Prime minister Modi's unconditional support to Sikh communityVikas Barnwal
┬а
The document discusses Prime Minister Narendra Modi being awarded the Qaumi Seva Award by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) for his contributions to the Sikh community. Some of Modi's contributions highlighted include opening the Kartarpur Sahib corridor on the 550th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, developing Sultanpur Lodhi as a heritage city, removing taxes on langar food, and providing justice and compensation for 1984 anti-Sikh riots victims. The award recognizes Modi's significant efforts in honoring and respecting the Sikh community.
Pakistan's candidacy for membership on the UN Human Rights Council should be rejected according to this document. The document provides several examples to support this claim, including that Pakistan does not cooperate with UN human rights experts, fails to protect freedoms of the press and expression, and violates the rights of religious minorities, women, and children. The document also notes Pakistan's negative voting record on UN resolutions related to human rights.
The document discusses the need for pro-farmer reforms in India to increase farmer incomes and help farmers. It outlines how Narendra Modi implemented successful pro-farmer policies as Chief Minister of Gujarat that transformed agriculture and increased farmer incomes and productivity. As Prime Minister of India, Modi has continued pursuing pro-farmer reforms nationally, including increasing MSPs and procurement, expanding irrigation and insurance, and providing direct income support. The latest farm laws aim to further boost the agriculture sector by giving farmers more freedom and options to sell their produce while also providing a protective framework for farmers.
This document appears to be a scanned receipt from a grocery store listing various food and household items purchased totaling $123.45. The receipt details the items, quantities, and individual prices purchased on a particular date at a specified time. It provides a breakdown of subtotals, taxes, and the final total paid.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Prime minister Modi's unconditional support to Sikh communityVikas Barnwal
┬а
The document discusses Prime Minister Narendra Modi being awarded the Qaumi Seva Award by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) for his contributions to the Sikh community. Some of Modi's contributions highlighted include opening the Kartarpur Sahib corridor on the 550th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, developing Sultanpur Lodhi as a heritage city, removing taxes on langar food, and providing justice and compensation for 1984 anti-Sikh riots victims. The award recognizes Modi's significant efforts in honoring and respecting the Sikh community.
Pakistan's candidacy for membership on the UN Human Rights Council should be rejected according to this document. The document provides several examples to support this claim, including that Pakistan does not cooperate with UN human rights experts, fails to protect freedoms of the press and expression, and violates the rights of religious minorities, women, and children. The document also notes Pakistan's negative voting record on UN resolutions related to human rights.
The document discusses the need for pro-farmer reforms in India to increase farmer incomes and help farmers. It outlines how Narendra Modi implemented successful pro-farmer policies as Chief Minister of Gujarat that transformed agriculture and increased farmer incomes and productivity. As Prime Minister of India, Modi has continued pursuing pro-farmer reforms nationally, including increasing MSPs and procurement, expanding irrigation and insurance, and providing direct income support. The latest farm laws aim to further boost the agriculture sector by giving farmers more freedom and options to sell their produce while also providing a protective framework for farmers.
This document appears to be a scanned receipt from a grocery store listing various food and household items purchased totaling $123.45. The receipt details the items, quantities, and individual prices purchased on a particular date at a specified time. It provides a breakdown of subtotals, taxes, and the final total paid.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses three microstructural transformations: recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth that occur during annealing of cold worked materials. Recovery involves a reduction in point defects and dislocation rearrangement into low energy configurations at low annealing temperatures. Recrystallization occurs at higher annealing temperatures and results in the formation of new strain-free grains. Grain growth follows recrystallization and leads to an increase in the average grain size as larger grains grow at the expense of smaller ones.
This document outlines the curriculum for an MT Metallurgical Engineering program. It covers 6 main sections: 1) Engineering Mathematics, 2) Thermodynamics and Rate Processes, 3) Extractive Metallurgy, 4) Physical Metallurgy, 5) Mechanical Metallurgy, and 6) Manufacturing Processes. Some of the key topics included are linear algebra, calculus, phase diagrams, kinetics, extraction of metals, crystal structures, mechanical properties, casting, forming, welding, and non-destructive testing. The program provides students with fundamental knowledge in areas such as mathematics, physical and mechanical metallurgy, processing, manufacturing, and engineering principles.
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering SyllabusVikas Barnwal
┬а
The document provides the course structure and syllabus for a B.Tech in Metallurgy and Materials Engineering at the National Institute of Foundry & Forge Technology in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. It includes the semester-wise listing of courses over 8 semesters, with details on course codes, subjects, lecture/tutorial/practical hours and credits. The syllabus overview is also provided for some of the core courses in the first year, covering topics in mathematics, chemistry, physics, engineering mechanics, electrical engineering, communication skills, and engineering graphics.
The document discusses several proposed reforms across key sectors including coal, mining, defence production, aviation, power, infrastructure, space and atomic energy. Some key points include introducing commercial coal mining by allowing private sector participation, liberalizing entry norms for coal blocks, incentivizing coal gasification and private investments in minerals. In defence, the proposals focus on boosting domestic production via FDI limit hike, import bans, indigenization. Other reforms pertain to efficient airspace management, more world-class airports through PPP, tax rationalization for aircraft MRO sector.
The document discusses scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and its use in characterizing materials. SEM uses an electron beam focused into a probe that scans over a sample, creating signals like secondary electrons and backscattered electrons. These signals are detected and used to form a magnified image of the sample's surface on a cathode ray tube. SEM provides higher magnification than light microscopes, with a greater depth of field. It is capable of elemental analysis and mapping at magnifications from around 10x to 300,000x, with typical operating ranges of 500eV-50keV beam energy.
The document discusses characterization of materials using scanning electron microscopy. It covers topics such as detecting backscattered electrons, elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons, secondary and backscattered electrons, relaxation of excited atoms, depth of field, and cathodoluminescence. The document appears to be from a course on characterization of materials taught at the National Institute of Foundry and Forge in 2020.
The document provides information on various materials characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning force microscopy (STM/SFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron and Auger electron diffraction (XPD/AED), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Each technique is described in one or two paragraphs covering its operating parameters, capabilities, sample requirements, and applications.
Uranium is a metallic element with an atomic number of 92 that is used as nuclear fuel. It occurs naturally in minerals like pitchblende, uraninite, and carnotite. Uranium is extracted from its ores and enriched so that it contains more of the fissionable isotope uranium-235. Its main use is to generate electricity in nuclear power plants by sustaining a chain reaction, but it is also used in military applications like nuclear submarines and weapons.
The document summarizes the extraction process of zirconium. Zircon sand is mined and purified to extract zirconium minerals. Zirconium chloride is produced via chlorination of zirconia and then reduced with magnesium using the Kroll process to produce zirconium sponge. The sponge is further purified using vacuum treatment to remove magnesium chloride and excess magnesium, producing ductile zirconium. Zirconium has applications in the nuclear industry as a cladding material due to its low neutron absorption cross-section and corrosion resistance at high temperatures in water. It is also used in alloys for aircraft applications due to strength retention at elevated temperatures.
Titanium can be extracted through Kroll's process or Hunter's process. Kroll's process involves reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium at 800┬░C to produce titanium sponge and magnesium chloride. Hunter's process reduces titanium tetrachloride with sodium in a series of steady-state reactions to produce titanium and sodium chloride. The brittle titanium sponge produced requires further processing like purification and melting to produce ductile titanium for applications such as jet engine components, air frames, and spacecraft.
The document summarizes the process of primary aluminum production. It involves two main steps:
1) Production of alumina (Al2O3) from bauxite ore using the Bayer process, which involves leaching the ore with sodium hydroxide followed by precipitation and calcination.
2) Electrolytic decomposition of the alumina in a cryolite bath using the Hall-H├йroult process, where the alumina dissolves and aluminum plates out on the cathode. Large amounts of electric power are required. Additives such as calcium fluoride are used to reduce the melting point of the cryolite electrolyte.
The document summarizes extraction and uses of magnesium. It describes common magnesium minerals like dolomite and magnesite. It discusses challenges in extracting magnesium through pyrometallurgical and electrometallurgical processes. The Pidgeon and Magnetotherm processes are described for pyrometallurgical extraction. The Dow process extracts magnesium from seawater through precipitation and electrolysis. Magnesium has non-structural uses like alloying, deoxidation, and cathodic protection. Structural uses include aircraft and transportation applications due to magnesium's high strength to weight ratio.
The document discusses various metallurgical processes including calcination, roasting, and sinter roasting. Calcination involves thermal decomposition or removal of volatiles without melting. Roasting converts metal sulfides to oxides using excess air. It is done in multiple hearth furnaces, flash roasters, or fluidized beds. Sinter roasting simultaneously agglomerates and roasts fine ores to produce porous sinter for blast furnaces.
The document discusses various heat treatment processes including annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and analyzing hardenability. Annealing involves heating material to relieve stresses and improve ductility. Normalizing is similar but involves faster cooling in air to refine grain structure. Hardening increases hardness through rapid quenching from austenitizing temperatures resulting in martensite formation. Tempering improves toughness of hardened steel by reheating to precipitate carbides. Hardenability is measured using the Jominy end quench test and indicates the depth of hardness achieved during quenching.
The document outlines several policy reforms in India to promote growth initiatives and attract more investment as part of efforts towards an Atmanirbhar Bharat or self-reliant India. It discusses reforms in sectors like coal, minerals, defence production, civil aviation, power distribution, social infrastructure, space activities and atomic energy. Key reforms include introducing commercial coal mining, liberalizing the defence manufacturing sector, privatizing power distribution in union territories, enhancing private participation in infrastructure through viability gap funding, and allowing greater private sector involvement in space activities and atomic energy projects. The overall goal is to boost investment, reduce imports, increase self-reliance, and promote growth across critical sectors.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses three microstructural transformations: recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth that occur during annealing of cold worked materials. Recovery involves a reduction in point defects and dislocation rearrangement into low energy configurations at low annealing temperatures. Recrystallization occurs at higher annealing temperatures and results in the formation of new strain-free grains. Grain growth follows recrystallization and leads to an increase in the average grain size as larger grains grow at the expense of smaller ones.
This document outlines the curriculum for an MT Metallurgical Engineering program. It covers 6 main sections: 1) Engineering Mathematics, 2) Thermodynamics and Rate Processes, 3) Extractive Metallurgy, 4) Physical Metallurgy, 5) Mechanical Metallurgy, and 6) Manufacturing Processes. Some of the key topics included are linear algebra, calculus, phase diagrams, kinetics, extraction of metals, crystal structures, mechanical properties, casting, forming, welding, and non-destructive testing. The program provides students with fundamental knowledge in areas such as mathematics, physical and mechanical metallurgy, processing, manufacturing, and engineering principles.
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering SyllabusVikas Barnwal
┬а
The document provides the course structure and syllabus for a B.Tech in Metallurgy and Materials Engineering at the National Institute of Foundry & Forge Technology in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. It includes the semester-wise listing of courses over 8 semesters, with details on course codes, subjects, lecture/tutorial/practical hours and credits. The syllabus overview is also provided for some of the core courses in the first year, covering topics in mathematics, chemistry, physics, engineering mechanics, electrical engineering, communication skills, and engineering graphics.
The document discusses several proposed reforms across key sectors including coal, mining, defence production, aviation, power, infrastructure, space and atomic energy. Some key points include introducing commercial coal mining by allowing private sector participation, liberalizing entry norms for coal blocks, incentivizing coal gasification and private investments in minerals. In defence, the proposals focus on boosting domestic production via FDI limit hike, import bans, indigenization. Other reforms pertain to efficient airspace management, more world-class airports through PPP, tax rationalization for aircraft MRO sector.
The document discusses scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and its use in characterizing materials. SEM uses an electron beam focused into a probe that scans over a sample, creating signals like secondary electrons and backscattered electrons. These signals are detected and used to form a magnified image of the sample's surface on a cathode ray tube. SEM provides higher magnification than light microscopes, with a greater depth of field. It is capable of elemental analysis and mapping at magnifications from around 10x to 300,000x, with typical operating ranges of 500eV-50keV beam energy.
The document discusses characterization of materials using scanning electron microscopy. It covers topics such as detecting backscattered electrons, elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons, secondary and backscattered electrons, relaxation of excited atoms, depth of field, and cathodoluminescence. The document appears to be from a course on characterization of materials taught at the National Institute of Foundry and Forge in 2020.
The document provides information on various materials characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning force microscopy (STM/SFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron and Auger electron diffraction (XPD/AED), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Each technique is described in one or two paragraphs covering its operating parameters, capabilities, sample requirements, and applications.
Uranium is a metallic element with an atomic number of 92 that is used as nuclear fuel. It occurs naturally in minerals like pitchblende, uraninite, and carnotite. Uranium is extracted from its ores and enriched so that it contains more of the fissionable isotope uranium-235. Its main use is to generate electricity in nuclear power plants by sustaining a chain reaction, but it is also used in military applications like nuclear submarines and weapons.
The document summarizes the extraction process of zirconium. Zircon sand is mined and purified to extract zirconium minerals. Zirconium chloride is produced via chlorination of zirconia and then reduced with magnesium using the Kroll process to produce zirconium sponge. The sponge is further purified using vacuum treatment to remove magnesium chloride and excess magnesium, producing ductile zirconium. Zirconium has applications in the nuclear industry as a cladding material due to its low neutron absorption cross-section and corrosion resistance at high temperatures in water. It is also used in alloys for aircraft applications due to strength retention at elevated temperatures.
Titanium can be extracted through Kroll's process or Hunter's process. Kroll's process involves reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium at 800┬░C to produce titanium sponge and magnesium chloride. Hunter's process reduces titanium tetrachloride with sodium in a series of steady-state reactions to produce titanium and sodium chloride. The brittle titanium sponge produced requires further processing like purification and melting to produce ductile titanium for applications such as jet engine components, air frames, and spacecraft.
The document summarizes the process of primary aluminum production. It involves two main steps:
1) Production of alumina (Al2O3) from bauxite ore using the Bayer process, which involves leaching the ore with sodium hydroxide followed by precipitation and calcination.
2) Electrolytic decomposition of the alumina in a cryolite bath using the Hall-H├йroult process, where the alumina dissolves and aluminum plates out on the cathode. Large amounts of electric power are required. Additives such as calcium fluoride are used to reduce the melting point of the cryolite electrolyte.
The document summarizes extraction and uses of magnesium. It describes common magnesium minerals like dolomite and magnesite. It discusses challenges in extracting magnesium through pyrometallurgical and electrometallurgical processes. The Pidgeon and Magnetotherm processes are described for pyrometallurgical extraction. The Dow process extracts magnesium from seawater through precipitation and electrolysis. Magnesium has non-structural uses like alloying, deoxidation, and cathodic protection. Structural uses include aircraft and transportation applications due to magnesium's high strength to weight ratio.
The document discusses various metallurgical processes including calcination, roasting, and sinter roasting. Calcination involves thermal decomposition or removal of volatiles without melting. Roasting converts metal sulfides to oxides using excess air. It is done in multiple hearth furnaces, flash roasters, or fluidized beds. Sinter roasting simultaneously agglomerates and roasts fine ores to produce porous sinter for blast furnaces.
The document discusses various heat treatment processes including annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and analyzing hardenability. Annealing involves heating material to relieve stresses and improve ductility. Normalizing is similar but involves faster cooling in air to refine grain structure. Hardening increases hardness through rapid quenching from austenitizing temperatures resulting in martensite formation. Tempering improves toughness of hardened steel by reheating to precipitate carbides. Hardenability is measured using the Jominy end quench test and indicates the depth of hardness achieved during quenching.
The document outlines several policy reforms in India to promote growth initiatives and attract more investment as part of efforts towards an Atmanirbhar Bharat or self-reliant India. It discusses reforms in sectors like coal, minerals, defence production, civil aviation, power distribution, social infrastructure, space activities and atomic energy. Key reforms include introducing commercial coal mining, liberalizing the defence manufacturing sector, privatizing power distribution in union territories, enhancing private participation in infrastructure through viability gap funding, and allowing greater private sector involvement in space activities and atomic energy projects. The overall goal is to boost investment, reduce imports, increase self-reliance, and promote growth across critical sectors.