This document provides an overview of a psychology textbook chapter on memory. It discusses the three main processes of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. It describes several models of how memory works, including the information processing model and levels of processing model. It also outlines the different types of memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory. Within long-term memory, it distinguishes between declarative and nondeclarative memory.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to memory from a psychology textbook. It discusses the three processes of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval) and different models of memory, including the information processing model. It also describes the three main stages of memory (sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory), and delves into the different types of long-term memory (procedural, declarative) and how memories are organized in semantic networks. Various memory tests and effects are discussed, including the distinction between recall and recognition.
This document provides an overview of a psychology textbook chapter on memory. It discusses the three main processes of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. It describes several models of how memory works, including the information processing model and levels of processing model. It also outlines the different types of memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory. Within long-term memory, it distinguishes between declarative and nondeclarative memory.
This document is a chapter from the textbook Psychology, 4th Edition. It discusses various topics relating to cognition, including thinking and mental images, problem solving, decision making, intelligence, and language. The chapter contains learning objectives, definitions of key terms, and figures to illustrate concepts. It examines theories of intelligence such as Spearman's two-factor theory and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
This document provides an overview of the biological perspective in psychology and the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses the nervous system and different types of neurons. It describes how neurons communicate via neurotransmitters at synapses and the role of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Specifically, it details the somatic and autonomic nervous systems and their functions. The document also examines the endocrine system and hormones produced by glands like the pituitary, pineal, thyroid and pancreas that influence behavior.
The document discusses various topics related to consciousness, including sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and psychoactive drugs. It covers levels of consciousness, the stages and purposes of sleep, theories of dreaming, how hypnosis works, and the effects of different classes of drugs like stimulants and depressants. The key learning objectives are about consciousness, sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, drug dependence and effects, and specific drugs. Figures and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like sleep stages, brain activity during sleep, and common sleep disorders.
This document provides an overview of learning concepts from classical and operant conditioning. It begins with definitions of learning and discusses Ivan Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning in dogs. Key concepts in classical conditioning like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response are defined. Operant conditioning is introduced as voluntary behavior learned through consequences. B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning research using rat experiments in Skinner boxes is described. Important operant conditioning concepts like reinforcement, positive vs. negative reinforcement, and shaping behavior are summarized.
This document contains chapter sections from the 4th edition of the textbook "Psychology" by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. It covers key topics relating to consciousness, including different levels of consciousness, the stages and purpose of sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, and the effects of various psychoactive drugs like stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens. The document provides learning objectives for the chapter and definitions or explanations of important concepts in brief paragraph or bullet point form.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to motivation and emotion from a psychology textbook. It includes learning objectives on topics like instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, theories of emotion, and problems with eating behaviors. Various theories of motivation and emotion are defined, such as the James-Lange theory which proposes that physiological arousal leads to the experience of emotion, and diagrams illustrate concepts like Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the Yerkes-Dodson law on arousal and performance.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to memory from a psychology textbook. It discusses the three processes of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval) and different models of memory, including the information processing model. It also describes the three main stages of memory (sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory), and delves into the different types of long-term memory (procedural, declarative) and how memories are organized in semantic networks. Various memory tests and effects are discussed, including the distinction between recall and recognition.
This document provides an overview of a psychology textbook chapter on memory. It discusses the three main processes of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. It describes several models of how memory works, including the information processing model and levels of processing model. It also outlines the different types of memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory. Within long-term memory, it distinguishes between declarative and nondeclarative memory.
This document is a chapter from the textbook Psychology, 4th Edition. It discusses various topics relating to cognition, including thinking and mental images, problem solving, decision making, intelligence, and language. The chapter contains learning objectives, definitions of key terms, and figures to illustrate concepts. It examines theories of intelligence such as Spearman's two-factor theory and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
This document provides an overview of the biological perspective in psychology and the structure and function of the nervous system. It discusses the nervous system and different types of neurons. It describes how neurons communicate via neurotransmitters at synapses and the role of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Specifically, it details the somatic and autonomic nervous systems and their functions. The document also examines the endocrine system and hormones produced by glands like the pituitary, pineal, thyroid and pancreas that influence behavior.
The document discusses various topics related to consciousness, including sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and psychoactive drugs. It covers levels of consciousness, the stages and purposes of sleep, theories of dreaming, how hypnosis works, and the effects of different classes of drugs like stimulants and depressants. The key learning objectives are about consciousness, sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, drug dependence and effects, and specific drugs. Figures and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like sleep stages, brain activity during sleep, and common sleep disorders.
This document provides an overview of learning concepts from classical and operant conditioning. It begins with definitions of learning and discusses Ivan Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning in dogs. Key concepts in classical conditioning like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response are defined. Operant conditioning is introduced as voluntary behavior learned through consequences. B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning research using rat experiments in Skinner boxes is described. Important operant conditioning concepts like reinforcement, positive vs. negative reinforcement, and shaping behavior are summarized.
This document contains chapter sections from the 4th edition of the textbook "Psychology" by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. It covers key topics relating to consciousness, including different levels of consciousness, the stages and purpose of sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, and the effects of various psychoactive drugs like stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens. The document provides learning objectives for the chapter and definitions or explanations of important concepts in brief paragraph or bullet point form.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to motivation and emotion from a psychology textbook. It includes learning objectives on topics like instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, theories of emotion, and problems with eating behaviors. Various theories of motivation and emotion are defined, such as the James-Lange theory which proposes that physiological arousal leads to the experience of emotion, and diagrams illustrate concepts like Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the Yerkes-Dodson law on arousal and performance.
Envision Sports and Entertainment is providing affordable accommodations in Rio de Janeiro for friends and family of Canadian Olympic athletes competing in the summer games. They have arranged 6 condominiums and houses near competition venues priced between $300-$1150 per night. The document provides details on each property's location, amenities, minimum nightly stay requirements, and proximity to Olympic events and local attractions.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 4 from the textbook "Psychology, Fourth Edition" by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. The chapter covers topics related to consciousness including different levels of consciousness, the necessity and stages of sleep, dreaming, sleep disorders, and the effects of drugs on consciousness. It includes learning objectives for each section, definitions of key terms, descriptions of theories such as those related to the purpose of sleep, and summaries of research findings. Diagrams illustrate aspects such as typical brain wave patterns and stages of sleep across a night.
Envision Sports and Entertainment is providing affordable accommodations in Rio de Janeiro for friends and family of Canadian Olympic athletes competing in the summer games. They have arranged 6 condominiums and houses near competition venues priced between $300-$1150 per night. The document provides details on each property's location, amenities, minimum nightly stay requirements, and proximity to Olympic events.
Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that affects about 1 in 100 people at some point in their lives. It typically first develops in young adulthood around age 25. Genetics play a role, as an identical twin of someone with schizophrenia has a 48% chance of also developing it, but environmental factors are also important influences. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, blunted emotions and lack of interest in the world. Treatments include antipsychotic medications, therapy, and in some cases institutionalization.
Envision Sports and Entertainment is providing affordable accommodations in Rio de Janeiro for friends and family of Canadian Olympic athletes competing in the summer games. They have arranged 6 condominiums and houses near competition venues priced between $300-$1150 per night. The document provides details on each property's location, amenities, minimum nightly stay requirements, and proximity to Olympic events.
Rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP) ini membahas tentang materi geometri tentang kedudukan titik dan jarak antara titik. Pembelajaran dilakukan dengan pendekatan saintifik dan strategi diskusi kelompok serta pembelajaran discovery learning. Tujuannya adalah agar siswa dapat menentukan kedudukan titik dan jarak antara titik serta menunjukkan sikap yang baik. Penilaian dilakukan dengan pengamatan dan tes tertulis.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 6 from the textbook "Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition" by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. The chapter discusses memory, including the three processes of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval), different memory models, sensory memory, short-term memory and working memory, long-term memory types (declarative and nondeclarative), organization of memories, cues that help with remembering, and differences between recall and recognition. It also covers topics like eyewitness testimony reliability and how memories are formed and stored in the brain.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to memory from a psychology textbook. It discusses the three processes of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval) and different models of memory, including the information processing model. It also describes the three main stages of memory (sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory), and delves into the different types of long-term memory (procedural, declarative) and how memories are organized in semantic networks. Various memory tests and effects are discussed, including the distinction between recall and recognition.
This document provides an overview of memory, including:
- Memory refers to the process of storing information that can later be retrieved. It has three main stages - sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
- Short-term memory can only hold a small amount of information for a brief period of time (around 30 seconds), while long-term memory can store much larger amounts of information for the long run.
- Forgetting occurs due to factors like decay over time, interference from new information, and shallow levels of initial processing. Strategies to enhance memory include deep processing, minimizing interference, and using memory aids.
Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. Encoding occurs through rehearsal, deep processing, elaboration, imagery, and organization. Memory is stored in sensory memory briefly, working memory for 30 seconds unless rehearsed, and long-term memory for lifetimes. Memory storage involves different types like declarative and non-declarative memory as well as contents like episodic and semantic memory. Retrieving memories can be difficult due to interference, decay, or lack of cues. Effective study strategies include taking good notes, using mnemonics, asking questions, spacing out learning, monitoring progress, and managing time well.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the 4th edition of the textbook Psychology by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. The chapter discusses sensation and perception, including how the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch work. It addresses topics like how light and sound travel through the eye and ear, color vision, visual illusions, and depth perception. The summaries focus on key aspects of sensation and the structure and function of sensory organs.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the 4th edition of the textbook Psychology by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. The chapter discusses sensation and perception, including how the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch work. It addresses topics like how light and sound travel through the eye and ear, color vision, visual illusions, and depth perception. The summaries focus on key aspects of sensation and the structure and function of sensory organs.
This document outlines the key concepts covered in Chapter 6 on memory. It discusses the three processes of memory - encoding, storage and retrieval. It also summarizes several models of memory, including the information processing model and levels of processing model. Additionally, it defines and provides details about the different types of memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, and different classifications within long-term memory like declarative and nondeclarative memory. Other topics covered include organization of memories, cues that help with retrieval, accuracy of recall vs recognition, formation and deterioration of memories over time.
This document discusses human memory and its stages. It describes memory as having three stages - encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding involves processing incoming information. Storage refers to retaining information over time. Retrieval involves recovering stored information. It also discusses models of memory like the Atkinson-Shiffrin model which describes sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Mechanisms of forgetting like trace decay and interference are also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of memory from a psychological perspective. It discusses how memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. There are three main types of encoding - visual, acoustic, and semantic. Short term memory has limited capacity and duration, while long term memory has unlimited capacity and duration. A multi-store model of memory describes how information flows from sensory memory to short term memory to long term memory through encoding and rehearsal. More recent models like working memory divide short term memory into separate systems for visual-spatial and phonological information, controlled by a central executive.
The document discusses memory, including the definition, physiology, stages of memory formation, theories of forgetting, types of memory such as sensory, short-term, and long-term memory, and disorders of memory. It provides details on how information is processed and stored in the brain's memory systems from initial sensory input through encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memory tests and disorders like amnesia are also briefly covered.
This document discusses long-term memory structure and types. It distinguishes between long-term memory and short-term memory based on differences in duration and capacity. It describes episodic memory for personal experiences and semantic memory for facts. It discusses evidence for implicit memory from priming, procedural memory, and conditioning. It outlines Squire's taxonomy of declarative and nondeclarative memory and provides examples of each.
1
Memory
Tiffany Daniels, M.S.
1
Let’s Start With a Memory
Challenge
• I’m going to read you a grocery list. Use
whatever memory strategies that you
think will be most effective to memorize
the items. When I am done, write down
as many items as you can remember.
You do not have to remember them in
order.
2
Key Terms
• Memory - The retention of information
over time through the processes of
encoding, storage, & retrieval.
• Encoding - Process by which
information gets into memory storage
• Storage - Retention of information over
time and the representation of
information in memory.
• Retrieval - The memory process of
taking information out of storage.
3
Encoding
• Requires selective attention
• Divided attention - occurs when a person
must attend to several things at once
• Selective/Sustained attention (focusing on
one thing for a prolonged period of time) is
better than divided attention in terms of
retrieval
4
Encoding
• Levels of Processing Model (Craik &
Lockhart 1972)
• Shallow level: The sensory of physical
features are analyzed.
• Intermediate level: The stimulus is
recognized and given a label.
• Deepest level: Information is processed
semantically, in terms of meaning.
5
“All I see is a bunch of ink on
this page! I’m so zoned out, I’m
not even making out the words!”
“I am reading the words but
I don’t understand it. I keep
reading the same line over
and over!”
“Not only do I understand
what I just read, but I can
apply it to myself, create
examples, and even share
what I learned with a friend!”
6
2
Encoding
• An individual’s memories are better if he or
she uses the deepest processing level.
• Memories are also better if using
elaboration when encoding.
• Elaboration: extensiveness of processing
at any given level of memory.
• Self-references, generating examples, and
using imagery are better than simple rote
memorization
7
Encoding
• Flashcards are a type of rote memorization –
how effective are they in the long term?
• It is also important to be motivated to
remember
• How easy is it to encode, store, and retrieve
information for your least favorite class?
8
Memory Storage
• The Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory (1968)
• Storage involves 3 separate systems
• Sensory Memory: time frames of a fraction
of a second to several seconds
• Short-Term Memory (STM): time frames up
to 30 seconds
• Long Term Memory (LTM): time frames up
to a lifetime
9
Sensory Memory
• Includes:
• Iconic memory (visual sensory memory) -
we can remember things that quickly flash
before our eyes
• Echoic memory (auditory sensory memory)
- we can remember sounds after the fact,
even if we weren’t attending to them.
10
Short-Term Memory
• Capacity is 7 ± 2 (called “Miller’s Magical
Number)
• Means we can usually remember on
average, between 5-9 items in a list
(example: phone numbers, Social Sec. #)
• Can improve short-term memory by using
rehearsal and chunking.
11 ...
This document provides an overview of cognitive psychology and models of memory. It summarizes the multi-store model which includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Evidence is presented for the capacity, encoding, and duration of short-term memory based on the research of Miller, Baddeley, and Peterson & Peterson. The working memory model is also summarized. Finally, applications to eyewitness testimony and memory improvement strategies are briefly discussed.
Envision Sports and Entertainment is providing affordable accommodations in Rio de Janeiro for friends and family of Canadian Olympic athletes competing in the summer games. They have arranged 6 condominiums and houses near competition venues priced between $300-$1150 per night. The document provides details on each property's location, amenities, minimum nightly stay requirements, and proximity to Olympic events and local attractions.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 4 from the textbook "Psychology, Fourth Edition" by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. The chapter covers topics related to consciousness including different levels of consciousness, the necessity and stages of sleep, dreaming, sleep disorders, and the effects of drugs on consciousness. It includes learning objectives for each section, definitions of key terms, descriptions of theories such as those related to the purpose of sleep, and summaries of research findings. Diagrams illustrate aspects such as typical brain wave patterns and stages of sleep across a night.
Envision Sports and Entertainment is providing affordable accommodations in Rio de Janeiro for friends and family of Canadian Olympic athletes competing in the summer games. They have arranged 6 condominiums and houses near competition venues priced between $300-$1150 per night. The document provides details on each property's location, amenities, minimum nightly stay requirements, and proximity to Olympic events.
Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that affects about 1 in 100 people at some point in their lives. It typically first develops in young adulthood around age 25. Genetics play a role, as an identical twin of someone with schizophrenia has a 48% chance of also developing it, but environmental factors are also important influences. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, blunted emotions and lack of interest in the world. Treatments include antipsychotic medications, therapy, and in some cases institutionalization.
Envision Sports and Entertainment is providing affordable accommodations in Rio de Janeiro for friends and family of Canadian Olympic athletes competing in the summer games. They have arranged 6 condominiums and houses near competition venues priced between $300-$1150 per night. The document provides details on each property's location, amenities, minimum nightly stay requirements, and proximity to Olympic events.
Rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP) ini membahas tentang materi geometri tentang kedudukan titik dan jarak antara titik. Pembelajaran dilakukan dengan pendekatan saintifik dan strategi diskusi kelompok serta pembelajaran discovery learning. Tujuannya adalah agar siswa dapat menentukan kedudukan titik dan jarak antara titik serta menunjukkan sikap yang baik. Penilaian dilakukan dengan pengamatan dan tes tertulis.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 6 from the textbook "Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition" by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. The chapter discusses memory, including the three processes of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval), different memory models, sensory memory, short-term memory and working memory, long-term memory types (declarative and nondeclarative), organization of memories, cues that help with remembering, and differences between recall and recognition. It also covers topics like eyewitness testimony reliability and how memories are formed and stored in the brain.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to memory from a psychology textbook. It discusses the three processes of memory (encoding, storage, retrieval) and different models of memory, including the information processing model. It also describes the three main stages of memory (sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory), and delves into the different types of long-term memory (procedural, declarative) and how memories are organized in semantic networks. Various memory tests and effects are discussed, including the distinction between recall and recognition.
This document provides an overview of memory, including:
- Memory refers to the process of storing information that can later be retrieved. It has three main stages - sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
- Short-term memory can only hold a small amount of information for a brief period of time (around 30 seconds), while long-term memory can store much larger amounts of information for the long run.
- Forgetting occurs due to factors like decay over time, interference from new information, and shallow levels of initial processing. Strategies to enhance memory include deep processing, minimizing interference, and using memory aids.
Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. Encoding occurs through rehearsal, deep processing, elaboration, imagery, and organization. Memory is stored in sensory memory briefly, working memory for 30 seconds unless rehearsed, and long-term memory for lifetimes. Memory storage involves different types like declarative and non-declarative memory as well as contents like episodic and semantic memory. Retrieving memories can be difficult due to interference, decay, or lack of cues. Effective study strategies include taking good notes, using mnemonics, asking questions, spacing out learning, monitoring progress, and managing time well.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the 4th edition of the textbook Psychology by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. The chapter discusses sensation and perception, including how the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch work. It addresses topics like how light and sound travel through the eye and ear, color vision, visual illusions, and depth perception. The summaries focus on key aspects of sensation and the structure and function of sensory organs.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the 4th edition of the textbook Psychology by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. The chapter discusses sensation and perception, including how the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch work. It addresses topics like how light and sound travel through the eye and ear, color vision, visual illusions, and depth perception. The summaries focus on key aspects of sensation and the structure and function of sensory organs.
This document outlines the key concepts covered in Chapter 6 on memory. It discusses the three processes of memory - encoding, storage and retrieval. It also summarizes several models of memory, including the information processing model and levels of processing model. Additionally, it defines and provides details about the different types of memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, and different classifications within long-term memory like declarative and nondeclarative memory. Other topics covered include organization of memories, cues that help with retrieval, accuracy of recall vs recognition, formation and deterioration of memories over time.
This document discusses human memory and its stages. It describes memory as having three stages - encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding involves processing incoming information. Storage refers to retaining information over time. Retrieval involves recovering stored information. It also discusses models of memory like the Atkinson-Shiffrin model which describes sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Mechanisms of forgetting like trace decay and interference are also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of memory from a psychological perspective. It discusses how memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. There are three main types of encoding - visual, acoustic, and semantic. Short term memory has limited capacity and duration, while long term memory has unlimited capacity and duration. A multi-store model of memory describes how information flows from sensory memory to short term memory to long term memory through encoding and rehearsal. More recent models like working memory divide short term memory into separate systems for visual-spatial and phonological information, controlled by a central executive.
The document discusses memory, including the definition, physiology, stages of memory formation, theories of forgetting, types of memory such as sensory, short-term, and long-term memory, and disorders of memory. It provides details on how information is processed and stored in the brain's memory systems from initial sensory input through encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memory tests and disorders like amnesia are also briefly covered.
This document discusses long-term memory structure and types. It distinguishes between long-term memory and short-term memory based on differences in duration and capacity. It describes episodic memory for personal experiences and semantic memory for facts. It discusses evidence for implicit memory from priming, procedural memory, and conditioning. It outlines Squire's taxonomy of declarative and nondeclarative memory and provides examples of each.
1
Memory
Tiffany Daniels, M.S.
1
Let’s Start With a Memory
Challenge
• I’m going to read you a grocery list. Use
whatever memory strategies that you
think will be most effective to memorize
the items. When I am done, write down
as many items as you can remember.
You do not have to remember them in
order.
2
Key Terms
• Memory - The retention of information
over time through the processes of
encoding, storage, & retrieval.
• Encoding - Process by which
information gets into memory storage
• Storage - Retention of information over
time and the representation of
information in memory.
• Retrieval - The memory process of
taking information out of storage.
3
Encoding
• Requires selective attention
• Divided attention - occurs when a person
must attend to several things at once
• Selective/Sustained attention (focusing on
one thing for a prolonged period of time) is
better than divided attention in terms of
retrieval
4
Encoding
• Levels of Processing Model (Craik &
Lockhart 1972)
• Shallow level: The sensory of physical
features are analyzed.
• Intermediate level: The stimulus is
recognized and given a label.
• Deepest level: Information is processed
semantically, in terms of meaning.
5
“All I see is a bunch of ink on
this page! I’m so zoned out, I’m
not even making out the words!”
“I am reading the words but
I don’t understand it. I keep
reading the same line over
and over!”
“Not only do I understand
what I just read, but I can
apply it to myself, create
examples, and even share
what I learned with a friend!”
6
2
Encoding
• An individual’s memories are better if he or
she uses the deepest processing level.
• Memories are also better if using
elaboration when encoding.
• Elaboration: extensiveness of processing
at any given level of memory.
• Self-references, generating examples, and
using imagery are better than simple rote
memorization
7
Encoding
• Flashcards are a type of rote memorization –
how effective are they in the long term?
• It is also important to be motivated to
remember
• How easy is it to encode, store, and retrieve
information for your least favorite class?
8
Memory Storage
• The Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory (1968)
• Storage involves 3 separate systems
• Sensory Memory: time frames of a fraction
of a second to several seconds
• Short-Term Memory (STM): time frames up
to 30 seconds
• Long Term Memory (LTM): time frames up
to a lifetime
9
Sensory Memory
• Includes:
• Iconic memory (visual sensory memory) -
we can remember things that quickly flash
before our eyes
• Echoic memory (auditory sensory memory)
- we can remember sounds after the fact,
even if we weren’t attending to them.
10
Short-Term Memory
• Capacity is 7 ± 2 (called “Miller’s Magical
Number)
• Means we can usually remember on
average, between 5-9 items in a list
(example: phone numbers, Social Sec. #)
• Can improve short-term memory by using
rehearsal and chunking.
11 ...
This document provides an overview of cognitive psychology and models of memory. It summarizes the multi-store model which includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Evidence is presented for the capacity, encoding, and duration of short-term memory based on the research of Miller, Baddeley, and Peterson & Peterson. The working memory model is also summarized. Finally, applications to eyewitness testimony and memory improvement strategies are briefly discussed.
Memory involves three main processes - encoding, storing, and retrieving information. There are three types of memory - sensory memory briefly stores raw sensory information, short-term memory can hold a limited amount of information for around 30 seconds, and long-term memory stores information essentially permanently through encoding and forming associations. Information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory if attended to, and is encoded into long-term memory through rehearsal and association to be retrieved later.
The study of human memory has been a subject of science and philosophy for thousands of years and has become one of the major topics of interest within cognitive psychology.
But what exactly is memory? How are memories formed? The following overview offers a brief look at what memory is, how it works and how it is organized.
Memory is the process of storing and recalling information and experiences. There are different types of memory including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Memory is essential for learning, survival, and identity. Without memory we would not be able to function or know who we are. While memory allows us to recall past experiences, it is not perfect and can be influenced by factors like interference and forgetting over time. Effective memorization techniques include spacing out study sessions, finding meaning in materials, using imagery and mnemonic devices, and exercising the mind and body regularly.
This document provides an overview of the integrated pedagogical system used in the textbook "Essentials of Psychology." Key features include an outline at the start of each chapter, a preview statement, preview questions, instructional captions, "In Review" charts summarizing information, and an active review at the end of each chapter. The system is designed to help students get the most out of their reading and reinforce learning through self-testing questions and online tutorials.
This document provides an overview of the integrated pedagogical system used in the textbook "Essentials of Psychology." Key features include an outline at the start of each chapter, a preview statement, preview questions, instructional captions, "In Review" charts summarizing information, and an active review at the end of each chapter. The system is designed to help students get the most out of their reading and reinforce learning through self-testing questions and online tutorials.
This document provides an overview of the integrated pedagogical system used in the textbook "Essentials of Psychology." Key features include an outline at the start of each chapter, a preview statement, preview questions, instructional captions, "In Review" charts summarizing information, and an active review at the end of each chapter. The system is designed to help students understand and retain the material through these integrated study tools.
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