Classification of dental porcelains a short intro......

2. Classification of dental porcelainsClassification of dental porcelains
 Ceramic- An inorganic compound with nonmetallicCeramic- An inorganic compound with nonmetallic
properties typically composed of metallic and nonproperties typically composed of metallic and non
metallic elements eg Al2O3 ,CaO, Si3N4metallic elements eg Al2O3 ,CaO, Si3N4
 According to temperatureAccording to temperature
 High fusing 1300’ for denture teethHigh fusing 1300’ for denture teeth
 Medium fusing 1100 to1300 for denture teethMedium fusing 1100 to1300 for denture teeth
 Low fusing 850 to 1100 for crown and bridgeLow fusing 850 to 1100 for crown and bridge
 Ultra low fusing less than 850 used with titaniumUltra low fusing less than 850 used with titanium

3.  According to typeAccording to type
 Feldspatheic or conventional porcelainFeldspatheic or conventional porcelain
 Aluminous porcelainAluminous porcelain
 Leucite reinforced porcelainLeucite reinforced porcelain
 Glass infiltrated aluminaGlass infiltrated alumina
 Glass infiltrated spinellGlass infiltrated spinell
 Pure ZirconiaPure Zirconia
 Lithia based glass ceramicLithia based glass ceramic

4.  According to useAccording to use
 Porcelain for artificial denture teethPorcelain for artificial denture teeth
 Jacket crown, veneer and inlay porcelainJacket crown, veneer and inlay porcelain
 Metal ceramicsMetal ceramics
 Anterior bridge porcelainAnterior bridge porcelain
 Post and coresPost and cores
 FPDsFPDs
 Stain ceramicsStain ceramics
 Glaze ceramicsGlaze ceramics
 According to processing methodAccording to processing method
 Sintered porcelainSintered porcelain
 Cast porcelainCast porcelain
 Machined porcelainMachined porcelain

5.  CAD CAM porcelainCAD CAM porcelain
 Sintered ceramic coreSintered ceramic core
 Cast metalCast metal
 Swaged metalSwaged metal
 Glass ceramicGlass ceramic
 According to microstructureAccording to microstructure
 GlassGlass
 CrystallineCrystalline
 Crystal Containing glassCrystal Containing glass
According to substructure materialAccording to substructure material

6.  According to translucencyAccording to translucency
 OpaqueOpaque
 TranslucentTranslucent
 TransparentTransparent
 Classification and description ofClassification and description of
ceramic systemsceramic systems
 The ceramic restoration available today may beThe ceramic restoration available today may be
metal bonded or made completely of ceramic.metal bonded or made completely of ceramic.
Based on the substructure or core material usedBased on the substructure or core material used
we have two basic groups. They are furtherwe have two basic groups. They are further
divided based on the fabrication method.divided based on the fabrication method.

7. A. Metal ceramic (metal bonded or PFM)A. Metal ceramic (metal bonded or PFM)
restorationsrestorations
 1. Cast metal ceramic restorations1. Cast metal ceramic restorations
 Cast noble metal alloyCast noble metal alloy
 Cast base metal alloysCast base metal alloys
 Cast titanium (ultra low fusing porcelain)Cast titanium (ultra low fusing porcelain)
 2. Swaged metal ceramic restorations2. Swaged metal ceramic restorations
 Gold alloy foil coping (Renaissance, Captek)Gold alloy foil coping (Renaissance, Captek)
 Bonded platinum foil copingBonded platinum foil coping

8.  1. Platinum foil matrix constructed porcelains1. Platinum foil matrix constructed porcelains
 Conventional porcelain jacket crownConventional porcelain jacket crown
 Porcelain jacket crown with aluminous corePorcelain jacket crown with aluminous core
 Ceramic jacket crown leucite reinforced coreCeramic jacket crown leucite reinforced core
 2. Castable glass ceramic (Dicore)2. Castable glass ceramic (Dicore)
 3. Injection moulded ( leucite reinforced ) glass3. Injection moulded ( leucite reinforced ) glass
ceramics (IPS Empress)ceramics (IPS Empress)
 4. Glass infiltrated core porcelains4. Glass infiltrated core porcelains
 Glass infiltrated aluminous core (Inceram )Glass infiltrated aluminous core (Inceram )
 Glass infiltrated spinell core (Inceram spinell)Glass infiltrated spinell core (Inceram spinell)
 5. Ceramic restoration with CAD-CAM ceramic core5. Ceramic restoration with CAD-CAM ceramic core
B. All ceramic restorationsB. All ceramic restorations

9.  Glass ceramic blocksGlass ceramic blocks
 Feldspathic porcelain blocksFeldspathic porcelain blocks
 6. ceramic restoration with copy milled ceramic core6. ceramic restoration with copy milled ceramic core
(celay)(celay)
 Alumina blocks (Celay inceram)Alumina blocks (Celay inceram)
 MgAl2O4 ( inceram spinell)MgAl2O4 ( inceram spinell)
 Metal ceramic restorationsMetal ceramic restorations
Porcelain fused to metal or PFM , metal bondedPorcelain fused to metal or PFM , metal bonded
restorations.restorations.
Metal ceramic prosthesis-Metal ceramic prosthesis- a partial crowna partial crown,, full crown,full crown,
or fixed partial denture made with a metal substrate toor fixed partial denture made with a metal substrate to
which porcelain is bonded for aesthetic enhancementwhich porcelain is bonded for aesthetic enhancement

10.  Via an intermediate metal oxide layer . The termsVia an intermediate metal oxide layer . The terms
porcelain fused to metal (PFM), porcelain bonded toporcelain fused to metal (PFM), porcelain bonded to
metal (PBM) , porcelain to metal (PTM)metal (PBM) , porcelain to metal (PTM) andand
ceramometalceramometal are also used to describe theseare also used to describe these
prosthesis ,but metal ceramic is the preferred term.prosthesis ,but metal ceramic is the preferred term.
 The metal ceramic system was possible because ofThe metal ceramic system was possible because of
some important developmentssome important developments
 1 Development of a metal and porcelain that could1 Development of a metal and porcelain that could
bond to each otherbond to each other
 2 Raising of the CTE of the ceramic in order to make2 Raising of the CTE of the ceramic in order to make
it more compatible to that of the metal.it more compatible to that of the metal.

13. Cast metal ceramic restorationsCast metal ceramic restorations
 This is one of the commonest ways ofThis is one of the commonest ways of
constructing a ceramic restoration. Because ofconstructing a ceramic restoration. Because of
the strong metal frame it is possible to makethe strong metal frame it is possible to make
long span bridges. It can also be used inlong span bridges. It can also be used in
difficult situations where an all ceramicdifficult situations where an all ceramic
restoration cannot be given because of highrestoration cannot be given because of high
stresses and reduced preparation depth.stresses and reduced preparation depth.
 UsesUses
 1 single anterior and posterior crowns1 single anterior and posterior crowns
 2 short and long span anterior and posterior2 short and long span anterior and posterior
bridgesbridges

14.  Swaged Gold Alloy Foil Ceramic CrownsSwaged Gold Alloy Foil Ceramic Crowns
 Gold alloy foils (Renaissance and Captek) areGold alloy foils (Renaissance and Captek) are
a novel way of using metal without having toa novel way of using metal without having to
cast it. They come in a fluted form and iscast it. They come in a fluted form and is
adapted to the die by swaging and burnishing .adapted to the die by swaging and burnishing .
The foil coping is carefully removed and thenThe foil coping is carefully removed and then
flame sintered (fused) . An interfacial alloyflame sintered (fused) . An interfacial alloy
powder is applied and fired to form a crown.powder is applied and fired to form a crown.
 AdvantagesAdvantages
 1 the thinner foil alloy coping allows a greater1 the thinner foil alloy coping allows a greater
thicness of ceramic thereby improving thethicness of ceramic thereby improving the
esthetics.esthetics.

15.  2 the underlying alloy is gold colored which2 the underlying alloy is gold colored which
gives warmth and life to the restoration.gives warmth and life to the restoration.
 Bonded platinum foil ceramic crownsBonded platinum foil ceramic crowns
A platinum foil coping is constructed on theA platinum foil coping is constructed on the
die. To improve the bonding of the ceramic todie. To improve the bonding of the ceramic to
the platinum foil coping , an electrodepositionthe platinum foil coping , an electrodeposition
tecnique is used . The advantage of usingtecnique is used . The advantage of using
bonded platinum foil is similar to that ofbonded platinum foil is similar to that of
swaged gold alloy foil.swaged gold alloy foil.

17. The all ceramic restorationsThe all ceramic restorations
 The all ceramic restoration is a restorationThe all ceramic restoration is a restoration
without a metallic core or substructure.without a metallic core or substructure.
 Porcelain jacket crownPorcelain jacket crown
 these were very brittle and fractured easily, thethese were very brittle and fractured easily, the
marginal adaptation was also quite poor.marginal adaptation was also quite poor.
Alumina reinforced core was developed laterAlumina reinforced core was developed later
on.on.
 Leucite reinforced porcelain (optec HSP)Leucite reinforced porcelain (optec HSP)
 it is feldspathic porcelain with a higher leuciteit is feldspathic porcelain with a higher leucite
crystal content.crystal content.

18.  AdvantagesAdvantages
 1 they are more esthetic because the core is less1 they are more esthetic because the core is less
opaqueopaque
 2 higher strength2 higher strength
 3 no need of special laboratory equipment3 no need of special laboratory equipment
 DisadvantagesDisadvantages
 1 fit is not as good as metal ceramic crowns1 fit is not as good as metal ceramic crowns
 2 potential marginal inaccuracy2 potential marginal inaccuracy
 3 not strong enough for poisterior use3 not strong enough for poisterior use
 UsesUses
 Inlayes onlays veneers and low stress crownsInlayes onlays veneers and low stress crowns

22.  Castable glass ceramic (DICOR)Castable glass ceramic (DICOR)
a glass or other ceramic specially formulated to bea glass or other ceramic specially formulated to be
cast into refractory mold to produce a corecast into refractory mold to produce a core
coping or core framework for a ceramiccoping or core framework for a ceramic
prosthesis.prosthesis.
AdvantagesAdvantages
1 ease of fabrication1 ease of fabrication
2 improved aesthetics2 improved aesthetics
3 low thermal expantion3 low thermal expantion
4 minimal processing shrinkage4 minimal processing shrinkage
5 good marginal fit5 good marginal fit
6 moderately high flexural strength6 moderately high flexural strength

23.  7 minimal abrasiveness to tooth enamel7 minimal abrasiveness to tooth enamel
 DisadvantagesDisadvantages
 1 inability to be colored internally1 inability to be colored internally
 2 limited use in low stress areas2 limited use in low stress areas
 Injection moulded glass ceramic (IPSInjection moulded glass ceramic (IPS
EMPRESS)EMPRESS)
 a ceramic that can be heated to a specifieda ceramic that can be heated to a specified
temperature and forced under pressure to fill atemperature and forced under pressure to fill a
cavity in a refractory mould.cavity in a refractory mould.
 AdvantagesAdvantages
 1 the crown is supposed to be having a better fit1 the crown is supposed to be having a better fit
(because of the lower firing shrinkage )(because of the lower firing shrinkage )

24.  2 the esthetics is better because of the lack of metal or2 the esthetics is better because of the lack of metal or
an opaque corean opaque core
 3 high flexural strength3 high flexural strength
 DisadvantagesDisadvantages
 1 need for costly equipments1 need for costly equipments
 2 potential of fracture in posterior areas2 potential of fracture in posterior areas
 3 need to use a resin cement to bond the crown3 need to use a resin cement to bond the crown
micromechanically to tooth structuremicromechanically to tooth structure
 Glass infiltrated alumina core (Inceram)Glass infiltrated alumina core (Inceram)
 A minimally sintered core ceramic with a porousA minimally sintered core ceramic with a porous
structure that has been densified by capillary inflow of astructure that has been densified by capillary inflow of a
molten glass is glass infiltrated ceramicmolten glass is glass infiltrated ceramic

25.  A ceramic containing sufficient crystalline alumina toA ceramic containing sufficient crystalline alumina to
achieve adequate strength and opacity when used forachieve adequate strength and opacity when used for
producing the core structure of ceramic prostheses isproducing the core structure of ceramic prostheses is
alumina core.alumina core.
 AdvantagesAdvantages
 1 good fit and marginal adaptation1 good fit and marginal adaptation
 2 good strength when compared to the earlier all2 good strength when compared to the earlier all
ceramic crownsceramic crowns
 DisadvantagesDisadvantages
 1 comparatively less esthetic because of the opacity of1 comparatively less esthetic because of the opacity of
the alumina corethe alumina core
 2 quite tedious to fabricate2 quite tedious to fabricate
 3 not all the bridges were successful3 not all the bridges were successful

27.  CAD-CAM ceramicsCAD-CAM ceramics
 a ceramic that is formulated for production of the wholea ceramic that is formulated for production of the whole
or part of an all ceramic prosthesis through the use of aor part of an all ceramic prosthesis through the use of a
computer aided and computer aided manufacturing.computer aided and computer aided manufacturing.
 AdvantagesAdvantages
 1 reduced chair time1 reduced chair time
 2 no need to make impression2 no need to make impression
 3 reduced porosity, therefore greater strength3 reduced porosity, therefore greater strength
 4 single appointment4 single appointment
 DisadvantagesDisadvantages
 1 costly equipment1 costly equipment
 2 scanning the prepration is tecnique sensitive2 scanning the prepration is tecnique sensitive

28.  Copy milled ceramicsCopy milled ceramics
 The process of cutting or grinding a structureThe process of cutting or grinding a structure
using a device that traces the surface of a masterusing a device that traces the surface of a master
metal, ceramic ,or polymer pattern and transfersmetal, ceramic ,or polymer pattern and transfers
the traced spatial positions to a cutting stationthe traced spatial positions to a cutting station
where a blank is cut or ground in a mannerwhere a blank is cut or ground in a manner
similar to a key cutting procedure is copysimilar to a key cutting procedure is copy
milling.milling.
 Use- this technology is used to makeUse- this technology is used to make
substuctures for crowns and bridges.substuctures for crowns and bridges.

29. Porcelain Inlays and Onlays

30. According to Wikipedia, An Inlay can beAccording to Wikipedia, An Inlay can be
described as an indirect filling or restorationdescribed as an indirect filling or restoration
consisting of a solid stuff like porcelain or gold,consisting of a solid stuff like porcelain or gold,
fitted to a cavity in a tooth and covered intofitted to a cavity in a tooth and covered into
place.place.

31. An onlay isAn onlay is
similar tosimilar to
an inlay,an inlay,
apart fromapart from
it extendsit extends
to restore ato restore a
cusp.cusp.

32. And crowns are onlays which entirely wrap allAnd crowns are onlays which entirely wrap all
surfaces of a tooth.surfaces of a tooth.

33. Sometimes an intracranial reinstatement isSometimes an intracranial reinstatement is
applied to restore a tooth but in that case,applied to restore a tooth but in that case,
perish or decay is so wide that a straightperish or decay is so wide that a straight
restoration, for example amalgam or combined,restoration, for example amalgam or combined,
would compromise the structural veracity ofwould compromise the structural veracity of
the reinstated tooth or give inferior oppositionthe reinstated tooth or give inferior opposition
to biting forces.to biting forces.

34. In these circumstances an indirect porcelain orIn these circumstances an indirect porcelain or
gold inlay restoration may be suggested.gold inlay restoration may be suggested.

35. Applying inlay the tooth-to-Applying inlay the tooth-to-
restoration margin possibly will berestoration margin possibly will be
finished and refined to a wonderfulfinished and refined to a wonderful
line of contact that recurrent decayline of contact that recurrent decay
will be all but impossible.will be all but impossible.

36. Dental caries, or cavities as it isDental caries, or cavities as it is
more commonly known, are still amore commonly known, are still a
major problem, even in ourmajor problem, even in our
increasing enlightened andincreasing enlightened and
technologically advanced world.technologically advanced world.

37. Today we have the ability to fill these teeth notToday we have the ability to fill these teeth not
only with composite fillings that are the sameonly with composite fillings that are the same
color as the teeth but also with porcelaincolor as the teeth but also with porcelain
inlays and onlays.inlays and onlays.

38. These restorations have theThese restorations have the
advantage of being stronger thanadvantage of being stronger than
filling materials, won’t discolorfilling materials, won’t discolor
with time and are bonded to thewith time and are bonded to the
tooth so that they are very secure.tooth so that they are very secure.

39. Porcelain inlays and onlays mayPorcelain inlays and onlays may
be used in place of the customarybe used in place of the customary
dental fillings and are mainlydental fillings and are mainly
utilized for the purpose of toothutilized for the purpose of tooth
decay as well as for structuraldecay as well as for structural
damage to a tooth.damage to a tooth.

40. Dental fillings are done byDental fillings are done by
molding them into the placemolding them into the place
during your dental visits whileduring your dental visits while
inlays and onlays are created in ainlays and onlays are created in a
dental lab and are then cementeddental lab and are then cemented
in to the tooth using dentalin to the tooth using dental
cement.cement.

41. Generally,Generally,
porcelainporcelain
inlays andinlays and
onlays areonlays are
done in 2done in 2
visits.visits.

42. On the first visit, the dentist willOn the first visit, the dentist will
remove all decay in the tooth, takeremove all decay in the tooth, take
and impression and send it out toand impression and send it out to
the lab so the technicians canthe lab so the technicians can
prepare the restoration.prepare the restoration.

43. A temporary inlay is fitted in the first visitA temporary inlay is fitted in the first visit
which will protect the tooth from furtherwhich will protect the tooth from further
damage until the permanent one is ready.damage until the permanent one is ready.

44. After removing the temporary on the secondAfter removing the temporary on the second
visit, the permanent inlay or onlay is fitted andvisit, the permanent inlay or onlay is fitted and
bonded on to the tooth.bonded on to the tooth.