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This document outlines the syllabus for a course on Constitutional Law of India. Module 1 covers Constitutional Law, Constitutionalism, the Rule of Law, and the historical perspective and salient features of the Indian Constitution. Module 2 focuses on fundamental rights, including their concept and origins in documents like the Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, American Bill of Rights, and UDHR. It will also cover the need for fundamental rights, their justifiability, related doctrines, and the right to equality in the Indian Constitution.
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Indu mehta constitutional law practice
The document provides an overview of constitutional law in India. It defines constitutional law as the body of law that defines the relationship between different government entities. It notes that the Indian constitution is the supreme law of India, containing 448 articles and 12 schedules. It discusses the preamble, evolution of the constitution through the constituent assembly, and implementation on January 26, 1950. It outlines the main branches that create, interpret, and enact law, as well as features of constitutional law practice in India like fundamental rights and writ petitions.
Constitutional values and political systems in india
The document discusses the key constitutional values reflected in the Indian Constitution. It begins by explaining that a constitution defines the fundamental political principles and system of a country. The Indian Constitution embodies several core values in its preamble, including sovereignty, socialism, secularism, democracy, republic, justice, liberty, equality, fraternity, and dignity. These values permeate all aspects of India's political system and guide the relationship between citizens and the state. The constitution establishes India as a sovereign, democratic republic to uphold these principles of an egalitarian and just society.
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The document summarizes 10 values that are featured in South Africa's constitution: democracy, social justice and equity, equality, non-racism and non-sexism, ubuntu (human dignity), an open society, accountability (responsibility), the rule of law, respect, and reconciliation. These values characterize a culture based on democracy, human rights, and peace.
Mod1 Topic 2 Constitutionalism
This document discusses the concept of constitutionalism. Constitutionalism refers to limiting governmental power through mechanisms like separation of powers, an independent judiciary, and judicial review. A country may have a written constitution but lack constitutionalism if it does not restrain and decentralize governmental authority. Constitutionalism is meant to prevent arbitrary or absolute power and promote individual freedom through principles originating from humanist philosophy and natural law theories.
Ll.b ii cloi ii u i fundamental rights
Fundamental rights are essential human rights guaranteed to all citizens of India regardless of attributes like caste, religion or gender. These rights include equality before the law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom to assemble peacefully and form associations. The constitution obligates the government and all authorities in India to respect these rights. Some key doctrines related to fundamental rights are severability, eclipse and waiver. Severability deals with separating the valid and invalid parts of a law. Eclipse refers to pre-constitutional laws becoming inoperative due to inconsistency with fundamental rights. Waiver means fundamental rights cannot be relinquished by any person.
Constitutional development in india
Constitutional development in India from 1773 to 1947 involved increasing Indian representation in government. Key acts included the Regulating Act of 1773, establishing the Governor-General role; the Charter Acts of 1833 and 1853 expanding legislative councils; the Indian Councils Acts of 1861 and 1892 increasing Indian membership; and the Government of India Acts of 1909, 1919 and 1935 continuing to expand representation and move toward self-government, though communal divisions were also introduced. Independence was achieved in 1947.
constitutional-law
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for Module 1 on Constitutional Law. It covers topics such as constitutionalism, rule of law, historical perspectives, and salient features of constitutions. It also discusses concepts like social contract theory, functions of modern states, different organs of government, and fundamental rights. The preamble to the Indian constitution embodies the principle of social contract by stating "We the people...". Constitutional law establishes rules for the relations between the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Fundamental rights are guaranteed in the constitution and judiciary protects these rights.
Political Science
This document discusses social diversity and its relationship to democracy. It begins by outlining different social identities like religion, language, class, etc. that people use to identify themselves. It then distinguishes between social differences based on birth versus personal choices. Cross-cutting social differences, where groups tolerate each other, are easier for democracies to accommodate than overlapping differences that create deep divisions. The document analyzes examples like Northern Ireland and former Yugoslavia to show how politics can both accommodate and exacerbate social tensions, depending on people's perceptions of their identities, political leaders' stances, and government responses. Overall, it argues that while political expression of social divisions is normal in democracies, positive attitudes and willingness to
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Indu mehta constitutional law practice
The document provides an overview of constitutional law in India. It defines constitutional law as the body of law that defines the relationship between different government entities. It notes that the Indian constitution is the supreme law of India, containing 448 articles and 12 schedules. It discusses the preamble, evolution of the constitution through the constituent assembly, and implementation on January 26, 1950. It outlines the main branches that create, interpret, and enact law, as well as features of constitutional law practice in India like fundamental rights and writ petitions.
Constitutional values and political systems in india
The document discusses the key constitutional values reflected in the Indian Constitution. It begins by explaining that a constitution defines the fundamental political principles and system of a country. The Indian Constitution embodies several core values in its preamble, including sovereignty, socialism, secularism, democracy, republic, justice, liberty, equality, fraternity, and dignity. These values permeate all aspects of India's political system and guide the relationship between citizens and the state. The constitution establishes India as a sovereign, democratic republic to uphold these principles of an egalitarian and just society.
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The document summarizes 10 values that are featured in South Africa's constitution: democracy, social justice and equity, equality, non-racism and non-sexism, ubuntu (human dignity), an open society, accountability (responsibility), the rule of law, respect, and reconciliation. These values characterize a culture based on democracy, human rights, and peace.
Mod1 Topic 2 Constitutionalism
This document discusses the concept of constitutionalism. Constitutionalism refers to limiting governmental power through mechanisms like separation of powers, an independent judiciary, and judicial review. A country may have a written constitution but lack constitutionalism if it does not restrain and decentralize governmental authority. Constitutionalism is meant to prevent arbitrary or absolute power and promote individual freedom through principles originating from humanist philosophy and natural law theories.
Ll.b ii cloi ii u i fundamental rights
Fundamental rights are essential human rights guaranteed to all citizens of India regardless of attributes like caste, religion or gender. These rights include equality before the law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom to assemble peacefully and form associations. The constitution obligates the government and all authorities in India to respect these rights. Some key doctrines related to fundamental rights are severability, eclipse and waiver. Severability deals with separating the valid and invalid parts of a law. Eclipse refers to pre-constitutional laws becoming inoperative due to inconsistency with fundamental rights. Waiver means fundamental rights cannot be relinquished by any person.
Constitutional development in india
Constitutional development in India from 1773 to 1947 involved increasing Indian representation in government. Key acts included the Regulating Act of 1773, establishing the Governor-General role; the Charter Acts of 1833 and 1853 expanding legislative councils; the Indian Councils Acts of 1861 and 1892 increasing Indian membership; and the Government of India Acts of 1909, 1919 and 1935 continuing to expand representation and move toward self-government, though communal divisions were also introduced. Independence was achieved in 1947.
constitutional-law
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for Module 1 on Constitutional Law. It covers topics such as constitutionalism, rule of law, historical perspectives, and salient features of constitutions. It also discusses concepts like social contract theory, functions of modern states, different organs of government, and fundamental rights. The preamble to the Indian constitution embodies the principle of social contract by stating "We the people...". Constitutional law establishes rules for the relations between the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Fundamental rights are guaranteed in the constitution and judiciary protects these rights.
Political Science
This document discusses social diversity and its relationship to democracy. It begins by outlining different social identities like religion, language, class, etc. that people use to identify themselves. It then distinguishes between social differences based on birth versus personal choices. Cross-cutting social differences, where groups tolerate each other, are easier for democracies to accommodate than overlapping differences that create deep divisions. The document analyzes examples like Northern Ireland and former Yugoslavia to show how politics can both accommodate and exacerbate social tensions, depending on people's perceptions of their identities, political leaders' stances, and government responses. Overall, it argues that while political expression of social divisions is normal in democracies, positive attitudes and willingness to
THE INDIAN CONSTITUITION
The Indian Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and enforced on January 26, 1950. It was drafted by a 299-member Constituent Assembly dominated by the Indian National Congress and represented various religious and social groups. The Assembly was chaired by B.R. Ambedkar and deliberated for 114 days over three years to draft the Constitution through discussion and consensus. The Constitution establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic with a preamble outlining its guiding principles.
Introduction to constitutional law and its salient features
Introduction to constitutional law
Salient features of Indian constitution
Introduction to fundamental rights
Indian constitution and education
1) The document discusses key aspects of constitutional law as it relates to education in India, including the drafting of the Indian constitution after independence, fundamental rights to education, and directives for states on education policy.
2) It outlines the fundamental right to free and compulsory education for children ages 6 to 14 that was added to the constitution in 2002.
3) The document also summarizes various articles that address minorities' rights to establish educational institutions, the use of mother tongues in primary education, and the development of a national language.
Constitution of India
The document provides details about key aspects of the Constitution of India, including:
1) It describes the basic principles of the constitution such as sovereignty, democracy, secularism, and socialism.
2) It outlines the fundamental rights granted to citizens of India, such as right to equality, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion.
3) It discusses the structure of government, including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches at both national and state levels.
4) It lists the fundamental duties expected of all Indian citizens towards the nation.
So in summary, the document covers the overarching principles, rights and duties of citizens, and framework of government as established by the Constitution of India
Constitution of india
The document summarizes key aspects of the Constitution of India including its framing, adoption, parts, fundamental rights, directive principles, structure of the union government including the president, vice president, prime minister and parliament. It also discusses bills, the supreme court, other important officials like the CAG, attorney general, governor and chief minister.
Our Indian constitution
The document provides an overview of the Indian Constitution. It discusses that the Constitution is the supreme law of India, governing all other laws. The Constituent Assembly framed the Constitution over several sessions from 1946 to 1949. Key figures involved in drafting the Constitution included Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar. The Constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950, becoming the Republic Day of India.
Fundamental rights of indian constitution
The document discusses the six fundamental rights provided to Indian citizens under the constitution:
1) Right to equality - which guarantees equality before the law and prohibits discrimination.
2) Right to freedom - including freedom of speech, assembly, profession.
3) Right against exploitation - abolishing practices like forced labor and child labor.
4) Right to freedom of religion - guaranteeing freedom to practice any religion.
5) Cultural and educational rights - including rights to conserve language and culture.
6) Right to constitutional remedies - empowering citizens to approach courts if fundamental rights are denied.
The constitution of india
The Salient Features of "The Constitution of India".
This PPTX file is better viewed in Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 or above.
Office 2007 ver is not capable for viewing animations properly.
Indian constitution
The Constituent Assembly of India framed the Constitution of India over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days through 166 days of meetings. Key persons involved included Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha as the first president, Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the president, and Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar as the chairman of the drafting committee. The Assembly drew upon constitutional features and principles from various nations in drafting the document.
Amendment of Indian Constitution and Basic Structure Doctrine - Art. 368
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Cli1 general-introduction1
This document provides guidance on which constitutional law books to refer to for study. It recommends VN Shukla as the best book, describing it as very well organized, containing the constitutional text, and reliable for laying down the law. It finds MP Jain elaborate but sometimes difficult to find the exact point. For emergency situations, it strongly recommends VN Shukla. The document also provides tips for studying constitutional law, such as remembering article numbers and case law principles rather than citations.
salient features
The Indian Constitution has several salient features:
1. It is a modern, written constitution that draws from other countries but includes new aspects like minority rights and special rights for backward classes.
2. The constitution is elaborate and detailed, covering topics like fundamental rights, judiciary, elections, and center-state relations.
3. The preamble sets out the key objectives and democratic principles of the constitution.
historical perspective
The document summarizes the historical perspective of the Constitution of India. It discusses that prior to the Constitution coming into force on January 26, 1950, India was governed by the Government of India Act of 1935. This Act envisioned a ministerial form of government but in practice, it was not fully followed and the British Parliament remained supreme. Several states were also ruled by native rulers. This led to increased struggle for independence. The Constitutional Assembly debates for drafting the Constitution began on December 9, 1946 but problems between the Indian National Congress and Muslim League resulted in the partition of India and Pakistan before the final adoption of the Constitution on November 26, 1949.
rule of law
This document discusses the rule of law according to A.V. Dicey, including the absence of arbitrary power, equality before the law, and individual liberties. It compares the rule of law in the UK, USA, and India. In India, the rule of law means prohibiting what is arbitrary and unfair. The existence of the rule of law in India is proven by the separation of powers, fundamental rights like Article 21, judicial independence, and judicial review, as seen in cases like Bachan Singh v. Union of India and ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla. These cases established that the rule of law excludes arbitrariness and unreasonableness and seeks to balance individual liberty
Difference between vested and contingent interest
This document summarizes the key differences between vested interests and contingent interests when transferring property. A vested interest creates ownership for a person without conditions, while a contingent interest only provides a chance of ownership if a specified uncertain event occurs. A vested interest does not depend on fulfilling conditions, whereas a contingent interest solely depends on fulfilling its condition. A vested interest can pass to heirs upon the transferee's death, but a contingent interest may or may not pass to heirs depending on the nature of the contingency.
Topic 9. Sale of immovable property
This document provides an overview of the sale of immovable property under Indian law. It defines a sale as the transfer of ownership of a property in exchange for a price that is paid, promised, or partially paid and partially promised. For a valid sale, the seller must be the owner of the property, the buyer must be competent to purchase, and there must be a transfer of ownership in exchange for a price. A sale is effected through a registered sale deed or delivery of possession for properties under Rs. 100 in value. The rights and liabilities of buyers and sellers are also outlined.
Topic 3. Actionable claim
This document defines and provides examples of actionable claims under Indian law. It states that an actionable claim is a species of property that can be owned and transferred. The Transfer of Property Act defines an actionable claim as a claim to an unsecured debt or a claim to any beneficial interest in movable property not in possession of the claimant. Examples provided show that an actionable claim allows someone to bring a legal action to recover money owed or damages, but does not include secured debts or contingent interests that cannot be recovered through the courts.
Topic 2. Attestation and notice
This document discusses attestation and notice under the Transfer of Property Act. It defines attestation as a witness signing a document to testify that they saw the executant sign it of their own free will. Certain documents related to mortgages and gifts require attestation by two witnesses. Notice can be actual, if one has definite knowledge, or constructive, if one would have known with reasonable inquiry. Constructive notice includes facts one would learn through registration, possession, or notice to an agent. Attestation and notice affect the validity of property transfers and claims.
Topic 1. Movable and Immovable Property
This document discusses the distinction between movable and immovable property under Indian law. It begins by explaining that the Transfer of Property Act governs the transfer of immovable property and the Sale of Goods Act governs movable property. It then discusses definitions and tests to determine whether a property is movable or immovable, including whether it is attached to the land permanently based on the degree and purpose of fixation. Key differences are summarized such as immovable property including land and benefits arising from land, while movable property is not permanently attached. Examples of both categories are also provided.
Overview of Transfer of property
This document outlines the key chapters and sections of the Transfer of Property Act of 1882 that are relevant for an exam. It includes an overview of the Act's chapters on preliminary concepts, transfer of property by parties, sales of immovable property, mortgages, leases, exchanges, gifts, and transfers of actionable claims. For the exam, students need to focus on sections 1-4 relating to preliminary concepts, sections 5-21 and 35-37 on transfer of property by parties, and all of sections 54-57 on sales of immovable property, totaling 28 provisions. The document then provides more detailed descriptions and explanations of the concepts covered in several of these key chapters and sections.
Introduction to Transfer of Property Act
1. Property – dictionary meaning
2. Property in legal theory
3. Property as defined in jurisprudence
4. Theories of property
- Hugo Grotius
- Samuel von Pufendorf
- John Locke
- Marxian theory
Transfer of Property Act, 1882
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THE INDIAN CONSTITUITION
The Indian Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and enforced on January 26, 1950. It was drafted by a 299-member Constituent Assembly dominated by the Indian National Congress and represented various religious and social groups. The Assembly was chaired by B.R. Ambedkar and deliberated for 114 days over three years to draft the Constitution through discussion and consensus. The Constitution establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic with a preamble outlining its guiding principles.
Introduction to constitutional law and its salient features
Introduction to constitutional law
Salient features of Indian constitution
Introduction to fundamental rights
Indian constitution and education
1) The document discusses key aspects of constitutional law as it relates to education in India, including the drafting of the Indian constitution after independence, fundamental rights to education, and directives for states on education policy.
2) It outlines the fundamental right to free and compulsory education for children ages 6 to 14 that was added to the constitution in 2002.
3) The document also summarizes various articles that address minorities' rights to establish educational institutions, the use of mother tongues in primary education, and the development of a national language.
Constitution of India
The document provides details about key aspects of the Constitution of India, including:
1) It describes the basic principles of the constitution such as sovereignty, democracy, secularism, and socialism.
2) It outlines the fundamental rights granted to citizens of India, such as right to equality, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion.
3) It discusses the structure of government, including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches at both national and state levels.
4) It lists the fundamental duties expected of all Indian citizens towards the nation.
So in summary, the document covers the overarching principles, rights and duties of citizens, and framework of government as established by the Constitution of India
Constitution of india
The document summarizes key aspects of the Constitution of India including its framing, adoption, parts, fundamental rights, directive principles, structure of the union government including the president, vice president, prime minister and parliament. It also discusses bills, the supreme court, other important officials like the CAG, attorney general, governor and chief minister.
Our Indian constitution
The document provides an overview of the Indian Constitution. It discusses that the Constitution is the supreme law of India, governing all other laws. The Constituent Assembly framed the Constitution over several sessions from 1946 to 1949. Key figures involved in drafting the Constitution included Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar. The Constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950, becoming the Republic Day of India.
Fundamental rights of indian constitution
The document discusses the six fundamental rights provided to Indian citizens under the constitution:
1) Right to equality - which guarantees equality before the law and prohibits discrimination.
2) Right to freedom - including freedom of speech, assembly, profession.
3) Right against exploitation - abolishing practices like forced labor and child labor.
4) Right to freedom of religion - guaranteeing freedom to practice any religion.
5) Cultural and educational rights - including rights to conserve language and culture.
6) Right to constitutional remedies - empowering citizens to approach courts if fundamental rights are denied.
The constitution of india
The Salient Features of "The Constitution of India".
This PPTX file is better viewed in Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 or above.
Office 2007 ver is not capable for viewing animations properly.
Indian constitution
The Constituent Assembly of India framed the Constitution of India over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days through 166 days of meetings. Key persons involved included Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha as the first president, Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the president, and Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar as the chairman of the drafting committee. The Assembly drew upon constitutional features and principles from various nations in drafting the document.
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Introduction to constitutional law and its salient features
Introduction to constitutional law and its salient features
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Cli1 general-introduction1
This document provides guidance on which constitutional law books to refer to for study. It recommends VN Shukla as the best book, describing it as very well organized, containing the constitutional text, and reliable for laying down the law. It finds MP Jain elaborate but sometimes difficult to find the exact point. For emergency situations, it strongly recommends VN Shukla. The document also provides tips for studying constitutional law, such as remembering article numbers and case law principles rather than citations.
salient features
The Indian Constitution has several salient features:
1. It is a modern, written constitution that draws from other countries but includes new aspects like minority rights and special rights for backward classes.
2. The constitution is elaborate and detailed, covering topics like fundamental rights, judiciary, elections, and center-state relations.
3. The preamble sets out the key objectives and democratic principles of the constitution.
historical perspective
The document summarizes the historical perspective of the Constitution of India. It discusses that prior to the Constitution coming into force on January 26, 1950, India was governed by the Government of India Act of 1935. This Act envisioned a ministerial form of government but in practice, it was not fully followed and the British Parliament remained supreme. Several states were also ruled by native rulers. This led to increased struggle for independence. The Constitutional Assembly debates for drafting the Constitution began on December 9, 1946 but problems between the Indian National Congress and Muslim League resulted in the partition of India and Pakistan before the final adoption of the Constitution on November 26, 1949.
rule of law
This document discusses the rule of law according to A.V. Dicey, including the absence of arbitrary power, equality before the law, and individual liberties. It compares the rule of law in the UK, USA, and India. In India, the rule of law means prohibiting what is arbitrary and unfair. The existence of the rule of law in India is proven by the separation of powers, fundamental rights like Article 21, judicial independence, and judicial review, as seen in cases like Bachan Singh v. Union of India and ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla. These cases established that the rule of law excludes arbitrariness and unreasonableness and seeks to balance individual liberty
Difference between vested and contingent interest
This document summarizes the key differences between vested interests and contingent interests when transferring property. A vested interest creates ownership for a person without conditions, while a contingent interest only provides a chance of ownership if a specified uncertain event occurs. A vested interest does not depend on fulfilling conditions, whereas a contingent interest solely depends on fulfilling its condition. A vested interest can pass to heirs upon the transferee's death, but a contingent interest may or may not pass to heirs depending on the nature of the contingency.
Topic 9. Sale of immovable property
This document provides an overview of the sale of immovable property under Indian law. It defines a sale as the transfer of ownership of a property in exchange for a price that is paid, promised, or partially paid and partially promised. For a valid sale, the seller must be the owner of the property, the buyer must be competent to purchase, and there must be a transfer of ownership in exchange for a price. A sale is effected through a registered sale deed or delivery of possession for properties under Rs. 100 in value. The rights and liabilities of buyers and sellers are also outlined.
Topic 3. Actionable claim
This document defines and provides examples of actionable claims under Indian law. It states that an actionable claim is a species of property that can be owned and transferred. The Transfer of Property Act defines an actionable claim as a claim to an unsecured debt or a claim to any beneficial interest in movable property not in possession of the claimant. Examples provided show that an actionable claim allows someone to bring a legal action to recover money owed or damages, but does not include secured debts or contingent interests that cannot be recovered through the courts.
Topic 2. Attestation and notice
This document discusses attestation and notice under the Transfer of Property Act. It defines attestation as a witness signing a document to testify that they saw the executant sign it of their own free will. Certain documents related to mortgages and gifts require attestation by two witnesses. Notice can be actual, if one has definite knowledge, or constructive, if one would have known with reasonable inquiry. Constructive notice includes facts one would learn through registration, possession, or notice to an agent. Attestation and notice affect the validity of property transfers and claims.
Topic 1. Movable and Immovable Property
This document discusses the distinction between movable and immovable property under Indian law. It begins by explaining that the Transfer of Property Act governs the transfer of immovable property and the Sale of Goods Act governs movable property. It then discusses definitions and tests to determine whether a property is movable or immovable, including whether it is attached to the land permanently based on the degree and purpose of fixation. Key differences are summarized such as immovable property including land and benefits arising from land, while movable property is not permanently attached. Examples of both categories are also provided.
Overview of Transfer of property
This document outlines the key chapters and sections of the Transfer of Property Act of 1882 that are relevant for an exam. It includes an overview of the Act's chapters on preliminary concepts, transfer of property by parties, sales of immovable property, mortgages, leases, exchanges, gifts, and transfers of actionable claims. For the exam, students need to focus on sections 1-4 relating to preliminary concepts, sections 5-21 and 35-37 on transfer of property by parties, and all of sections 54-57 on sales of immovable property, totaling 28 provisions. The document then provides more detailed descriptions and explanations of the concepts covered in several of these key chapters and sections.
Introduction to Transfer of Property Act
1. Property – dictionary meaning
2. Property in legal theory
3. Property as defined in jurisprudence
4. Theories of property
- Hugo Grotius
- Samuel von Pufendorf
- John Locke
- Marxian theory
Transfer of Property Act, 1882
Broadly two types of property transfers
Position of TP Act
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Amendment of Indian Constitution and Basic Structure Doctrine - Art. 368
Amendment of Indian Constitution and Basic Structure Doctrine - Art. 368
Cli1 mod1-001 constitutional-law
- 1. Constitutional Law of India – 1 Module 1 Topic 1 Constitutional Law
- 2. Syllabus Module 1 – Constitutional Law – Constitutionalism – Rule of Law – Historical Perspective – Salient features – Fundamental Law Module 2 • Fundamental rights – Concept, Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, American Bill of Rights, UDHR • Need for Fundamental Rights (FR) • Art. 12 and FR • Justifiability of FR (Art. 13) • Doctrine of eclipse • Doctrine of severability • Waiver of FRs • Right to equality
- 4. Constitutional Law of India slides by Gagan Krishnadas is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercia