The document discusses the common cold, which is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that causes symptoms like a runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, and coughing. It affects both children and adults and spreads easily through direct or indirect contact with infected secretions. While the cold is usually mild and self-limiting, complications can sometimes occur like sinusitis, ear infections, or bronchitis. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms with over-the-counter medications and getting plenty of rest.

1. COMMON COLD
Presented by
D.Siva kumar naik
M.S(Pharmacology & Toxicology)
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2. CONTENTS
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
INTRODUCTION OF COMMON COLD
EPIDEMIOLOGY
SOURCE OF COLD
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
COMPLICATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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3. Respiratory tract infections
Based on the parts of infection respiratory tract
infections are classified into two types
 Upper respiratory tract infections
Common cold
Cough
Tonsillitis
Pharyngitis
Laryngitis
Sinusitis
Hey fever
 Lower respiratory tract infections
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Influenza
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4. INTRODUCTION
A cold is a common infection of upper respiratory tract. that
can be caused by over 200 different viruses
The common cold is one of the most common illnesses.
 cold is a mild viral infection of the nose, throat, sinuses and
upper airways.
 It can cause a blocked nose followed by a runny nose,
sneezing, a sore throat and a cough.
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5. (Contd…)
Each year, there are more than a billion cases of the common cold in
the United States, according to the National Institutes of Health.
The effects of a cold can vary between individuals and the specific
type of virus causing the infection
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6. EPIDEMIOLOGY
There are no major gender or ethnicity differences in
incidence.
Most infections occur in the winter period.
A 2000 US study found that 23.6% of adults had experienced a
cold in 4 weeks.
Children get 6 to 8 colds per year.
Adults get 4 to 6 colds per year.
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7. Sourecs of common cold
The list of types of Common cold mentioned in various sources
includes:
Rhinovirus-related colds - 30-35% of colds
Coronavirus-related colds
Adenovirus-related colds
Echovirus-related colds
Paramyxovirus-related colds - including several parainfluenza
viruses
Enterovirus-related colds
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8. Howdoes a cold spread?
A cold can be spread through:
direct contact – sneeze or cough, tiny droplets of fluid
containing the cold virus are launched into the air and can be
breathed in by others.
indirect contact – sneeze onto a door handle and someone else
touches the handle a few minutes later, they may catch the cold
virus if they can touch their mouth or nose.
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9. Pathophysiology
The mechanism of this immune response is virus specific.
 For example, the rhinovirus is typically acquired by direct contact it
binds to human ICAM-1 receptors(Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 2)
This receptors present on respiratory epithelial cells. As the virus
replicates and spreads, infected cells release distress signals known
as chemokines and cytokines(which in turn activate inflammatory
mediators).
These inflammatory mediators then produce the symptoms.
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10. ICAM-1 Function
ICAM-1( intercellular adhesion molecule )continuously present in low
concentrations in the membranes of leukocytes and endothelial cells.
Upon cytokine stimulation, the concentrations greatly increase.
ICAM-1 can be induced by interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
and is expressed by the vascular
endothelium,macrophages,and lymphocytes
leukocytes bind to endothelial cells via ICAM-1 and then transmigrate
into tissues
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11. Signs and symptoms
Dry or sore throat.
Runny nose .
Sneezing.
Headache .
Earaches, also brought on by the congestion (especially in children).
Slight fever and chills .
Coughing.
Feeling tired.
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12. Complications
Colds may aggravate the symptoms of other
conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD).
Cold can also lead to:
 acute bacterial bronchitis.
strep throat.
 pneumonia.
 ear infections.
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13. Diagnosis
Symptoms and a physical examination are all the doctor needs
to diagnose the common cold.
Usually, no blood tests or X-ray are necessary.
During the physical examination, the doctor will pay careful
attention to the head, neck, and chest.
 Examine the eyes, ears, throat, and chest to help determine if a
bacterial source is causing the illness.
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14. Treatment
Over-the-counter cold and cough medicines may help ease symptoms in adults and
older children.
Nasal decongestents :
-Oxymetazoline
-Phenylephrin
 Analgesics
-Acetaminophen
-Ibuprofen
Take plenty of fluids
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15. Conclusion
Cough is a immune mediated viral infection,in children have less
immunity power to protect from the virus so beware about
childrens health,by follow some preventive measure like taking
pleanty of water,expose to sunlight it boosting the immune
system etc….
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16. References
1.Heikkinen T, Jarvinen A. The common cold. Lancet 2003; 361
(9351): 51- 9.
2. Wat D. The common cold: a review of the literature. Eur J
Intern Med 2004; 15 (2): 79- 88
3.Morice AH. Epidemiology of cough. Pulm Pharmacol Ther
2002; 15:253–59.
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