The document discusses the importance of comparative advantage and international competitive advantage. It explains that comparative advantage allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services that utilize their abundant resources at a lower opportunity cost. This benefits consumers through increased variety and competition which drives innovation. International business grows as countries trade based on their comparative advantages, creating jobs and economic opportunities around the world.

1. Comparative advantage

2. Meaning and Importance of
International Competitive Advantage
• Participation in international business allows countries to take advantage of
their comparative advantage.
• The concept of comparative advantage means that a nation has an advantage over
other nations in terms of access to affordable land, resources, labor, and capital. In
other words, a country will export those products or services that utilize abundant
factors of production. Further, companies with sufficient capital may seek another
country that is abundant in land or labor, or companies may seek to invest
internationally when their home market becomes saturated.
• Participation in international business allows countries to take advantage of
specialized expertise and abundant factors of production to deliver goods and
services into the international marketplace. This has the benefit of increasing the
variety of goods and services available in the marketplace.
• International business also increases competition in domestic markets and
introduces new opportunities to foreign markets. Global competition encourages
companies to become more innovative and efficient in their use of resources.
• For consumers, international business introduces them to a variety of goods and
services. For many, it enhances their standard of living and increases their
exposure to new ideas, devices, products, services, and technologies.

3. • What Is a Competitive Advantage?
• Competitive advantage refers to factors that
allow a company to produce goods or services
better or more cheaply than its rivals. These
factors allow the productive entity to generate
more sales or superior margins compared to its
market rivals. Competitive advantages are
attributed to a variety of factors including cost
structure, branding, the quality of product
offerings, the distribution network, intellectual
property, and customer service.

4. Why is comparative advantage
important?
• The benefit of comparative advantage is the ability to produce a good or
service for a lower opportunity cost. A comparative advantage gives
companies the ability to sell goods and services at lower prices than their
competitors, gaining stronger sales margins and greater profitability.
Lower costs aren't the only benefit of comparative advantage. Here are
some other common benefits of comparative advantage:
• International business: Comparative advantage allows companies to enter
into trade with other countries and create job opportunities where they
may have been before.
• Access for consumers: This business practice can encourage companies to
price items lower, allowing some consumers access to products they
couldn't afford otherwise.
• Reallocated funds: Companies can use the money they save on producing
their goods and services to improve the company in other areas, such as
increasing employee wages or improving the work environment.
•

5. • The Growth of International Business
• The prevalence of international business has increased significantly
during the last part of the twentieth century, thanks to the
liberalization of trade and investment and the development of
technology. Some of the significant elements that have advanced
international business include:
• The formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995
• The inception of electronic funds transfers
• The introduction of the euro to the European Union
• Technological innovation that facilitates global communication and
transportation
• The dissolution of a number of communist markets, thus opening
up many economies to private business

6. • The Challenges and Considerations of International Business
• Because nation-states have unique government systems, laws and regulations,
taxes, duties, currencies, cultures, practices, etc. international business is
decidedly more complex that business that operates exclusively in domestic
markets.
• The major task of international business involves understanding the sheer size of
the global marketplace. There are currently more than 200 national markets in the
world, presenting a seemingly endless supply of international business
opportunities. However, the diversity between nations presents unique
considerations and a plethora of hurdles, such as:
• National wealth disparities: Wealth disparities among nations remain vast.
• Regional diversity according to wealth and population: North America is home to
just 5 percent of the world’s population, yet it controls almost one-third of the
world’s gross domestic product.
• Cultural/linguistic diversity: There are more than 10,000 linguistic/cultural groups
in the world.
• Country size and population diversity: There were about 60 countries at the start
of the twentieth century; by 2000, this number grew to more than 200

7. • Some of the challenges considered by companies and professionals involved in international
business include:
• Economic Environment
• The economic environment may be very different from one country to the next. The economy of
countries may be industrialized (developed), emerging (newly industrializing), or less developed
(third world). Further, within each of these economies are a vast array of variations, which have a
major effect on everything from education and infrastructure to technology and healthcare.
• A nation’s economic structure as a free market, centrally planned market, or mixed market also
plays a distinct role in the ease at which international business efforts can take place. For example,
free market economies allow international business activities to take place with little interference.
On the opposite end of the spectrum, centrally planned economies are government-controlled.
Although most countries now function as free-market economies, China—the world’s most
populous country—remains a centrally planned economy.
• Political Environment
• The political environment of international business refers to the relationship between government
and business, as well as the political risk of a nation. Therefore, companies involved in international
business must expect to deal with different types of governments, such as multi-party democracies,
one-party states, dictatorships, and constitutional monarchies.
• Some governments may view foreign businesses as positive, while other governments may view
them as exploitative. Because international companies rely on the goodwill of the government,
international business must take the political structure of the foreign government into
consideration.
• International firms must also consider the degree of political risk in a foreign location; in other
words, the likelihood of major governmental changes taking place. Just a few of the issues of
unstable governments that international companies must consider include riots, revolutions, war,
and terrorism.

8. • Cultural Environment
• The cultural environment of a foreign nation remains a critical component
of the international business environment, yet it is one of the most
difficult to understand. The cultural environment of a foreign nation
involves commonly shared beliefs and values, formed by factors such as
language, religion, geographic location, government, history, and
education.
• It is common for many international firms to conduct a cultural analysis of
a foreign nation as to better understand these factors and how they affect
international business efforts.
• Competitive Environment
• The competitive environment is constantly changing according to the
economic, political, and cultural environments. Competition may exist
from a variety of sources, and the nature of competition may change from
place to place. It may be encouraged or discouraged in favor of
cooperation, and the relationship between buyers and sellers may be
friendly or hostile. The level of technological innovation is also an
important aspect of the competitive environment as firms compete for
access to the newest technology.