benefits that would be
most important to you as part of your personal compensation package.
Solution
three benefits that would be most important to you as part of your personal compensation
package.
are
Retirement Benefits
Retirement benefits are funds set aside to provide people with an income or pension when they
end their careers. Retirement plans fit into two general categories:
In defined benefit plans (sometimes called pension plans), the benefit amount is pre-determined
based on salary and the years of service. In these plans, the employer bears the risk of the
investment.
In defined contribution plans (such as a 401k plan), employer or employee contributions are
specified, but the benefit amount is usually tied to investment returns, which are not guaranteed.
Minnesota Facts:
Most full-time workers in Minnesota are offered access to retirement benefits. Sixty-four
percent are offered a defined contribution. Only 15.6 percent are offered a defined benefit
program.
Defined benefit plans are offered most frequently in those sectors with the highest levels of
unionization. These include public administration, construction, manufacturing, and trade,
transportation, and utilities.
Life and AD&D
Most employers design their plans with a provision to protect the employee and/or their family
in the event of Accidental Death or Dismemberment (AD&D). Employers often provide basic
coverage as a factor of the employee.
Comparecontrast economies of scale and diseconomies of scale.So.pdf
Compare/contrast economies of scale and diseconomies of scale.
Solution
As a firm increases its scale, the average total cost decreases. This is economies of scale. This is
attributed to Increasing Returs to Scale, that is if inputs are doubled, output increases to more
than double.
As a firm increases its scale, the average total cost increases. This is diseconomies of scale. This
is attributed to Decreasing Returs to Scale..
Comparecontrast explicit and implicit costs.SolutionExplicit .pdf
Compare/contrast explicit and implicit costs.
Solution
Explicit costs are those cost that are entered in the books of account. Examples are payment of
wages, rent, and payment for the material. These expenses are entered in the accounting books
and accounting profit / loss is identified.
Implicit cost is implied cost. They are also called as opportunity cost. It does not incur any direct
payment but it is the opportunity forgone to do current operation.
Implicit cost is used to determine economic profit..
Compare the Euro downfall with the other major currencies of the wor.pdf
Compare the Euro downfall with the other major currencies of the world over? In regards with
the negative interest rate they implemented.
Solution
Widespread negative interest rates, once only a theoretical possibility, have become a real-life
problem for Europe.
Compare the difference between using the RTI interrupt to control th.pdf
Compare the difference between using the RTI interrupt to control the analog-to-digital converter
sampling time with using the polling routine to control the analog-to-digital converter sampling
times.
Solution
RTI interrupt to control the ADC converter will start convirsion process whenever there will be
data available as per real time inturrupthandling A. An interrupt is an event that stops the current
process in the microcontroller so that it can attend the task needing completion because of the
event. In Polling routine control - ADC with a polling-based program (non-interrupt driven)
continuously polls or checks is there any data available to process or not. The polling based
method to control converter sampling time is less efficient in nature..
compare and contrast the change interventions (first and second orde.pdf
compare and contrast the change interventions (first and second order change in behavior)
Solution
Change interventions are classified into two parts including the first and second order change in
behavior. Both the techniques are utilized by an organization to create a desired change in their
operational procedures or employee behavior.
Differences between both the change interventions are given below:.
Compare and contrast the national cultures of the U.S. and India usi.pdf
Compare and contrast the national cultures of the U.S. and India using Hofstede
Solution
Country Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Individualism Masculinity Confucian
Dynamism India (IND) 77 40 48 56 61 United States (USA) 40 46 91 62 29.
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