Comment: Advertising Won’t Die, But Defining It Will
Continue to be Challenging
Jisu Huh
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
The evolution of the field of advertising has constantly
demanded redefining what advertising is and what topics fit
under the rubric of “advertising research.” In response, both
academic and industry organizations have often developed
definitions resembling a laundry list of new advertising types
added to earlier definitions of advertising. While this might be
useful for temporarily addressing the gap between the estab-
lished concept of advertising and the changing reality of the
phenomenon, more thoughtful and rigorous conceptualization
of advertising has been long overdue.
Thus, I am excited to see Dahlen and Rosengren’s (2016)
article and thank the authors for their contribution to the adver-
tising discipline by reinitiating the important discussion about
how advertising should be defined. This work presents the
compelling need for redefining advertising, a thoughtful over-
view of the historical development of advertising definitions, a
systematic conceptual approach focusing on three specific
dynamics, and well-developed empirical studies testing the
new definition.
While Dahlen and Rosengren (2016) make an excellent
effort, developing a universally accepted definition that delin-
eates the boundaries of the phenomenon that is the central
focus of scholarly inquiry is not easy for any academic disci-
pline. Especially for a field like ours, which is closely linked
to constantly evolving phenomena, it seems impossible to
develop the perfect definition including everything and satisfy-
ing everyone. Thus, an important question preceding “What is
advertising?” would be “What is the purpose and motivation
of (re-)defining advertising?” Is it to include everything prac-
ticed under the name of advertising? To expand the size of the
academic field of advertising? To advance advertising
scholarship and theory building? Or to determine what should
be covered in advertising education?
Some of these questions are present in every call to develop
a better definition of advertising. However, would it be truly
attainable, or even desirable, to try to address all of these ques-
tions in a single definition? In an ideal sense, research, educa-
tion, and practice should be closely connected, but they are not
exactly the same field because of differences in the missions,
objectives, and environmental/structural factors between aca-
demia and industry, and even within the academic community.
Keeping this in mind, I respond here to Dahlen and Rose-
ngren’s (2016) proposed working definition and pose some
questions with the purpose of advancing the academic field of
advertising and advertising theory building. I hope my com-
ments serve as food for thought and help advance the impor-
tant dialogue about the definition of advertising.
TO ADVANCE THE ACADEMIC FIELD OF .
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This document discusses how an anthropologist working within an advertising agency has advantages in accessing information and knowledge compared to studying advertising from the outside. Working internally provides access to consumer research documents and forming relationships with clients that produce knowledge and situate information in positions of power. The anthropologist draws on 15 years of experience observing how knowledge sustains structures of power within relationships in advertising. Specifically, consumer research projects launched for clients function to both learn about consumers but also build relationships between the agency and client. Interactions between the anthropologist and client in research shape insights and enhance the client-agency relationship as a form of constructed knowledge capital.
Writing an essay about advertisements presents several challenges. The topic is vast, spanning various mediums like television, print, and social media, requiring careful selection of what to focus on. Additionally, the advertising landscape is constantly changing as new trends and strategies emerge, making it difficult to keep information current. Another challenge is balancing objective analysis with ethical critique, examining both positive impacts of ads as well as potential negative consequences. Crafting a coherent thesis that captures the essence of the topic in a nuanced way while engaging readers is also difficult. Despite these challenges, tackling this complex subject can provide insightful analysis and a better understanding of the pervasive world of advertising.
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This document provides an abstract for a thesis that explores how consumers' perceptions of creative advertising affect their motivation for brand involvement. The study uses qualitative focus groups to understand how different types of advertising communication elements influence brand involvement. The findings suggest that creative ads that relate to consumers' self-identity, relationships with others, and social causes are most effective at generating brand involvement. Future advertising should consider how brand messages align with these aspects of consumers' lives.
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This document discusses content marketing strategies for higher educational institutions in Bangladesh. It recommends that institutions publish different types of content across various platforms like websites, social media, blogs, articles and videos to provide information to students, parents and other stakeholders. Content should be targeted to address common questions about courses, faculty, research etc. The strategy outlines setting objectives, defining target audiences, developing content, planning distribution across platforms like search engines, social media, email and blogs. The goal is to establish the institution as an expert and thought leader in its fields to attract students and talent.
Public relations (PR) fits into an organization's wider communication strategies by establishing goodwill and mutual understanding between an organization and its stakeholders. PR differs from marketing communications by focusing on long-term relationship building rather than short-term selling of goods. PR has advantages over advertising such as more flexible strategies and resources, a longer campaign lifecycle, and shorter time to market. Effective marketing utilizes both PR and advertising together to produce desired results, with PR able to support brand loyalty when advertising is lighter. PR aims to manage total organizational communications and relationships, in contrast to advertising which focuses only on promoting goods and services.
A Qualitative Approach To UnderstandingMary Montoya
This document summarizes a qualitative research study on audiences' perceptions of creativity in online advertising. The study utilized a triangulation of qualitative methods including diaries, interviews, and online questionnaires with 41 participants.
The study aims to address gaps in understanding audiences' views of online advertising creativity, which has been mostly examined through quantitative methods. It also seeks to critique and test an existing typology of advertising creativity in terms of "relevance" and "divergence."
The researcher takes a reflexive and phenomenological approach to understand participants' lived experiences with online ads. Initial data collection uses closed-ended questionnaires to select diary-keeping participants with a range of internet usage and ad exposure.
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This document discusses different types of online advertising strategies and their influence on consumer buying behavior. It begins by defining online/e-advertising and some common online advertising methods like banner ads, social media advertising, and email marketing. It then describes three main types of online advertising strategies: banner advertising, animated banner ads, interactive banner ads, and transactional banner ads. The document aims to examine the relationship between environmental responses and emotional responses to advertising as independent variables, and their impact on consumer buying behavior as the dependent variable.
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This document discusses different types of online advertising strategies and their influence on consumer buying behavior. It begins by defining online/e-advertising and some common online advertising strategies like banner ads, social media advertising, and email marketing. It then describes three main types of banner ads: animated banners, interactive banners, and transactional banners. The purpose is to examine the relationship between environmental responses and emotional responses to advertising (independent variables) and their impact on consumer buying behavior (dependent variable).
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Look at the different types of advertising shown in Table 4.2 of the.docxeubanksnefen
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Advertising Message
Welcome to the world of advertising! How many of you think advertisers unfairly influence us and “make” us buy items we do not need, cannot afford, and will not use? If you raised your hand or silently said “I do,” then you are among a majority of people who think advertisers will lie to encourage sales and believe consumers are helpless pawns in the corporate game of profitability.
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We are entering a world of bright lights, vivid colors, and every sensory perception will become aware when a commercial is on that appeals to something we have decided we need. Why do we want a Mercedes? Good quality? No, superior quality! But does it really cost $30,000 more to manufacturer a Mercedes than, say, a Ford? Most likely not. Then why do we have a mental image of a Mercedes as a premium product? Why, advertisers, of course! Keep in mind as we move throughout our course . . . advertisers work very hard to write messages and music that will appeal to us and motivate us into action.
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Select three advertisements from three different countries using tra.docxzenobiakeeney
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Week Three Lecture
Advertising Message
Welcome to the world of advertising! How many of you think advertisers unfairly influence us and “make” us buy items we do not need, cannot afford, and will not use? If you raised your hand or silently said “I do,” then you are among a majority of people who think advertisers will lie to encourage sales and believe consumers are helpless pawns in the corporate game of profitability.
Nothing could be further from the truth! Advertisers design catchy slogans, phrases, and songs to help us remember the points about a particular item the organization thinks will appeal to us. Did advertisers create the need? No! Did advertisers determine whether or not we wanted an item? Again, no! Although the psychology behind buyer motivation is the focus for another course, advertisers only use what is known to appeal to a specific group of buyers in hopes of affecting sales.
We are entering a world of bright lights, vivid colors, and every sensory perception will become aware when a commercial is on that appeals to something we have decided we need. Why do we want a Mercedes? Good quality? No, superior quality! But does it really cost $30,000 more to manufacturer a Mercedes than, say, a Ford? Most likely not. Then why do we have a mental image of a Mercedes as a premium product? Why, advertisers, of course! Keep in mind as we move throughout our course . . . advertisers work very hard to write messages and music that will appeal to us and motivate us into action.
The objective of advertising is to “inform, persuade, and reminder consumers about business and organizational products and other offerings” (Ogden & Ogden, 2014, section 4.1). There are three message executional frameworks: cognitive; affective; and conative, and how marketers determine which strategy has the highest probability of producing the desired effect on consumer behavior (Clow & Baack, 2012). Parker (2013) stated national universities tend to use more emotional, ego-based ads whereas regional universities tend to use more informational and rational ads. National universities use the affective message strategy, whereas regional universities use the cognitive message strategy. The key is to determine what type of message has the greatest chance of impacting consumer behavior.
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The document discusses the evolution of public relations from traditional to modern practices with the rise of digital technologies and social media. It covers key topics such as:
1) How public relations has shifted from one-way communication models to two-way symmetrical models that emphasize mutual understanding between organizations and their publics.
2) The changing roles of PR from controlled messaging to dealing with uncontrolled online communication.
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Joyce Haley, Abilene Christian University
Margaret Ritsch, Texas Christian University
Jessica†Smith, Abilene Christian University
Abstract
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INSTRUCTIONSDiscussion 1 Contextualizing Quantitative Data .docxcarliotwaycave
INSTRUCTIONS
Discussion 1: Contextualizing Quantitative Data in the Workplace- CORPORATE BANK FACILITATOR
What role does quantitative research play in your current (Corporate Bank Facilitator) professional role?
Share 1-2 specific examples of ways in which you have, or might, use quantitative data.
Include projects where you would like to do some analysis (quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods) but have not.
Describe the project and ask your classmates for their feedback!
· Your initial post (approximately 200-250 words) should address each question in the discussion
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 5
Topic: “The Effect of Social Media Marketing On Business Growth and Prosperity”
Introduction
Since early 2000s, businesses have seen the need of utilizing social media as a convenient platform to reach and engage their potential customers (Pourkhani et al., 2019). Social media has revolutionized the way businesses connect with consumers for the purpose of growing their brand. Notably, social media offers cheaper and highly accessible tools of marketing used by businesses to advance their promotional activities (Fan & Gordon, 2014). In United States, social media has highly transformed the world of business –allowing firms to innovate and improve their business plans in order to attain maximum growth and prosperity (As' ad & Alhadid, 2014). Therefore, this study explores the impact, benefit, and importance of social media to the growth and performance of businesses.
Purpose of the Study
According to Kane (2015), a researcher should have a tangible reason (s) for undertaking a particular study in any filed. Marketing is very crucial to each and every business. Marketing entails the need for companies to access the target markets and engage their potential customers. This is aimed at understanding customer needs and wants –something that is crucial in developing a product (s) which offer maximum satisfaction to consumers. Until late 90s, businesses relied on traditional mode of marketing which included radio, TV, newspaper, billboards, field-marketing, among others. Notably, these marketing channels were very expensive. However, the introduction of social media platforms in early 2000s availed cheap, accessible, and reliable means of reaching the target audiences. Consequently, there is need to explore the element of social media in order to establish its superiority and contribution in helping organizations to attain maximum growth and performance. Thus, this study seeks to establish the impact and benefit of social media platforms to organizations as far as elements of building brand awareness, increasing sales, and expanding markets are concerned.
Study Rationale
Before conducting a research, a researcher is supposed to explain clearly the importance of the study he or she is carrying out. This involves providing specific, valid, and ideally arguments in support of the research topic. The rationale of th ...
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This document summarizes a research study that aimed to determine the influence of integrated marketing communication (IMC) on consumer decision-making in the pharmaceutical sector in Tamil Nadu, India. The study involved designing a questionnaire to survey marketing managers and analyzing the collected data using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics on the survey responses are provided. The results of hypothesis testing using regression analysis are also presented, showing that IMC and factors like coordinated marketing, synergy, and consumer behavior have a significant relationship and impact on one another. Over 60% of the variations in IMC are explained by the independent variables in the study.
How Does Non-Paid Media Impact the Effectiveness of Paid Ads?Sarah Jackson
This study examines how non-paid (earned) media coverage impacts the effectiveness of paid advertising for AT&T and Hotels.com over a 9-month period. PR data including media clips analyzed for favorability and impressions were collected for each company. Advertising creative effectiveness scores from the Advertising Benchmark Index were also collected every 2 weeks for ads from each company. The goal is to see if major positive or negative events in earned media coverage correlate with changes in advertising creative scores, with the long term aim of developing a predictive model. Methodology details the PR and advertising data collection processes.
More Than a Product Launch: A Comparative Analysis of Selected Influencer Mar...Reanne Franco
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#UDSummerNights influencer marketing events. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the selected influencer marketing events in the cosmetic industry.
This document summarizes research on perceptions of advertising on social media and its implications for word-of-mouth advocacy. It finds that social media users are more receptive to ads that provide entertainment, interactively engage users, or satisfy their information needs. Specifically, ads that foster participation and conversation tend to create more positive brand perceptions. The uses and gratifications theory, which posits that people use media to fulfill personal and social needs, helps explain why. Ads seen as invasive or distracting from users' goals tend to be viewed negatively.
COMM 166 Final Research Proposal GuidelinesThe proposal should.docxdrandy1
COMM 166 Final Research Proposal Guidelines
The proposal should contain well-developed sections (Put clear titles on the top of each section) of your outline that you submitted earlier. The proposal should have seven (7) major sections:
1. Introduction: A brief overview of all your sections. Approx. one page
2. A summary of the literature review. In this section you would summarize the previous research (summarize at least 8-10 scholarly research articles), and also your field data collection results (if it was connected to your proposal topic). Also indicate the gaps in the previous research, including your pilot study, and the need for your research study. Please devote around three pages in reviewing the previous research and finding the gaps.
3. Arising from the literature review, write the Purpose Statement of your research (purpose statement should have all its parts clearly written. Follow the examples from textbook).
4. Identify two to three main hypotheses or research questions (based on the quantitative/qualitative research design). Also give some of your supporting research questions. Follow the examples from textbook.
5. Describe the research strategy of inquiry and methods that you would use and why. The method part should be the substantial part of your paper, around three pages. Define your knowledge claims, strategies, and methods from the textbook (and cite), why you chose them, and how you will conduct the research in detail.
6. A page on the significance of your study.
7. A complete reference list of your sources in APA style.
The total length of the paper should be between 8-10 pages (excluding the reference and cover pages).
If you have further questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Best wishes
Dev
mportant notes about grading:
1. Compiler errors: All code you submit must compile. Programs that do not compile will receive an automatic zero. If you run out of time, it is better to comment out the parts that do not compile, than hand in a more complete file that does not compile.
2. Late assignments: You must submit your code before the deadline. Verify on Sakai that you have submitted the correct version. If you submit the incorrect version before the deadline and realize that you have done so after the deadline, we will only grade the version received before the deadline.
A Prolog interpreter
In this project, you will implement a Prolog interpreter in OCaml.
If you want to implement the project in Python, download the source code and follow the README file. Parsing functions and test-cases are provided.
Pseudocode
Your main task is to implement the non-deterministic abstract interpreter covered in the lecture Control in Prolog. The pseudocode of the abstract interpreter is in the lecture note.
Bonus
There is also a bonus task for implementing a deterministic Prolog interpreter with support for backtracking (recover from bad choices) and choice points (produce multiple results). Please refer to th.
COMMENTS You wrote an interesting essay; however, it is lacking t.docxdrandy1
COMMENTS: You wrote an interesting essay; however, it is lacking the introduction and conclusion paragraphs (1/3 deduction.) Remove the notations from the Reference List. Not all of your sources came from the UOP library and are peer reviewed, so you need to locate additional. You need a minimum of three peer reviewed sources from the UOP library. Prove your arguments using academic sources. Some paragraphs are too short, every paragraph should be five to eight sentences. You received a five point deduction for not including the introduction or conclusion.
SCORE: 10/15 Points (Deduction for not including an introduction or conclusion.)
The Inappropriateness of the Death Sentence
Add an introduction paragraph. Comment by Darlene Bennett: The introduction needs a topic sentence that describes the main idea of the paragraph, then provide background information and finally, include the thesis statement. The introduction should be five to eight sentences in length.
Thesis Statement Comment by Darlene Bennett: The thesis statement cannot be isolated by itself. You need to insert it as the last sentence of the introductory paragraph.
The death penalty, as practiced in some societies in the world, has had its positive aspects and negative aspects and my stand are that it should be abolished in any democratic state that seeks to ensure justice for both the victims of crime and the offenders.
The death sentence is against the bible and other religious guidelines Comment by Darlene Bennett: Capitalize the word “Bible.”
Death sentences against convicted criminals in the society go against the spirit and guidelines provided by religious faiths regarding our stay here in the universe. Comment by Darlene Bennett: Casual tone, stay formal and do not use first person pronouns.
Religious laws quoted in religious books prohibited the execution of man whatsoever. According to these religious laws, there is no compromise or a reason big enough to necessitate the punishment of an offender through death. The ten commandments developed by God himself in the book of Deuteronomy, under commandment five, prohibits the killing of a man. Universal religious laws concur with the Christian teaching regarding the execution of man as a way of punishment (Goldman, 2017). Comment by Darlene Bennett: This is a generalization – do all religious books state this? By Old Testament law, people were stoned for certain infractions. Be specific and provide a source for your fact. Comment by Darlene Bennett:
Religious teachings in all religion term human life as sacred and one that is not subject to limitation, in all circumstance. According to the various religions, it is God only who can terminate the life of a human being. They recommend the use of other means of justice for offenders to reform and revert back to their normal lives in the society (Goldman, 2017).
Further, no method of executing criminals is humane, all the methods are painful, inhumane and disrespectful.
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This document discusses how small businesses can tap into current trends in public relations. It outlines how public relations has shifted from mass media messaging to more targeted "you media". The proliferation of new media platforms has empowered stakeholders to become more involved in the communication process. Rather than a one-size-fits-all approach, small businesses need to engage stakeholders through personalized messaging on various new media channels to build relationships.
A LITERATURE REVIEW OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN PUBLIC HEALTHCARENat Rice
This document provides an overview of public relations (PR) and its role in public healthcare. It discusses how PR is a multifaceted discipline without a standardized definition. While some see PR as a part of marketing focused on promoting products, others view it as a managerial function that manages an organization's relationships. The document also examines how PR aims to build goodwill between an organization and its internal and external audiences. Specifically, PR plays an important role in communicating with the public about public healthcare systems and addressing criticisms of these systems.
This document discusses relationship marketing and its impact on organizational performance. It explores the theoretical foundations of relationship marketing and examines how adopting this concept affects performance indicators. Relationship marketing focuses on creating and sustaining long-term relationships with customers through mutual cooperation rather than short-term transactions. When organizations implement relationship marketing successfully through internal marketing and keeping promises to customers, it can lead to improved customer loyalty, retention and positive word-of-mouth, ultimately improving organizational performance. Interactive marketing and developing trust, empathy and reciprocity in customer relationships are important aspects of relationship marketing discussed in the document.
Look at the different types of advertising shown in Table 4.2 of the.docxeubanksnefen
Look at the different types of advertising shown in Table 4.2 of the text. Select one product and determine how each type of advertising strategy would be used. Incorporate concepts and examples from this week’s lecture in your post.
Week Three Lecture
Advertising Message
Welcome to the world of advertising! How many of you think advertisers unfairly influence us and “make” us buy items we do not need, cannot afford, and will not use? If you raised your hand or silently said “I do,” then you are among a majority of people who think advertisers will lie to encourage sales and believe consumers are helpless pawns in the corporate game of profitability.
Nothing could be further from the truth! Advertisers design catchy slogans, phrases, and songs to help us remember the points about a particular item the organization thinks will appeal to us. Did advertisers create the need? No! Did advertisers determine whether or not we wanted an item? Again, no! Although the psychology behind buyer motivation is the focus for another course, advertisers only use what is known to appeal to a specific group of buyers in hopes of affecting sales.
We are entering a world of bright lights, vivid colors, and every sensory perception will become aware when a commercial is on that appeals to something we have decided we need. Why do we want a Mercedes? Good quality? No, superior quality! But does it really cost $30,000 more to manufacturer a Mercedes than, say, a Ford? Most likely not. Then why do we have a mental image of a Mercedes as a premium product? Why, advertisers, of course! Keep in mind as we move throughout our course . . . advertisers work very hard to write messages and music that will appeal to us and motivate us into action.
The objective of advertising is to “inform, persuade, and reminder consumers about business and organizational products and other offerings” (Ogden & Ogden, 2014, section 4.1). There are three message executional frameworks: cognitive; affective; and conative, and how marketers determine which strategy has the highest probability of producing the desired effect on consumer behavior (Clow & Baack, 2012). Parker (2013) stated national universities tend to use more emotional, ego-based ads whereas regional universities tend to use more informational and rational ads. National universities use the affective message strategy, whereas regional universities use the cognitive message strategy. The key is to determine what type of message has the greatest chance of impacting consumer behavior.
Writing an advertising plan requires tedious and detailed concentration on many items. Figure 4.1 (Ogden & Ogden, 2014) in our text lists the ten steps in writing an advertising plan. As you can see from the figure, there is a tremendous amount of work involved in the planning. Today’s marketing managers are being held responsible for ROI within their allocated budget, so time must be taken to get the advertising plan written in a manner for the .
LICA426 Major Research Project - YI TING LIAO-0814逸亭 廖
This document provides an overview of a research project investigating the sustainability performance of advertising agencies in the UK. It begins with an introduction that defines key terms and outlines the research questions. The literature review defines advertising agencies and discusses their influence. It examines sustainable development and performance in agencies in the context of workflows, creations/productions, and client relationships. The methodology uses qualitative interviews with an association officer and 10 agency managers to explore perceptions and challenges regarding sustainability. The findings and discussion/recommendations chapters analyze the results. The conclusion discusses limitations and opportunities for future research.
Select three advertisements from three different countries using tra.docxzenobiakeeney
Select three advertisements from three different countries using traditional advertising venues and Internet advertising venues. Assess how culture and ethics influence understanding the ad from each country.Incorporate concepts and examples from this week’s lecture in your post.
Week Three Lecture
Advertising Message
Welcome to the world of advertising! How many of you think advertisers unfairly influence us and “make” us buy items we do not need, cannot afford, and will not use? If you raised your hand or silently said “I do,” then you are among a majority of people who think advertisers will lie to encourage sales and believe consumers are helpless pawns in the corporate game of profitability.
Nothing could be further from the truth! Advertisers design catchy slogans, phrases, and songs to help us remember the points about a particular item the organization thinks will appeal to us. Did advertisers create the need? No! Did advertisers determine whether or not we wanted an item? Again, no! Although the psychology behind buyer motivation is the focus for another course, advertisers only use what is known to appeal to a specific group of buyers in hopes of affecting sales.
We are entering a world of bright lights, vivid colors, and every sensory perception will become aware when a commercial is on that appeals to something we have decided we need. Why do we want a Mercedes? Good quality? No, superior quality! But does it really cost $30,000 more to manufacturer a Mercedes than, say, a Ford? Most likely not. Then why do we have a mental image of a Mercedes as a premium product? Why, advertisers, of course! Keep in mind as we move throughout our course . . . advertisers work very hard to write messages and music that will appeal to us and motivate us into action.
The objective of advertising is to “inform, persuade, and reminder consumers about business and organizational products and other offerings” (Ogden & Ogden, 2014, section 4.1). There are three message executional frameworks: cognitive; affective; and conative, and how marketers determine which strategy has the highest probability of producing the desired effect on consumer behavior (Clow & Baack, 2012). Parker (2013) stated national universities tend to use more emotional, ego-based ads whereas regional universities tend to use more informational and rational ads. National universities use the affective message strategy, whereas regional universities use the cognitive message strategy. The key is to determine what type of message has the greatest chance of impacting consumer behavior.
Writing an advertising plan requires tedious and detailed concentration on many items. Figure 4.1 (Ogden & Ogden, 2014) in our text lists the ten steps in writing an advertising plan. As you can see from the figure, there is a tremendous amount of work involved in the planning. Today’s marketing managers are being held responsible for ROI within their allocated budget, so time must be taken to get th.
Assignment models public relations quotesenock nyoni
The document discusses the evolution of public relations from traditional to modern practices with the rise of digital technologies and social media. It covers key topics such as:
1) How public relations has shifted from one-way communication models to two-way symmetrical models that emphasize mutual understanding between organizations and their publics.
2) The changing roles of PR from controlled messaging to dealing with uncontrolled online communication.
3) The rise of owned, paid, and earned media and how organizations use these different channels for public relations. Owned media refers to channels an organization fully controls like their website or social media, while earned media involves third party endorsements.
4) Grunig's models of public relations that progressed
1. The document discusses marketing communication and advertising. It defines marketing communication as messages used to communicate with the market, including advertising, direct marketing, branding, packaging, online presence, and more.
2. Advertising is defined as a non-personal form of mass communication used to promote a business's products or services. Key features of advertising discussed include it being a means of communication, providing information, persuading audiences, and identifying the sponsor.
3. Objectives of advertising include introducing new products, supporting personal selling, reaching new audiences, entering new markets, increasing sales, and enhancing goodwill. The importance of advertising is also highlighted, such as in promoting sales, introducing new products, creating a good public
Journal of Public Relations Education, Vol. 2 Issue 1
Authors
Joyce Haley, Abilene Christian University
Margaret Ritsch, Texas Christian University
Jessica†Smith, Abilene Christian University
Abstract
Student-led advertising and/or public relations agencies have increasingly become an educational component of university ad/PR programs. Previous research has established the value that advisers see in the agencies, and this study reports student perceptions of agency involvement. The survey (N = 210) found that participants rated the opportunity to work with real clients, the importance of their universities having agencies, and the increase in their own job marketability as the most positive aspects of the agency experience. Participants said that the most highly rated skills that agency participation built were the ability to work with clients, working in a team structure, and interpersonal skills.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a master's thesis that investigates whether single media or cross-media storytelling is more successful for affecting outcomes. The study compares the cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects of a print-only storytelling campaign versus a print and internet cross-media storytelling campaign, while also considering the moderating role of consumer product involvement. The introduction reviews literature on storytelling in advertising, different storytelling formats and components, and research on the effectiveness of single media versus cross-media campaigns. The author aims to contribute new insights on using storytelling within a single medium and how media choices should differ based on consumer involvement levels.
How do green firms appeal users with pop ups...sibr pptDaniel LK
This document summarizes a study that explored how green firms use pop-up and in-line ads to appeal to and influence consumers' attitudes. The study developed a research framework based on existing advertising literature and proposed hypotheses about how factors like emotion, entertainment, credibility and irritation affect attitudes toward green ads. A quantitative survey was conducted and found entertainment and credibility were most important in influencing attitudes, while irritation was less so. The study provides suggestions for further research with larger sample sizes and examining specific green products or media.
This document discusses the challenges involved in writing an essay about the complex topic of advertising. It notes that advertising encompasses various mediums and has evolved over time, requiring an understanding of history and changing trends. An analysis must also delve into the psychological and ethical aspects of how advertising influences consumers and shapes culture. Constructing a comprehensive essay demands navigating a vast landscape of sources to substantiate arguments and provide different viewpoints. The language used must balance accessibility and intellectual rigor to engage both experts and lay readers. Overall, an essay on this multifaceted subject requires dedication, research skills, and the ability to handle diverse perspectives.
INSTRUCTIONSDiscussion 1 Contextualizing Quantitative Data .docxcarliotwaycave
INSTRUCTIONS
Discussion 1: Contextualizing Quantitative Data in the Workplace- CORPORATE BANK FACILITATOR
What role does quantitative research play in your current (Corporate Bank Facilitator) professional role?
Share 1-2 specific examples of ways in which you have, or might, use quantitative data.
Include projects where you would like to do some analysis (quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods) but have not.
Describe the project and ask your classmates for their feedback!
· Your initial post (approximately 200-250 words) should address each question in the discussion
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 5
Topic: “The Effect of Social Media Marketing On Business Growth and Prosperity”
Introduction
Since early 2000s, businesses have seen the need of utilizing social media as a convenient platform to reach and engage their potential customers (Pourkhani et al., 2019). Social media has revolutionized the way businesses connect with consumers for the purpose of growing their brand. Notably, social media offers cheaper and highly accessible tools of marketing used by businesses to advance their promotional activities (Fan & Gordon, 2014). In United States, social media has highly transformed the world of business –allowing firms to innovate and improve their business plans in order to attain maximum growth and prosperity (As' ad & Alhadid, 2014). Therefore, this study explores the impact, benefit, and importance of social media to the growth and performance of businesses.
Purpose of the Study
According to Kane (2015), a researcher should have a tangible reason (s) for undertaking a particular study in any filed. Marketing is very crucial to each and every business. Marketing entails the need for companies to access the target markets and engage their potential customers. This is aimed at understanding customer needs and wants –something that is crucial in developing a product (s) which offer maximum satisfaction to consumers. Until late 90s, businesses relied on traditional mode of marketing which included radio, TV, newspaper, billboards, field-marketing, among others. Notably, these marketing channels were very expensive. However, the introduction of social media platforms in early 2000s availed cheap, accessible, and reliable means of reaching the target audiences. Consequently, there is need to explore the element of social media in order to establish its superiority and contribution in helping organizations to attain maximum growth and performance. Thus, this study seeks to establish the impact and benefit of social media platforms to organizations as far as elements of building brand awareness, increasing sales, and expanding markets are concerned.
Study Rationale
Before conducting a research, a researcher is supposed to explain clearly the importance of the study he or she is carrying out. This involves providing specific, valid, and ideally arguments in support of the research topic. The rationale of th ...
DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION ON CONSUMER DEC...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to determine the influence of integrated marketing communication (IMC) on consumer decision-making in the pharmaceutical sector in Tamil Nadu, India. The study involved designing a questionnaire to survey marketing managers and analyzing the collected data using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics on the survey responses are provided. The results of hypothesis testing using regression analysis are also presented, showing that IMC and factors like coordinated marketing, synergy, and consumer behavior have a significant relationship and impact on one another. Over 60% of the variations in IMC are explained by the independent variables in the study.
How Does Non-Paid Media Impact the Effectiveness of Paid Ads?Sarah Jackson
This study examines how non-paid (earned) media coverage impacts the effectiveness of paid advertising for AT&T and Hotels.com over a 9-month period. PR data including media clips analyzed for favorability and impressions were collected for each company. Advertising creative effectiveness scores from the Advertising Benchmark Index were also collected every 2 weeks for ads from each company. The goal is to see if major positive or negative events in earned media coverage correlate with changes in advertising creative scores, with the long term aim of developing a predictive model. Methodology details the PR and advertising data collection processes.
More Than a Product Launch: A Comparative Analysis of Selected Influencer Mar...Reanne Franco
A comparison of the #YSLBlackOpiumExperience and
#UDSummerNights influencer marketing events. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the selected influencer marketing events in the cosmetic industry.
This document summarizes research on perceptions of advertising on social media and its implications for word-of-mouth advocacy. It finds that social media users are more receptive to ads that provide entertainment, interactively engage users, or satisfy their information needs. Specifically, ads that foster participation and conversation tend to create more positive brand perceptions. The uses and gratifications theory, which posits that people use media to fulfill personal and social needs, helps explain why. Ads seen as invasive or distracting from users' goals tend to be viewed negatively.
Similar to Comment Advertising Won’t Die, But Defining It WillContinue.docx (20)
COMM 166 Final Research Proposal GuidelinesThe proposal should.docxdrandy1
COMM 166 Final Research Proposal Guidelines
The proposal should contain well-developed sections (Put clear titles on the top of each section) of your outline that you submitted earlier. The proposal should have seven (7) major sections:
1. Introduction: A brief overview of all your sections. Approx. one page
2. A summary of the literature review. In this section you would summarize the previous research (summarize at least 8-10 scholarly research articles), and also your field data collection results (if it was connected to your proposal topic). Also indicate the gaps in the previous research, including your pilot study, and the need for your research study. Please devote around three pages in reviewing the previous research and finding the gaps.
3. Arising from the literature review, write the Purpose Statement of your research (purpose statement should have all its parts clearly written. Follow the examples from textbook).
4. Identify two to three main hypotheses or research questions (based on the quantitative/qualitative research design). Also give some of your supporting research questions. Follow the examples from textbook.
5. Describe the research strategy of inquiry and methods that you would use and why. The method part should be the substantial part of your paper, around three pages. Define your knowledge claims, strategies, and methods from the textbook (and cite), why you chose them, and how you will conduct the research in detail.
6. A page on the significance of your study.
7. A complete reference list of your sources in APA style.
The total length of the paper should be between 8-10 pages (excluding the reference and cover pages).
If you have further questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Best wishes
Dev
mportant notes about grading:
1. Compiler errors: All code you submit must compile. Programs that do not compile will receive an automatic zero. If you run out of time, it is better to comment out the parts that do not compile, than hand in a more complete file that does not compile.
2. Late assignments: You must submit your code before the deadline. Verify on Sakai that you have submitted the correct version. If you submit the incorrect version before the deadline and realize that you have done so after the deadline, we will only grade the version received before the deadline.
A Prolog interpreter
In this project, you will implement a Prolog interpreter in OCaml.
If you want to implement the project in Python, download the source code and follow the README file. Parsing functions and test-cases are provided.
Pseudocode
Your main task is to implement the non-deterministic abstract interpreter covered in the lecture Control in Prolog. The pseudocode of the abstract interpreter is in the lecture note.
Bonus
There is also a bonus task for implementing a deterministic Prolog interpreter with support for backtracking (recover from bad choices) and choice points (produce multiple results). Please refer to th.
COMMENTS You wrote an interesting essay; however, it is lacking t.docxdrandy1
COMMENTS: You wrote an interesting essay; however, it is lacking the introduction and conclusion paragraphs (1/3 deduction.) Remove the notations from the Reference List. Not all of your sources came from the UOP library and are peer reviewed, so you need to locate additional. You need a minimum of three peer reviewed sources from the UOP library. Prove your arguments using academic sources. Some paragraphs are too short, every paragraph should be five to eight sentences. You received a five point deduction for not including the introduction or conclusion.
SCORE: 10/15 Points (Deduction for not including an introduction or conclusion.)
The Inappropriateness of the Death Sentence
Add an introduction paragraph. Comment by Darlene Bennett: The introduction needs a topic sentence that describes the main idea of the paragraph, then provide background information and finally, include the thesis statement. The introduction should be five to eight sentences in length.
Thesis Statement Comment by Darlene Bennett: The thesis statement cannot be isolated by itself. You need to insert it as the last sentence of the introductory paragraph.
The death penalty, as practiced in some societies in the world, has had its positive aspects and negative aspects and my stand are that it should be abolished in any democratic state that seeks to ensure justice for both the victims of crime and the offenders.
The death sentence is against the bible and other religious guidelines Comment by Darlene Bennett: Capitalize the word “Bible.”
Death sentences against convicted criminals in the society go against the spirit and guidelines provided by religious faiths regarding our stay here in the universe. Comment by Darlene Bennett: Casual tone, stay formal and do not use first person pronouns.
Religious laws quoted in religious books prohibited the execution of man whatsoever. According to these religious laws, there is no compromise or a reason big enough to necessitate the punishment of an offender through death. The ten commandments developed by God himself in the book of Deuteronomy, under commandment five, prohibits the killing of a man. Universal religious laws concur with the Christian teaching regarding the execution of man as a way of punishment (Goldman, 2017). Comment by Darlene Bennett: This is a generalization – do all religious books state this? By Old Testament law, people were stoned for certain infractions. Be specific and provide a source for your fact. Comment by Darlene Bennett:
Religious teachings in all religion term human life as sacred and one that is not subject to limitation, in all circumstance. According to the various religions, it is God only who can terminate the life of a human being. They recommend the use of other means of justice for offenders to reform and revert back to their normal lives in the society (Goldman, 2017).
Further, no method of executing criminals is humane, all the methods are painful, inhumane and disrespectful.
Commercial Space TravelThere are about a half dozen commercial s.docxdrandy1
Commercial Space Travel
There are about a half dozen commercial space entrepreneurs globally today. Pick one of those companies, and then provide a short history of their company, outline their current projects, and describe their future plans for space travel. Describe the biggest obstacles that they will have to overcome to achieve their goals.
Your initial discussion post should be succinct (only about 200–300 words) and include references to your sources.
.
CommentsPrice is the easiest way to make profit – all you.docxdrandy1
Comments:
Price is the easiest way to make profit – all you do is raise the price – it costs nothing and you have to do no work – just send out a new price sheet.
Distribution is the next easiest – sell the same stuff in different places – with minor changes.
Questions
1.
Define/explain:
A.
Supply chain
B.
Value delivery
C.
What/who are the distribution chain members:
D.
How does a distribution chain member add value to the consumer
E.
Vertical marketing system
F.
Horizontal marketing system
J.
Mutlichannel system
G.
Marketing logistics
H.
Supply chain management
I.
Major logistical functions
J.
Specialty stores
K. Department stores
L.
Supermarkets
M.
Convenience stores
N.
Discount stores
O.
Off price stores
P. Superstores
Q.
Corporate chain stores
R.
Voluntary chain
S.
Retailer Cooperative
T
Franchise organization
U.
Merchandising conglomerate
v.
Wholesalers
w.
Brokers
X.
Agents
2.
Read (or look up if needed)
“Zara – the technology giant of the fashion world”
-- explain how technology drives this company – remember women’s fashion has 4 to 5 seasons.
3.
What marketing mix decisions must retailers make:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
4.
Describe 4 distribution ideas/innovations you have witnessed:
A.
B.
C.
D.
.
COMM 1110 Library Research Assignment Objective To ensu.docxdrandy1
COMM 1110 Library Research Assignment
Objective:
To ensure students begin library research in a timely manner, selecting worthwhile sources and justifying
their inclusion.
Assignment:
Select five credible sources that can be used for your speech. For each source, provide a full APA
citation, an explanation of where/how you found the source, a summary of the information the source
contains, and an explanation of why it is relevant to your speech. Credible sources contain worthwhile
and trustworthy information from reliable sources.
Make sure you number each source and separate each component: citation, how source was discovered,
summary, and relevance.
Pay attention to all of the requirements in order to complete the assignment to the Satisfactory level.
Specifications for Satisfactory Completion
1. Format: Submitted paper is/has:
a. Double-spaced, with no extra spaces before or after paragraphs.
b. Times New Roman font.
c. 1-inch margins.
d. 12-point font.
e. Document is submitted with only the student’s name placed in the header and nothing in
the footer, with NO date, class, or professor information on the document (this is tracked
by Georgia View).
f. Document is submitted in .docx format.
g. Document is submitted by the due date in Georgia View.
h. Citations are in proper APA format.
2. Content:
a. At least five sources are presented, with each source containing all the required
components listed above.
b. Fewer than 5 grammar, punctuation, or spelling errors.
c. All sources come from credible outlets, including and especially GALILEO.
d. No more than two sources are in common with any group members.
.
COMM 1110 Persuasive Speech Evaluation Objective To lea.docxdrandy1
COMM 1110 Persuasive Speech Evaluation
Objective:
To learn how to identify areas for improvement in public speaking and evaluate observations, inferences,
and relationships in a speech.
Assignment:
Watch Dan Pink’s The Puzzle of Motivation at https://www.ted.com/talks/dan_pink_on_motivation/.
Prepare a paper that answers the following questions: How would you rate the speaker’s delivery? What
things did the speaker do well? What things need to be improved? What was the speaker trying to
accomplish? How many steps of Monroe’s Motivated Sequence were covered by the speech, and were
they in the correct order? When in the speech was each step of Monroe’s Motivated Sequence covered?
Pay attention to all of the requirements in order to complete the assignment to the Satisfactory level.
Specifications for Satisfactory Completion
1. Format: Submitted paper is/has:
a. Double-spaced, with no extra spaces before or after paragraphs.
b. Times New Roman font.
c. 1-inch margins.
d. 12-point font.
e. Document is submitted with only the student’s name placed in the header and nothing in
the footer, with NO date, class, or professor information on the document (this is tracked
by Georgia View).
f. Document is submitted in .docx format.
g. Document is submitted by the due date in Georgia View.
2. Content:
a. All questions are answered thoroughly.
b. Fewer than 5 grammar, punctuation, or spelling errors.
c. 300-600 words.
COMM 1110 Persuasive Speech EvaluationObjective:Assignment:Specifications for Satisfactory Completion
.
Comment The ANA is such an astonishing association. They help .docxdrandy1
Comment
The ANA is such an astonishing association. They help with new enactment, state-of-the-art data on nursing issues, confirmations and proceeding with training, thus a lot increasingly significant nursing subjects. I turned into a part as an understudy, yet I didn't comprehend the significance of being associated with these associations. In the present changing social insurance framework, it is so imperative to be taught and included on the present issues. The ANA has been a promoter for profession improvement and improving the wellbeing for all Americans for more than 100 years. I need to turn into an individual from this long-standing association to keep awake to-date on issues, proceed with my training, and have any kind of effect in the nursing field.
Comment
Being an advocate means a lot, at many different levels. For instance, as LVN being an advocate is hands on, RN would be collaborating with many different discipling, BSN would be all the combination and take it to a management level. As working for hospice being a patient advocate is so important at the end of life. Working with dying patients and educating families about the medications needed for end of life comfort. For instance, Morphine 20mg/ml give 1 ml Po/SL q 2 hours PRN pain. (severe pain 7-10). With out this education on medication regimen patient would suffer in pain.
.
Comments Excellent paper. It’s obvious that you put quite a bit of .docxdrandy1
Comments: Excellent paper. It’s obvious that you put quite a bit of work into this. Unfortunately, your paper needs adequate citations in the body of the text to meet our standards on plagiarism. You need to cite each textbook from your bibliography whenever you quote or use some information from the textbook or other resource. For example, writing (Jones 285) after the quote or information used means that you got it from the book whose author was Jones and the info came from page 285.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a procedure in which laparoscopic techniques remove the gallbladder. It is the standard of care for symptomatic gallbladder disease, of which most are performed for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Other indications include acute cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia, and gallstone pancreatitis.
Describe the reasons a patient might have the selected surgical procedure
The typical reason a cholecystectomy is a treatment of choice is inflammatory changes of gallbladder or blockage of bile flow by gallstones. Symptomatic cholelithiasis is the most common reason where gallstones in the gallbladder are blocking the bile flow and cause inflammation. The patient usually complains of episodic epigastric pain and right upper quadrant pain that radiates to the right shoulder. This pain is found to occur several hours after heavy meals and the patient experiences nausea, vomiting, bloating, fever, and right upper quadrant tenderness. Another condition is acute cholecystitis, where inflammation and symptoms are more prominent. The patient may have a fever, constant pain, positive Murphy's sign, or leukocytosis. Acute cholecystitis may be caused by calculous biliary tract disease with confirmed gallstones in the abdominal US. Acute acalculous cholecystitis usually occurs in critically ill patients, those with prolonged total parenteral nutrition, and some immunosuppressed patients. Patients with episodes of right upper quadrant pain (which are ‘classic' for biliary pain without evidence of cholelithiasis of US or ERCP) may also be referred for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Gallstone pancreatitis (when small stones pass through the cystic duct) confirmed by cholangiography is another indication for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Describe the reasons a patient might be disqualified for this surgery and the options for the patient if any
A patient might be excluded for laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to acute general conditions that are a contraindication for any surgery such as an acute cardiac failure, uncontrolled hypertension, acute renal failure, pneumonia, etc. The condition should be treated by a primary care provider or specialist and the patient should be stable prior surgery. Additional contraindications may include the inability to tolerate general anesthesia, significant portal hypertension, uncorrectable coagulopathy, and multiple prior operations.
List the diagnostic tests and lab work that an attending surgeon might order and desc.
Community Assessment and Analysis PresentationThis assignment co.docxdrandy1
Community Assessment and Analysis Presentation
This assignment consists of both an interview and a PowerPoint (PPT) presentation.
Assessment/Interview
Select a community of interest in your region. Perform a physical assessment of the community.
1. Perform a direct assessment of a community of interest using the "Functional Health Patterns Community Assessment Guide."
2. Interview a community health and public health provider regarding that person's role and experiences within the community.
Interview Guidelines
Interviews can take place in-person, by phone, or by Skype.
Develop interview questions to gather information about the role of the provider in the community and the health issues faced by the chosen community.
Complete the "Provider Interview Acknowledgement Form" prior to conducting the interview. Submit this document separately in its respective drop box.
Compile key findings from the interview, including the interview questions used, and submit these with the presentation.
PowerPoint Presentation
Create a PowerPoint presentation of 15-20 slides (slide count does not include title and references slide) describing the chosen community interest.
Include the following in your presentation:
1. Description of community and community boundaries: the people and the geographic, geopolitical, financial, educational level; ethnic and phenomenological features of the community, as well as types of social interactions; common goals and interests; and barriers, and challenges, including any identified social determinates of health.
2. Summary of community assessment: (a) funding sources and (b) partnerships.
3. Summary of interview with community health/public health provider.
4. Identification of an issue that is lacking or an opportunity for health promotion.
5. A conclusion summarizing your key findings and a discussion of your impressions of the general health of the community.
While APA style, and thesis is required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA format ting guidelines.
Functional Health Patterns Community Assessment Guide
Functional Health Pattern (FHP) Template Directions:
This FHP template is to be used for organizing community assessment data in preparation for completion of the topic assignment. Address every bulleted statement in each section with data or rationale for deferral. You may also add additional bullet points if applicable to your community.
Value/Belief Pattern
Predominant ethnic and cultural groups along with beliefs related to health.
Predominant spiritual beliefs in the community that may influence health.
Availability of spiritual resources within or near the community (churches/chapels, synagogues, chaplains, Bible studies, sacraments, self-help groups, support groups, etc.).
Do the community members value health promotion measures? What is the evidence that they do or do not (e.g., involvement in education, fundrai.
Comment Commentonat least 3 Classmates’Posts (approximately 150.docxdrandy1
Comment
Commentonat least 3 Classmates’Posts (approximately 150 -300 words each)§
- comment must address the R2R prompt and your classmate’s response substantively; if you agree or disagree, provide reasoning and rational evidence from the readings to support your position
- build on the ideas of what your classmate has written and dig deeper into the ideas
- support your views through research you have read or through your personal and/or professional experiences§demonstrate a logical progression of ideas
- comments need to be thoughtful and substantive; not gratuitous comments like “this was a good post” or simply that “you agree”. Simply congratulating the writer on their astute insights is insufficient.
- cite the readings in your response by using proper APA Style format and conventions.
classmate 1
Pragmatism is defined as a philosophical approach in which experience is the fundamental concept. Radu explains that in pragmatism, each experience is based on the interaction between subject and object, between self and its world and represents only the result of the integration of human beings into the environment (Radu, 2011). All in all, pragmatism promotes activity based learning. Pragmatism relates to Dewey’s work in many ways. The most significant being its rejection of traditional learning, and its emphasis on solving problems in a sensible way that suits conditions that really exist rather than obeying fixed theories, ideas, or rules (Cambridge, 2016).
Progressivism is a philosophical concept belonging to ‘new education’, is ‘a Copernican revolution’ in pedagogy, promoting ‘a child-centered school’ (Radu, 2011). Radu states that Dewey’s pedagogic view is not based on his philosophical concept, but al on the social, economic and cultural realities of American society (pg. 87). Progressivism is featured around the learning capacity continuing into adulthood; Dewey called this “permanent education”. Learning is done by doing; this is because Dewey believed authentic knowledge is achieved only through direct experience. Although Dewey though some target methods were necessary when teaching, he did not believe in teachers being forced to stick to routines (Radu 2011). This idea leads to the problem-problem solving method which in short states that in order to solve problem, an individual must: define the problem, analyze the problem, determine possible solutions, propose solutions, evaluate and select a solution, and determine strategies to implement solution. The progressive theory encourages learning through discovery, this allows the learner to acquire knowledge through interest, rather than effort.
Ragu also states that there are reactions against Dewey’s progressive education. Perennialism says that permanence is the fundamental feature of the world; not change. School is intended to promote the permanent values of the past and present. Essentialists believed the main purpose of school was to prepare th.
Communication permeates all that we do, no matter who we are. In thi.docxdrandy1
Communication permeates all that we do, no matter who we are. In this discussion forum, we are going to explore this concept by looking at the changes in how we communicate through written and spoken formats with the introduction of new technologies.
Begin by reading the following:
Mobile telephony and democracy in Ghana: Interrogating the changing ecology of citizen engagement and political communication
.
Towards the Egyptian Revolution: Activists' Perceptions of Social Media for Mobilization
Peacebuilding in a Networked World
Clay Shirky interview:
Social Media Acts as Catalyst for Policy Change
Technologies enable people to connect by shared beliefs and social movements, rather than by just national or ethnic identification. There is no longer a location-bound or time element in global communication. We seek out those who share our beliefs, and this allows us to harness the power of ideas across borders. Conduct some research into the power of social media to effect political change and consider the following questions, sharing one recent example:
Has the advent of “technology assisted communication” contributed to an expansion of the democratic process? If so, in what way(s)? Is this approach to democratic interaction workable for the future or just a unique event?
How has social media contributed to political change? Examine this question using the example from your research.
.
Combating BriberyIn May 2011, the Commission for Eradication of .docxdrandy1
Combating Bribery
In May 2011, the Commission for Eradication of Corruption in Indonesia (K.P.K.) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (O.E.C.D.) met to devise a treaty against international bribery practices. First, read the Conference Conclusions document. Then discuss how the twelve conclusions from the conference will help the international anti-corruption community forge ahead in fighting foreign bribery with a mutual understanding of how to achieve its goals. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts.
Shell’s Values
Review the Shell: Our Values page on Shell’s corporate website. To what major issues does Shell highlight its commitment? Do you think the organization’s statements are useful as a guide to ethical and socially responsible decision making? Why or why not? Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts.
.
Comment using your own words but please provide at least one referen.docxdrandy1
Comment using your own words but please provide at least one reference for each comment.
Do a half page for discussion #1, half page for discussion #2, half page for discussion #3 and half page for discussion #4 for a total of two pages.
Provide the comment for each discussion separate.
.
Communicating and Collaborating Family InvolvementIn this uni.docxdrandy1
Communicating and Collaborating: Family Involvement
In this unit you will read about the importance of developing partnerships with families in the preschool classroom. You will learn about rights and responsibilities of parents of children with disabilities as well as how to act as an advocate for children with special needs. You will discuss challenges of being sensitive and responsive to children and families from a variety of cultural backgrounds. You will also explore strategies to help empower a family of a child with special needs
.
Community Health Assessment and Health Promotion-1000 words-due .docxdrandy1
Community Health Assessment and Health Promotion-1000 words-due 9/23/2020
In 1000 words respond to each question below. Use the textbook and source to support statements
1. Elaborate on the effectiveness of children immunization program as a primary community health diseases prevention method within the Peoria Illinois community.
2. Identify at least 2 immunization health promotion program and initiatives within the Peoria Illinois community.
3. What are current population trends and attitudes regarding immunization?
4. Elaborate on the obesity epidemic and its public health impact.
5. Speak on at least two programs or initiative/programs that community and public health officials have taken to reduce the prevalence of obesity within the Peoria Illinois community.
Cite all source with credible scholarly articles. Use at least 3 reference. Sources must be 5 years old or less. Use APA format 7th edition. Use statistical data to support each question.
.
COMMUNITY HEALTH ASSESSMENTWINSHIELD SURVEYGUIDELINES1. C.docxdrandy1
This document provides guidelines for conducting a community health assessment using a windshield survey method. It outlines topics to address such as community description, health status data, the role of the community, key health indicators, and a conclusion. An appendix table is required listing housing, transportation, demographics, open space, services, and sociopolitical characteristics of the community. The assessment must be written in APA style with at least three recent references and in-text citations.
COMMUNITY CORRECTIONSPrepared ByDatePROBATIONDescr.docxdrandy1
COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS
Prepared By:
Date:
PROBATION
Description:
Purpose(s) served:
Advantages:
1.
2.
3.
Drawbacks:
1.
2.
3.
INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS
Name of punishment: COMMUNITY SERVICE
Description:
Purpose(s) served:
Advantages:
1.
2.
3.
Drawbacks:
1.
2.
3.
Name of punishment: RESTITUTION
Description:
Purpose(s) served:
Advantages:
1.
2.
3.
Drawbacks:
1.
2.
3.
Name of punishment: HOUSE ARREST
Description:
Purpose(s) served:
Advantages:
1.
2.
3.
Drawbacks:
1.
2.
3.
REFERENCES
1
Day 08 ActivityFisher & HughesSeptember 21, 2018Study
A study was conducted to determine the effects of alcohol on human reaction times. Fifty-seven adult individuals within two-age groups were recruited for this study and were randomly allocated into one of three alcohol treatment groups – a control where the subjects remain sober during the entire study, a moderate group were the subject is supplied alcohol but is limited in such a way that their blood alcohol content (BAC) remains under the legal limit to drive (BAC of 0.08) and a group that received a high amount of alcohol to which their BAC may exceed the legal limit for driving. Each subject was trained on a video game system and their reaction time (in milliseconds) to a visual stimulus was recorded at 7 time points 30 minutes apart (labeled T0=0, T1=30, T2=60 and so on). At time point T0, all subjects were sober and those in one of the alcohol consumption groups began drinking after the first measured reaction time (controlled within the specifications outlined). The researcher is interested in determining the influence alcohol and age (namely, is reaction time different for those in the 20s versus 30s) has on reaction times.
The task for today is to do a complete analysis for this study and dig into the effects of alcohol, age and time have on reaction times.Data input and wrangling
First read in the data:alcohol <- read.csv("alcoholReaction.csv")
head(alcohol)## Subject Age Alcohol T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
## 1 1 24 Control 255.3 254.8 256.4 255.1 257.0 256.1 257.0
## 2 2 34 Control 250.1 249.2 249.0 248.0 248.0 248.9 248.1
## 3 3 31 Control 248.2 247.1 246.9 246.7 246.0 246.0 247.0
## 4 4 24 Control 253.9 253.8 254.9 254.1 253.2 254.1 255.0
## 5 5 38 Control 250.0 251.0 250.0 249.9 248.8 249.1 249.9
## 6 6 38 Control 246.0 248.0 247.0 248.1 248.1 246.9 244.0
Note, the Age variable is recorded as an actual age in years, not the category of 20s or 30s like we want – we need to dichotomize this variable. Also note the data is in wide format – the reaction times (the response variables) are spread over multiple columns. We need a way to gather these columns into a single column. So we need to do some data processing.
First consider the below code:head(alcohol %>%
mutate(Age = case_when(Age<31 ~ "20s",
Age %in% 31:40 ~ "30s")))## Subject Age Alcohol .
Community Concerns Please respond to the followingIn your.docxdrandy1
Community Concerns"
Please respond to the following:
In your opinion, what are the most pressing and significant concerns facing communities today? Why do you think so? Respond to at least one of your classmates. How would a business' community relations department address the concern that your classmate has posted? Support your reasoning with at least one quality reference.
.
Community Engagement InstructionsPart I PlanStudents wi.docxdrandy1
Community Engagement Instructions
Part I: Plan
Students will submit the Community Engagement Plan Form that includes a paragraph informing the instructor of the plan for the required 10-hour volunteer service in a community setting, including the supervising organization’s name and other pertinent information.
Submit Part I: The Plan for Community Engagement by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module/Week 3.
.
Community Career DevelopmentRead the following case study an.docxdrandy1
Community Career Development
Read the following case study and in 700- to 1050-words (2-3 pages) answer the questions posed after the case study. Use headings to separate the responses to each question. Use at least two (2) resources.
Frank is a 25-year-old veteran who has served two tours of duty in Iraq. While there, he lost his right arm while removing wounded soldiers from the combat zone. He is suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. His military specialty is artillery maintenance specialist. Now he faces the need to get housing and a civilian job that provides enough income to support himself, his wife, and their two children. While he has been away, his wife and children have lived with her parents, but now Frank and his wife would like to have their own home.
Frank has a high school diploma but has not pursued any education beyond that. Before entering the military, he drove a florist delivery truck. Linda, his wife, has completed an associate degree in paralegal studies at the local community college while Frank has been away. She is willing to work if they could find a way to acquire good child care services.
Questions:
What kinds of next steps would you investigate with Frank as you work with him on an action plan?
To what agencies and resources might you refer Frank?
What kinds of support services does this family need?
.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Comment Advertising Won’t Die, But Defining It WillContinue.docx
1. Comment: Advertising Won’t Die, But Defining It Will
Continue to be Challenging
Jisu Huh
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
The evolution of the field of advertising has constantly
demanded redefining what advertising is and what topics fit
under the rubric of “advertising research.” In response, both
academic and industry organizations have often developed
definitions resembling a laundry list of new advertising types
added to earlier definitions of advertising. While this might be
useful for temporarily addressing the gap between the estab-
lished concept of advertising and the changing reality of the
phenomenon, more thoughtful and rigorous conceptualization
of advertising has been long overdue.
Thus, I am excited to see Dahlen and Rosengren’s (2016)
article and thank the authors for their contribution to the adver-
tising discipline by reinitiating the important discussion about
2. how advertising should be defined. This work presents the
compelling need for redefining advertising, a thoughtful over-
view of the historical development of advertising definitions, a
systematic conceptual approach focusing on three specific
dynamics, and well-developed empirical studies testing the
new definition.
While Dahlen and Rosengren (2016) make an excellent
effort, developing a universally accepted definition that delin-
eates the boundaries of the phenomenon that is the central
focus of scholarly inquiry is not easy for any academic disci-
pline. Especially for a field like ours, which is closely linked
to constantly evolving phenomena, it seems impossible to
develop the perfect definition including everything and satisfy-
ing everyone. Thus, an important question preceding “What is
advertising?” would be “What is the purpose and motivation
of (re-)defining advertising?” Is it to include everything prac-
ticed under the name of advertising? To expand the size of the
academic field of advertising? To advance advertising
3. scholarship and theory building? Or to determine what should
be covered in advertising education?
Some of these questions are present in every call to develop
a better definition of advertising. However, would it be truly
attainable, or even desirable, to try to address all of these ques-
tions in a single definition? In an ideal sense, research, educa-
tion, and practice should be closely connected, but they are not
exactly the same field because of differences in the missions,
objectives, and environmental/structural factors between aca-
demia and industry, and even within the academic community.
Keeping this in mind, I respond here to Dahlen and Rose-
ngren’s (2016) proposed working definition and pose some
questions with the purpose of advancing the academic field of
advertising and advertising theory building. I hope my com-
ments serve as food for thought and help advance the impor-
tant dialogue about the definition of advertising.
TO ADVANCE THE ACADEMIC FIELD OF ADVERTISING
AS A UNIQUE AND COHESIVE DISCIPLINE
Is advertising a unique scientific field? This question has
4. been confronting us for decades, and with our collective
actions we suggest an answer of “yes” to this question (for a
detailed discussion, see Thorson and Rodgers 2012). The aca-
demic discipline of advertising is a unique and cohesive field
that is “formed around advertisements” (Thorson and Rodgers
2012, p. 13) and situated at the intersection of mass communi-
cation, journalism, and marketing.
To establish and advance an academic discipline, it is
essential for its members to share an understanding of the
unique attributes of the phenomenon of the collective schol-
arly interest that distinguish it from related others. Thus, the
definition of advertising is inherently linked to the legitimacy
of the advertising field as a unique scientific discipline and
fundamental to the field’s cohesive identity.
This seemingly straightforward task becomes complicated
due to the complex and accidental nature of the academic ori-
gin of the advertising field and diverse backgrounds of its
Address correspondence to Jisu Huh, School of Journalism and
5. Mass
Communication, University of Minnesota, 206 Church Street
SE, Mur-
phy Hall 338, Minneapolis, MN 55455. E-mail:
[email protected]
Jisu Huh (PhD, University of Georgia) is Professor, Raymond
O.
Mithun Chair in Advertising, School of Journalism and Mass
Communication, University of Minnesota, and 2016 President of
the
American Academy of Advertising.
356
Journal of Advertising, 45(3), 356–358
Copyright � 2016, American Academy of Advertising
ISSN: 0091-3367 print / 1557-7805 online
DOI: 10.1080/00913367.2016.1191391
members (Ross and Richards 2008). Depending on individual
backgrounds and academic affiliations, an attribute that is
important and unique to some might not be so to others. This
perspective-driven difference is noticeable in Dahlen and
Rosengren’s (2016) study. Reviewing the previous advertising
definitions, for example, the authors criticize use of the term
mediated as confusing and suggest it should be dropped from
6. the definition, and argue paid is too limiting and should be
replaced with brand-initiated.
The confusion about the term mediated may stem from the
Dahlen and Rosengren’s (2016) marketing-oriented back-
grounds. The authors state that “brands are increasingly adver-
tising through own channels, ranging from social media to
Web sites and apps, which would not be a mediated
communication,” but all of these examples are actually medi-
ated forms of communication. Mediated communication is a
concept referring to communication performed through media,
not through face-to-face interpersonal communication. From
the marketing scholars’ perspectives, mediated and paid might
not be considered unique attributes that matter for advertising
research. However, from the mass communication perspective,
distinguishing advertising from other forms of communication
is important for the purpose of establishing advertising as a
unique academic field and as a unique academic unit within a
university. Dahlen and Rosengren (2016) are too quick to
7. identify advertising as a discipline in marketing. However,
given that about two-thirds of the members of the American
Academy of Advertising are from journalism and mass com-
munication programs, and 95% of advertising programs in the
United States are situated in journalism and mass communica-
tion or arts and sciences colleges (Ross and Richards 2008), it
would be important to bring in the mass communication per-
spectives and compare them to those from the marketing
perspectives.
Within the broad field of communication, interpersonal
communication and mediated communication are clearly dis-
tinguished and studied in separate disciplines where unique
theoretical parameters exist, causing different directions in
theory development. In the previous definitions of advertising,
mass communication or mediated form of communication has
served the purpose of distinguishing advertising from interper-
sonal/speech communication. Likewise, paid has distinguished
advertising from public relations and other forms of communi-
8. cation that are not under the advertiser’s control (Richards and
Curran 2002).
I agree with Dahlen and Rosengren’s (2016) contention that
the terms paid and identifiable sources might be too limiting
given new forms of advertising. However, I still struggle with
the disciplinary distinctions that exist in the academe, espe-
cially in the broad field of communication. It is true that
boundaries in the business practices of advertising and public
relations have been blurring. However, is a changing business
practice sufficient justification for eliminating key components
in the definition of the phenomenon that identifies an academic
discipline? Furthermore, would the convergence trend in mar-
keting communication necessarily make the academic disci-
plinary distinction between advertising and other forms of
communication obsolete and meaningless? These questions
need to be examined thoughtfully to advance our field as a
unique and cohesive academic discipline.
TO DRAW CONCEPTUAL BOUNDARIES FOR
9. ADVERTISING THEORY
Applying the conceptualization of level fields versus vari-
able fields, Faber, Duff, and Nan (2012) elegantly described
the nature of theory building in variable fields: “rather than
desiring theories with broad abstract generalizations, variable
fields should be concerned with identifying the boundary con-
ditions where a broader theory might no longer be true. To do
this, a variable field needs to recognize what makes it unique
and to identify the variables that it can contribute to testing
and qualifying broad theories from level fields” (pp. 19–20).
For advertising theory building, therefore, it is imperative to
identify the unique attributes of advertising and recognize how
they may influence more general theories.
Faber, Duff, and Nan (2012) proposed four unique attrib-
utes that could serve to challenge the boundary conditions for
general theories and thereby advance advertising theory build-
ing: consumer skepticism, repetition, message coordination,
and clutter. If we agree that “persuasive intent by an identifi-
10. able source” are two essential elements of an advertising defi-
nition, consumer skepticism and persuasion knowledge would
be important variables of interest that would lead to meaning-
ful advertising theory development. However, if such concep-
tual elements are not part of the definition, researchers would
have to qualify their theoretical contributions as confined to
only certain types of advertising but not all.
The issue of boundary conditions for advertising theory is
inherently linked to the issue of ecological and external validity
of
advertising research. Advertising theories should be relevant to
practice, and advertising research should be based on real-world
advertising issues. The definition of advertising, therefore, is
fun-
damental for determining the ecological validity of research and
identifying true advertising research as such, and disguised mar-
keting, consumer behavior, psychology, and mass
communication
research as such. I would encourage the authors to consider the
issues of boundary conditions for advertising theory building,
11. external and ecological validity, and the implications of their
pro-
posed definition for addressing these issues.
TO EXPAND THE FIELD OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH
The expansion of advertising practice and research has been
happening in multiple dimensions, including expansion beyond
traditional mass media advertising, advertising agency work,
effect outcomes, and branding/marketing communication. I
agree
with Dahlen and Rosengren’s (2016) suggestion that a revised
COMMENT: ADVERTISING WON’T DIE, BUT DEFINING IT
WILL CONTINUE TO BE CHALLENGING 357
definition of advertising should update the term receiver to
reflect
the more active roles of consumers and broaden the scope of
advertising effects.
However, the fourth expansion area and the growing trend
in grant-oriented research in the mass communication field
call the brand-initiated component in the proposed definition
12. into question. What would be the implications of the term
brand-initiated for the growing subareas of advertising that
are not branding or marketing communication? If we are to
embrace or even foster research about communication cam-
paigns promoting ideas, issues, or health for the benefits of
general public, brand-initiated might not be the best word
choice, even with a qualifying explanation of the term. Per-
haps a less marketing-oriented phrase, for example,
“communication initiated by an organization or person,”
would make the definition more open to the growing research
areas focusing on nonmarketing, nonbranding communication
campaigns.
CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
Advertising will be alive and well, constantly transformed,
and continue to be understood differently by different stake-
holders. Some aspects of the conceptualization of advertising
can and should cover the common denominator agreed by
everyone (e.g., “communication”), but other aspects will likely
13. be debated continuously and disagreed upon regularly. How-
ever, such disagreement should be considered not a sign of a
discipline in crisis but a sign of a vigorously growing field
with many new avenues for future research.
The advertising academic field has been dealing with the
criticism of lagging behind real-world practice and its seeming
unwillingness to broaden the definition of advertising. Dahlen
and Rosengren’s (2016) proposed working definition is defi-
nitely less narrow than the previous ones. As acknowledged
by the authors, however, the trade-off between the overinclu-
siveness and underinclusiveness of a definition is an important
issue. Depending on the motivation of an author, different defi-
nitions would likely err on different sides. The current working
definition errs on the overinclusive side in an attempt to “stay
relevant,” which brings up another important balancing issue:
dealing with the different motivations of practitioners and
academics.
Many verbatim comments quoted in Richards and Curran
14. (2002) indicate significantly different viewpoints of the two
groups. The mean scores reported in the current study about
practitioners’ and academics’ ratings of different definitions
also showed that academics rated the previous definition as
more proper than the new definition, but professionals rated
the new definition as more proper. Unfortunately, this very
interesting result did not get adequate attention from the
authors, who focused more on a general discussion arguing
that the new definition was improvement over the previous
one.
The missions and motivations driving advertising practice and
academic research and education, and challenges and opportuni-
ties affecting them, are intertwined but not the same across the
dif-
ferent sectors. Our different backgrounds would likely have
significant impact on what each of us would consider an accept-
able or perfect definition of advertising. Finding a definition
that
satisfies everyone might be impossible, but the chance of doing
15. so
would improve if additional studies and open discussion
continue.
In doing so, more thoughtful consideration of purpose-driven
defi-
nitions and cross-fertilization across scholars with different
back-
grounds is strongly recommended.
REFERENCES
Dahlen, Micael, and Sara Rosengren (2016), “If Advertising
Won’t Die, What
Will It Be? Toward a Working Definition of Advertising,”
Journal of
Advertising, 45 (3), 334–345.
Faber, Ronald J., Brittany R.L. Duff, and Xiaoli Nan (2012),
“Coloring Out-
side the Lines: Suggestions for Making Advertising Theory
More Mean-
ingful,” in Advertising Theory, Shelly Rodgers and Esther
Thorson, eds.,
New York: Routledge, 18–32.
Richards, Jef I., and Catherine M. Curran (2002), “Oracles on
‘Advertising’:
16. Searching for a Definition,” Journal of Advertising, 31 (2), 63–
77.
Ross, Billy I., and Jef I. Richards (2008), A Century of
Advertising Education,
American Academy of Advertising.
Thorson, Esther, and Shelly Rodgers (2012), “What Does
‘Theories of
Advertising’ Mean?” in Advertising Theory, Shelly Rodgers and
Esther
Thorson, eds., New York: Routledge, 3–17.
358 J. HUH
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3. Access and authority control
An access point is a field for a record that can be searched.
Access points are defined in any record to make the record
searchable. Access points are selected such that they
compliment users’ searching behavior and cater to their needs.
17. An access point represents information that is returned when a
user enters a search term into a field. Access points generally
have authority control applied to them.
Authority control is an important concept that greatly helps in
standardizing data and reducing inconsistencies. It is defined as
a way of controlling or manipulating data that is entered into a
field so that standardization of data is enforced and achieved.
Authority control ensures that only allowed or acceptable terms
are used when entering data into a field or for searching.
Authority control, when used, is applicable to the cataloguers as
well as users: the cataloguers need to mandatorily adhere to the
authorized terms when entering data into fields; the users in
turn, are provided with relevant results only when they select
the right terms to search for an object. Authority control can be
of the following types:
One type of authority control is where use of controlled
vocabulary is made. Controlled vocabulary is a list of
standardized or authorized terms that can be used to retrieve
information about an object. This type of authority control is
very efficient and practical when the authorized terms are
limited; for example, a drop-down menu for Genre field where
terms are limited. This type of authority control does not allow
for increase in number of authorized terms as the collection
grows. In this collection, the field Tags (for Subject and Genre)
has predictable terms and should have controlled vocabulary
applied. Of these, the field Tags (for Subject) has a very large
number of terms as possible input to the field and must
therefore be under controlled vocabulary using a thesaurus.
Comment by Jeannie Naylor: Make sure to clearly define
the two types of authority control- name and subject - and then
the mechanisms - NA File, thesaurus, and validation list. All
three mechanisms are a form of controlled vocabulary. - 1 point
Another type of authority control is one which is very
18. applicable where name-type fields are being considered. This is
called name authority control. It uses name authority file, and
authorized terms grow with growth in collection. The field
Author in this collection should have name authority control
applied to it. Similarly, the field Publisher should have name
authority control applied to it to ensure different variations of
user input still retrieve relevant objects.
4. Representation of information content
4.1. Subject access
An information object can have two types of descriptions
associated with it. Bibliographic description is information
where physical features of an object, such as title of the object,
number of pages, the audience level, etc. can be determined.
Intellectual description, on the other hand, is relevant to the
aboutness of the object. It refers to the subject of object. A
subject of an object is defined as the central idea, the main
theme of the object; such fields as subject, topic, theme, tag,
etc. can be considered to describe an object intellectually.
Comment by Jeannie Naylor: Don’t use etc.
Subject access is a broad concept that deals with the intellectual
content or topic searched by users. It is a collective term that
encompasses all the procedures and measures taken in a system
to provide access to intellectual content of the objects within a
collection. This represents all the fields that cover subject
access such as, in the case of this collection, Subject, Genre,
Plot. Here the concept of natural language indexing versus
authority control is also important. Natural language is what
comes freely to people while communicating, whether written or
oral, and natural language indexing as a result is where no terms
used are controlled and as close to natural language as possible.
Authority control, on the other hand, allows for the use of only
authorized terms. It is essential to remember here that the main
19. aim is for users to be able to access the right objects in the most
easy and convenient manner. For this collection, the field Plot
is not searchable and as such, needs no indexing, while Subject
and Genre, as discussed above, have controlled vocabulary.
An important process involved in subject representation is
subject analysis. Subject analysis is mainly for cataloguers and
is defined as the process of finding out terms for representing
the information object. Also, depending on the field and field
rules, subject analysis may be done for natural language
indexing or authority control. In both cases, the three steps of
familiarization, extraction and assignment are common.
Familiarization involves figuring out the major theme or idea of
the object, in this case, a book, and this need not be done in
depth, it is done in a cursory manner. Once the cataloguer is
familiar with the book, they move to the next step of extraction,
which is where the cataloguer starts thinking of terms to use
based on what they now know of the book. This is also where
the field and its input rules come into picture and decision on
whether to use natural language indexing or authority control is
made. If using natural language indexing, the cataloguer’s
domain knowledge comes into play for term selection and based
on those selected terms, the final step, assignment, is attained.
Assignment is simply entering the selected terms into the field,
adhering to input rules. In the case of authority control
application, after extraction, an additional step of translation
also comes into picture, where the cataloguer compares
extracted terms with what is allowed or authorized. Every term
extracted is compared with the controlled vocabulary and the
term which is most similar or the closest in meaning or
relevance is chosen for the purpose of assignment.
So subject representation involves subject analysis carried out
by the cataloguer, which leads to subject access. It is important
to know that subject analysis also carries partially into the
process of classification in that it determines the physical
20. location of the object by virtue of the fact that cataloguer
determines the predominant subject term for classification. So
in essence, the process of subject analysis begins right from the
author, to the publishers, the cataloguers, indexers, classifiers
and finally the users.
Classification is the process used to organize information
objects in a systematic way. Using one or more subject based
fields to classify information objects allows technical users to
organize them in a manner that is more user-friendly; users
searching for information objects based on their subject find it
easier to access the information object in such classification. In
this collection, two subject based fields are used in the
classification scheme: Tags (for Subject) and Tags (For Genre).
4.2. Thesaurus structure
Subject authority control is defined as the process of applying
controlled vocabulary to subject search terms as well as subject
headings. A subject heading is the closest word or group of
words to the subject of a book. The field chosen in this
collection for subject authority control is the Subject field. This
is because for users using this field to retrieve right results,
controlled vocabulary needs to be applied to it to minimize
inconsistencies and eliminate disparity between what users
search for and what cataloguers enter in the field. Authority
control is applied to Genre field for the same reason, i.e., to
reduce inconsistencies and impose standardization.
Subject authority control makes use of subject authority files
which contain subject records, which in turn contain the
controlled vocabulary that represents the subject. Subject
authority files are of the types thesaurus and subject heading
lists. A thesaurus is defined as a document containing words
with associated relationships and it allows for vocabulary
control, thereby improving search results retrieval. In this
21. collection, the thesaurus is developed for the Subject field.
Controlled vocabulary, which is previously defined, is a
solution to indexing problems that result from natural language
and it allows usage of a single term, spelled a single, specific
way for content representation purpose. While considering
controlled vocabulary in terms of a thesaurus, it is important to
understand what authorized and unauthorized terms are. An
authorized term is what is selected by the indexer as allowed or
acceptable. Use of any other term than the authorized term in
the field is unacceptable. Unauthorized terms are those terms
that are not to be used or unacceptable in the field; in their
place, the related authorized term needs to be used.
Semantic relationships are associations between words based on
their meanings. Semantic relationships follow the syndetic
structure, which is defined as cross-referencing between terms
used in the controlled vocabulary, in this case, in the thesaurus.
There are three types of semantic relationships taken into
consideration for building the thesaurus for the Subject field:
equivalent, hierarchical and associative. Equivalent relationship
is one where the associated words have the same meaning, or
very close to it. For example, the terms bravery and valor are
nearly identical in meaning and therefore share an equivalent
relationship. Hierarchical relationship is where the associated
terms are such that one is a broader representation of the other
and conversely the other is a narrower representation of the
first. For example, armed forces and air force share the broad-
narrow relationship respectively because air force is a type of
armed forces. An associative relationship is where the two
terms considered are associated terms. For example, Holocaust
and concentration camps are associated or related terms and
therefore have an associative relationship.
As previously explained, semantic relationship approaches are
so defined that every relationship contains associations that are
22. complementary, and these cross references are called mandatory
reciprocals. For example, the equivalent relationship has the
USE FOR – USE cross reference, the hierarchical relationship
has the BROADER TERM – NARROWER TERM cross
reference and the associative relationship has the RELATED
TERM – RELATED TERM cross reference.
The domain of a thesaurus the complete range, concept-wise, of
terms that can be used in the field that the thesaurus is designed
for. The scope, on the other hand, defines the limit or boundary
that is applied on the domain. In this collection, the domain for
the thesaurus is topics and themes related to World War II,
whereas the scope of the thesaurus is that topics and themes
pertaining only to World War II are allowed.
Specificity is the extent of precision of terms used to represent
the subject of the book in the chosen field. Higher the level of
specificity, higher is the precision of the subject representation.
Conversely, lower the level of specificity, lesser the accuracy of
subject representation. Specificity partially depends on the
concreteness, or lack thereof, of the chosen terms. For terms
that are more abstract, specificity is generally low. For this
collection, high level of specificity is appropriate as users have
high domain knowledge. The terms selected represent the theme
of the book accurately. High level of specificity results in high
precision and low recall.
Exhaustivity determines the number of terms assigned for
representing the subjects of each object in the collection. It is
the extent of subject representation for every object. Depending
on subject coverage, exhaustivity is classified further into depth
indexing and summarization. Depth indexing covers more
ground, covering main as well as sub- topics, whereas
summarization covers only main subject of the object. Depth
indexing yields high exhaustivity whereas summarization yields
low exhaustivity. Depth indexing is more applicable in case
23. where selected terms are more abstract and more terms are
assigned to each record. For this thesaurus, the depth-indexing
method is used to yield better results for each search because
the user domain knowledge is high in this case but subject terms
are more abstract. So for example, even though the term bravery
precisely specifies the subject of the book, bravery can also be
described as courage or chivalry and all these terms need to be
taken into consideration. The exhaustivity level is high for this
thesaurus. For depth indexing, recall is high, and precision is
low.
Refer Appendix D for thesaurus for this collection.
4.3. Classification scheme
Classification is a system of information organization that
enables proper organizing and arrangement of information
objects. The system of classification is implemented via
classification schemes, which are useful in that they enable
proper ordering of information objects, and also make them
logically easier to locate. Classification can be done using two
approaches: hierarchical approach and faceted approach.
The hierarchical approach uses prearrangement into classes and
subclasses, where classes are a category of similar objects and
sub-classes are a further classification of classes. This approach
is exhaustive in terms of including all possible concepts and is
rigid, modifications are not allowed. The faceted approach
requires prior selection of subject fields that are possible
candidates for facets. Here, there is no prearrangement of
classes and subclasses. This approach requires prior analysis of
the information object, and based on that analysis, the notation
is coined. Faceted approach allows for certain modifications if
required, such as addition of classes in the future, etc.
In the case of this collection, the faceted approach is used.
24. Facets are different types of classes or categories and they
enable better organization of objects. The user questions are
analyzed and based on this information it is concluded that user
searching behavior involves knowledge of Genre and Subject
fields, which are subject class candidates, as well as author
name. The primary facet is selected to be Genre field as it has
limited terms and allows for better organization and as a result,
retrieval. Along with these, the Publication Date field is
selected to come up with the classification notation, followed
by a unique identifier; the unique identifier is not a facet. A
unique identifier is, in this case, a number which is assigned
only to a single information object, in this case a book, which
distinguishes it from all other information objects, and decides
the physical shelf location of the book. So, the unique identifier
starts from the first record created and increases by one for
every new record created. The facets and unique identifier
enable for precise identification of the book, and the notation
created allows for logical ordering and placement of the book.
The classification scheme is for this collection is designed to
produce the following kind of code. Considering a book from
the collection, the genre of which is classified as Holocaust
(Hol), the first Tags (for Subject) term is Auschwitz, the last
name of the author is Morris and the year of publication from
the Publication Date is 2018, following the notation as defined
in Appendix E., the classification code is Hol.Aus.Mor.2018/10.
The notation requires the usage of the abbreviation of the Genre
term as provided in Appendix E table and followed by period,
the use of the first three letters of the first Subject term, first
letter capitalized, followed by period, the first three letters of
the last name of Author with first letter capitalized and
followed by period, the four digits of the year field in
Publication Date followed by a period, followed finally by the
unique identifier assigned to the book.
25. 3. Access and authority control
Access points are often under some form of authority control
(also called access control or terminology control). Authority
control is a mechanism for bringing consistency to data values
in an information organization system. Data entered in fields
that are under authority control must come from a file or list of
authorized (or controlled) terms. In your system, terms related
to subjects and to names of people and corporations are under
authority control. You can establish authority control in two
forms for purposes of this assignment:
· thesaurus (external to the main database file) for subject terms
(section 4.2, required)
· name authority file (external to the main database file) for
names in the records (section 5, required)
In this section, you explain authority control in general and
state which fields are under which type of control.
Tasks: Determine which fields (both physical description and
subject description) are under some form of authority control.
Consider the following:
· Fields with simple, predictable terms. These are usually
physical description fields such as Format with terms such as
"book" and "video." Decide whether any such field should be
under control of a controlled vocabulary
· The field with the greatest number of potential terms and the
most semantically (conceptually) complex terms, especially how
the terms are related to one another is a candidate for a
thesaurus. Usually this is a subject field. Choose one field only
for vocabulary control using a thesaurus.
· Fields with proper names. These may be personal names
(people) or corporate names (companies, organizations).
Usually all name fields are controlled by a name authority file.
26. The name authority file also controls the form of names used in
subject fields.
Write narrative.
Narrative:
· Discuss the purpose of authority control and its importance in
your system.
· Explain how it works.
· Explain the relationship to controlled vocabularies.
· Explain why it is beneficial to have specific access points
under authority control from the perspectives of the end user
searching the system and the technical user creating the records.
· State the kinds of authority control in your system. Note that
access points do not always have to be under authority control,
and you can have authority control on non-access points.
· Discuss the fields under control of a thesaurus, and a name
authority file. State explicitly which fields are under which type
of control mechanism.
Hint: If you have trouble completing this section, come back to
it after completing section 4.
4. Representation of information content
Given the basic resource description for the information
container developed in section 2, you now need to determine the
metadata elements necessary for representing information
content (or intellectual content, subjects, topics). Section 4
focuses on problems of describing subjects, including use of
controlled vocabulary in section 4.2, and subject-based
classification in section 4.3.
4.1. Subject access
Tasks:
· Determine how to provide subject representation, or how to
27. represent the information content of the objects.
· The subject representations will be the basis for providing
subject access in your system.
· Consider the kinds of subjects (e.g., topics, themes, time
period, geographic area) of the information objects.
· Note that, although fields such as title and table of contents
can provide clues to aboutness, these fields are
considered physical description of the information container,
not subject description of the information content.
· Decide how many subject fields you need.
· You may translate Subject into more than one field (e.g.,
Topics and Time Period) and/or you may rename the metadata
element and database field.
· You may have some subject fields controlled by a subject
heading list, or controlled by a thesaurus, or fields that contain
natural language terms (e.g., abstracts, summaries, etc.).
The classification code to be developed in Draft 3 should be
based in part on information content.
Narrative:
· Define and discuss subject representation, subject analysis and
subject access.
· Explain the importance of subject access for your users.
· Describe how your organization system provides subject
access by listing all fields in your records that contain subject-
related data or information.
· Explain that classification is partially based on subject,
identify the subject-based facet(s) in your classification scheme,
and name the field that contains the classification code. (You
may need to return to this after you complete section 4.3).
4.2. Thesaurus structure
This section addresses subject authority control (also called
vocabulary control or terminology control) using a thesaurus. A
thesaurus is a list of controlled vocabulary terms that provides
28. data values (terms) for a single field under subject authority
control. It serves both technical users (indexers, cataloguers) as
a source of terms to enter in the record and end users as a
source of search terms.
Tasks:
· Review the Thesaurus Tutorial in the Canvas course site.
· Review, discuss and demonstrate the three semantic
(conceptual) relationships in the thesaurus, and understand how
mandatory reciprocals are used to indicate these three
relationships. This should be a thorough discussion that fully
informs the readers on this topic.
· Determine the domain and scope of the thesaurus.
· Make decisions concerning specificity and exhaustivity.
· Consider how each decision may affect information retrieval
performance based on measures of precision and recall.
Write narrative.
Narrative:
· Explain the purpose of subject authority control, how it is
implemented in your system, and why it is important for both
end users and technical users of your system.
· Discuss why the subject field needs authority control
· Define the thesaurus as a kind of controlled vocabulary.
Explain the purpose of its syndetic structure.
· Define and describe the three (3) kinds of semantic
relationships and how each is displayed.
· Explain mandatory reciprocals and how they are used.
· Describe the domain and scope of the thesaurus.
· Define specificity.
· State the level of specificity in the thesaurus (high, moderate,
low) and explain why it is appropriate for the users and/or
information objects.
· Discuss the probable effect of this level of specificity
on precision and recall measures of information retrieval
performance.
29. · Define exhaustivity. State the level of exhaustivity for
indexing, that is, whether the indexer should tend more
toward depth indexing or summarization.
· Explain why this level is appropriate for the users and/or
information objects.
· Discuss the probable effect of this level of exhaustivity
on precision and recall measures of information retrieval
performance.
Refer to Appendix D: Sample thesaurus.
Note: The instructor understands that your thesaurus is only a
sample and that it is not comprehensive. The reader should have
a thorough understanding of how a thesaurus works, how the
three relationships work, how they look in the thesaurus, what
mandatory reciprocals are, and how they are shown in the
thesaurus. Actual examples go a long way here.
4.3. Classification scheme
Classification is a process of categorizing objects according to
one or more attributes or characteristics. Formal classification
systems such as Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress are
called schemes. Classification codes are derived from schemes
and assigned to objects to group items that are similar in one or
more ways together. The primary function of bibliographic
classification is to bring items together that contain similar
intellectual content or subject matter. In the library world,
bibliographic classification systems are also used as the basis
for physical location. Classification schemes are used by
technical users who create the codes and by end users who want
to understand the organization of materials. Ultimately, your
classification codes will be your call numbers.
Tasks:
· Review Faceted Classification Tutorial and/or Hierarchical
Classification Tutorial in the Canvas course site.
30. · Determine your approach to classification: faceted
(recommended) or hybrid (hierarchical first facet) .
· Choose three or four attributes of the objects (e.g., subject,
creator, literary form or genre, media format, date) to be used in
classification.
· Consider attributes suggested by users' questions and how
these relate to users' expectations for physical arrangement of
objects (e.g., whether to arrange objects first by subject or by
format).
· For this project, you should have at least three (3) facets, and
at least one (1) facet must relate to information content or
subjects. Your first facet should not be Author or any other
facet that merely alphabetizes the collection.
· Develop a notation code (you may not use a pre-existing code
such as Dewey or LC) to identify and group the objects by
class.
· In order to physically organize the objects, make this a unique
identifier (call number) by adding to the notation code a unique
number (for example, RecordID) to identify the individual
object.
· Be sure to create a code (call number) for each of your
records.
Create Appendix E: Classification scheme.
Write narrative.
Narrative:
· Define classification and its purposes in general.
· Describe the role of classification in your system with regard
to providing intellectual access and physical access if
appropriate.
· Define and describe the difference between faceted and
hierarchical approaches to classification; state your approach
and explain your choice. The reader should have a thorough
understanding of the differences, pros, cons, etc. of each.
· State the primary facet and explain why you chose it with
regard to providing intellectual access (subject-based). List the
31. other facets in order.
· Explain why you chose these facets, including their
effectiveness as a system for intellectual and physical
organization of the objects (if applicable).
· Your primary facet should be derived from a field that uses a
controlled vocabulary.
· If you are adding a unique identifier to the classification code
for physical arrangement, explain why that is necessary and the
source of the unique identifier.
· In a separate paragraph, illustrate your classification system
by providing a complete example of one classification code:
· Briefly describe one of your 10 objects
· Show the classification code for that object
· Explain what each part of the classification code represents.