In the wild the coffee trees grow upto 40 feet. Cultivated trees maintained at 5-6 feet height. It has an open branching system, the leaves are opposite, simple, oblong, glossy dark green. Flowers are white, 10–15 mm dia., grow in axillary clusters. Fruit is a drupe. Bright red when ripe. Contains sweet pulp and 2 seeds of 10-15mm diameter.

1. COFFEE
Coffea arabica
Coffea canephora
Coffee Plantation

2. ORIGIN OF COFFEE IN INDIA
Sufi Saint Hazrat Baba Budan went on pilgrimage to Mecca in1670
While returning smuggled 7 Coffee beans fromYemen. Smuggled, because fertile coffee beans and
their cultivation was kept secret.
Planted them at his abode in Chandragiri Hills (6000 ft. above msl) in Chikmagalur in Mysore
Kingdom
By 1840 the 1st
Coffee Estate was established
Coffee cultivation picked up in the surrounding hills
Soon spread to Kodagu (Coorg) region
1942 the Coffee Act was passed by Govt. of India
1946 the Coffee Board was established

3. ORIGIN OF COFFEE
Chandragiri Hills of Chikmagalur

4. THE COFFEE PLANT
 The coffee plant (Coffea arabica L.) belongs to the family
Rubiaceae.
 It is a woody, perennial, evergreen, dicotyledonous, tree.
 In the wild the coffee trees grow upto 40 feet. Cultivated
trees maintained at 5-6 feet height.
 It has an open branching system, the leaves are opposite,
simple, oblong, glossy dark green.
 Flowers are white, 10–15 mm dia., grow in axillary clusters.
 Fruit is a drupe. Bright red when ripe. Contains sweet pulp
and 2 seeds of 10-15mm diameter.


5. THE COFFEE PLANT

6. Significance of theCoffee Bean
 Coffee as an exotic drink was introduced by the Arab traders to
European Royals in the 1600s.
 Soon ‘Coffee Houses’ became centres of social activity across
European cities.
 Coffee drinking in India was promoted the Coffee Board through
‘Indian Coffee Houses’ located in all major cities.
 Presently, Coffee is the 2nd
most traded commodity in the world, next
only to Petroleum.
 A Good Day commences with a Good Coffee, for most people across
the world.
 We now have a Coffee Shop at every major street corner across the
world.

7. INDIAN COFFEE HOUSE

8. COFFEE IS SIMPLY NOT COFFEE
But
Filter Coffee, Black, Instant
With or without Chicory
With or without Milk and Sugar
Strong, Medium or Light
Espresso, Cappuccino, Caffe latte, Americano, Macchiato

9. COFFEE GROWING COUNTRIES
Grown in 70 countries across the world
Country Production (MT)
Brazil 26,80,515
Vietnam 15,42,398
Colombia 7,54,376
Indonesia 6,68,677
Honduras 4,75,042
Ethiopia 4,71,247
Peru 3,46,466
India 3,34,000
Guatemala 2,45,441
Uganda 2,09,325

10. COFFEE PRODUCTION IN INDIA
State Production (MT)
Karnataka 2,35,500
Kerala 69,100
Tamil Nadu 17,900
Andhra Pradesh 10,730
Orissa 610
Total 3,34,000

11. COFFEE CULTIVATION
Varieties
Arabica (Coffea arabica)
Polymorphic species i.e. having many forms.
Variability in plant size, branching habit, fruit size, yield, etc.
Inter-varietal hybridization and pedigree selection practiced
Old Selections – Kents, Coorgs, Chiks – Kents was best
CCRI Slns – 288, 333, 795, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 – 795 was best
- Cauvery, Hemavathy, Chandragri
Robusta (Coffea canephora)
Self incompatible, limited gene pool –Hence less varieties
CCRI Selections – 1R, 2R, 3R (C x R)

12. COFFEE CULTIVATION
Soil and Climate
Factors Arabica Robusta
Elevation 3000 to 5000 ft. 1500 to 3500 ft.
Soil Deep, friable, rich in organic
matter, well drained , slightly
acidic (pH – 6.0 – 6.5)
Same as Arabica
Temperature 15o to 30oC 20o to 35oC
Relative Humidity 70 to 80% 80 to 90%
Rainfall 60 to 100 inches 40 to 80 inches
Blossom showers March – April - 1 to 1.5” February – March - 1 to 1.5”
Backing showers Within 15 days – 1 to 1.5” Within 15 days – 1 to 1.5 “

13. COFFEE CULTIVATION
Propagation
 50% shade net nursery
 Prepare germination bed
 Procure Certified seeds of required variety
 Sow in November - December
 Flat side of seed facing the soil @ 1” distance in rows
 Cover with paddy straw and water daily
 Fill perforated polybags with potting mixture
 Arrange polybags in 10-12 bag rows within framed beds
 Seeds germinate in 45 days – remove straw
 Make 2” thin holes in polybags and transplant seedlings
 Nip root tips and dip in cow dung slurry before planting
 Apply fertilizers dissolved in water at monthly intervals
 Spray micronutrients and growth regulators monthly
 Seedlings will be ready for planting by June to September

14. Coffee Nursery

15. Planting
 Regulate shade trees to get 50% sunlight.
 Retain more shade in South and West aspects.
 Plant temporary shade plants where tree shade is less.
 Plant wind belt trees for wind prone plots.
 Clear the land of all weeds and jungle growth.
 Cut foot-paths and drains wherever required.
 On Steep slopes take up contour planting.
 Mild slopes follow box planting
 Spacing to be followed based on variety and slope.
 Arabica – 5’ x 5’ or 6’ x 6’ Robusta 8’x 8’ or 9’ x 9’
 Pits of 1.5’ x 1.5’ x 1.5’ are dug manually or with augurs.
 Fill pits with surrounding top soil, add compost 1 Kg/pit .
 Add Neem cake powder and Microbial consortium.
 Plant in June or September when rainfall is less.
 After 1 year plants are topped at 2.5’ and 1 top primary cut

16. Cultural Practices
 Pruning, handling, centering and de-suckering.
 Soil testing in alternate years to check pH and NPK status
 Agricultural Lime or Dolomite Lime applied to maintain pH
 Fertilizer application based on age and anticipated yield
 2-4 applications per year as per CCRI recommendations
 Micro-nutrients spraying
 Prophylactic spraying of Bordeaux mixture – 2 rounds
 Weed control – manual, mechanical and chemical

17. Coffee – Pest and Diseases
MAJOR PESTS
 White coffee stem borer: Xylotrechus quadripes
 Coffee berry borer: Hypothenemus hampei
 Coffee root mealy bug: Planococcus citri
 Shot hole borer: Xylosandrus compactus
 Brown scale: Saissetia coffeae
 Green scale: Coccus viridis
 Cock chafers or white grubs: Holotrichia spp.
 Hairy caterpillars: Eupterote spp.
 Coffee bean beetle: Araecerus fasciculatus
 Red coffee borer: Zeuzera coffeae

18. Coffee – Pests
BORERS

19. Coffee – Pest and Diseases
MAJOR DISEASES
 Coffee leaf rust: Hemileia vastatrix
 Black rot or koleroga: Corticium salmonicolor
 Brown root disease: Fomes noxius
 Red root disease: Poria hypolateritia
 Santavery root disease: Fusarium oxysporum
 Coffee trunk canker: Ceratocystis fimbriata
 Berry blotch: Cercospora coffeicola
 Brown eye spot disease: Mycosphaerella coffeicola
 Coffee berry disease: Colletotrichum kahawae
 Coffee wilt disease: Fusarium xylarioides
 Coffee bark disease: Fusarium stilboides
 Damping off/Collar rot: Pellicularia filamentosa
 Die back/ Anthracnose: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

20. Coffee – Pest and Diseases
MAJOR DISEASES

21. INTEGRATED PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT
AESA based IPM
Agro-ecosystem Analysis (AESA)
Based
Integrated Pest Management
Basic components of AESA
 Plant health at different stages
 Built-in compensation abilities of plants
 Pest and defender population dynamics
 Soil conditions
 Climatic factors
 Planters past experience

22. Coffee Harvesting and Processing
 Harvesting - During November to January
 Ripe Coffee berries are picked manually
 2 Types of Processing on Plantations – Wet and Dry
 Wet processing of ripe berries – Parchment
 Sun drying of berries – Cherry
 Planter sells Parchment and Cherry to Curers
 Parchment and Cherry are hulled by Curers
 Clean Coffee is the trade commodity
 Roasters purchase and sell coffee powder / coffee brew

23. Coffee processig

24. Management of Coffee Estates
Estate Management involves –
Soil,Trees, Crop, HR, Admin, Machinery, Logistics, Health and Environment Management.
A Plantation Manager
is not only a
‘Jack of All Trades, But Master of Most’
Laws Governing Coffee Plantations
The Plantation Labour Act, 1951
Employees Provident Fund Act, 1952
Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
Tripartite Agreements on Wages
Coffee Board Regulations
Pollution Control Board Regulations
State Planters Association Regulations
United Planters Association of South India Regulations

25. Coffee Quotes
Life happens, Coffee helps
Coffee with a friend is like capturing
Happiness in a cup.
Coffee is a language in itself
Best Communication System – Coffee Break
“If this is coffee, please bring me some tea; but if
this is tea, please bring me some coffee.”
Abraham Lincoln

26. But Seriously
Coffee Cultivation is Serious Business
Surely, not as simple as my Presentation
THANK YOU
HAVE A COFFEE