CERNOBIL

1. Chernobyl
Чорнобиль
City of district significance
Chornobyl
Chernobyl's Old City Hall building
Coordinates: 51°16′20″N 30°13′27″E
Country Ukraine
Oblast Kyiv Oblast
Raion Chernobyl Raion (1923–
1988)
Ivankiv Raion (1988-2020)
Vyshhorod Raion (since
2020)
Chernobyl Exclusion Zone
(de facto; since 1986)
First mentioned 1193
City status 1941
Government
• Administration State Agency of Ukraine
on the Exclusion Zone
Management
Postal code 07270
Area code +380-4593
Chernobyl
Chernobyl (/tʃɜːrˈnoʊbəl/ chur-NOH-bəl, UK also /tʃɜːrˈnɒbəl/
chur-NOB-əl; Russian: Чернобыль, IPA: [tɕɪrˈnobɨlʲ]) or Chornobyl
(Ukrainian: Чорнобиль, IPA: [tʃorˈnɔbɪlʲ] ( listen)) is a partially
abandoned city in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, situated in the
Vyshhorod Raion of northern Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine. Chernobyl is
about 90 kilometres (60 mi) north of Kyiv, and 160 kilometres
(100 mi) southwest of the Belarusian city of Gomel. Before its
evacuation, the city had about 14,000 residents,[1] while around
1,000 people live in the city today.
First mentioned as a ducal hunting lodge in 1193, the city has
changed hands multiple times over the course of history. Jews moved
into the city in the 16th century, and a now-defunct monastery was
established in the area in 1626. By the end of the 18th century,
Chernobyl was a major centre of Hasidic Judaism under the Twersky
Dynasty, who left Chernobyl after the city was subject to pogroms in
the early 20th century. The Jewish community was later murdered
during the Holocaust. Chernobyl was chosen as the site of Ukraine's
first nuclear power plant in 1972, located 15 kilometres (9 mi) north
of the city, which opened in 1977. Chernobyl was evacuated on 5
May 1986, nine days after a catastrophic nuclear disaster at the plant,
which was the largest nuclear disaster in history. Along with the
residents of the nearby city of Prypiat, which was built as a home for
the plant's workers, the population was relocated to the newly built
city of Slavutych, and most have never returned.
The city was the administrative centre of Chernobyl Raion (district)
from 1923. After the disaster, in 1988, the raion was dissolved and
administration was transferred to the neighbouring Ivankiv Raion.
The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative
reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kyiv
Oblast to seven. The area of Ivankiv Raion was merged into
Vyshhorod Raion.[2][3]
Although Chernobyl is primarily a ghost town today, a small number
of people still live there, in houses marked with signs that read,
"Owner of this house lives here",[4] and a small number of animals
live there as well. Workers on watch and administrative personnel of
the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone are also stationed in the city. The city
has two general stores and a hotel.
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Chernobyl became the
site of the Battle of Chernobyl and Russian forces occupied the city
between 24 February and 2 April. After its capture, it was reported
that radiation levels began rising.
Etymology
History
Chernobyl
Coordinates: 51°16′20″N 30°13′27″E
Contents

2. Photo of the town and Chernobyl
Power plant from Mir station, 1997
Chernobyl welcome sign
Identity of Ptolemy's "Azagarium"
12th to 18th century
18th century to Soviet times: demography and events
Soviet times (1920–1991)
Independent Ukraine (1991–present)
Russian occupation (February–April 2022)
Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster
People
Climate
See also
References
External links
The city's name is the same as one of the Ukrainian names for Artemisia vulgaris,
mugwort or common wormwood: чорнобиль, chornóbyl' (or more commonly
полин звичайний polýn zvycháynyy, 'common artemisia').[5] The name is
inherited from Proto-Slavic *čьrnobylъ or Proto-Slavic *čьrnobyl, a compound of
Proto-Slavic *čьrnъ 'black' + Proto-Slavic *bylь 'grass', the parts related to
Ukrainian: чорний, romanized: chórnyy, lit. 'black' and било byló, 'stalk', so named
in distinction to the lighter-stemmed wormwood A. absinthium.[5]
The name in languages used nearby is:
Ukrainian: Чорнобиль, romanized: Chornobyl′, pronounced [tʃorˈnɔbɪlʲ]
( listen)
Belarusian: Чарнобыль, romanized: Čarnobyĺ, pronounced [t͡ʂarˈnɔbɨlʲ]
Russian: Черно́быль, romanized: Chernobyl′, pronounced [tɕɪrˈnobɨlʲ].
The name in languages formerly used in the area is:
Polish: Czarnobyl, pronounced [tʂarˈnɔbɨl]
Yiddish: ‫טשערנָאבל‬, romanized: Tshernobl, pronounced [tʃɛrˈnɔbl̩].
In English, the Russian-derived spelling Chernobyl has been commonly used, but some style guides recommend the
spelling Chornobyl,[6] or the use of romanized Ukrainian names for Ukrainian places generally.[7]
The Polish Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland of 1880–1902 states that the time the city was founded is
not known.[8]
Some older geographical dictionaries and descriptions of modern Eastern Europe mention "Czernobol" (Chernobyl) with
reference to Ptolemy's world map (2nd century AD). Czernobol is identified as Azagarium [uk], "oppidium Sarmatiae"
(Lat., "a city in Sarmatia"), by the 1605 Lexicon geographicum of Filippo Ferrari[9] and the 1677 Lexicon Universale of
Johann Jakob Hofmann.[10] According to the Dictionary of Ancient Geography of Alexander Macbean (London, 1773),
Azagarium is "a town of Sarmatia Europaea, on the Borysthenes" (Dnieper), 36° East longitude and 50°40' latitude. The
city is "now supposed to be Czernobol, a town of Poland, in Red Russia [Red Ruthenia], in the Palatinate of Kiow [see
Kiev Voivodeship], not far from the Borysthenes."[11]
Etymology
History
Identity of Ptolemy's "Azagarium"

3. Orthodox Church of St. Elijah
A 1525 European Sarmatia map after
Ptolemy's Geography. Azagarium is
marked on the west bank of the
Boristhenes river (Dnieper), below
the "Sarmatia Europe" inscription,
east (right) of the lake captioned
"Amodora palus". "Paludes
Meotides" (Maeotian Swamp) is the
Sea of Azov, "Ponti Euxini pars"
marks the Black Sea, and the
Carpathians are drawn in the bottom
left (southwest) corner as "Carpatus
mons".
Whether Azagarium is indeed Czernobol is debatable. The question of
Azagarium's correct location was raised in 1842 by Habsburg-Slovak historian,
Pavel Jozef Šafárik, who published a book titled "Slavic Ancient History"
("Sławiańskie starożytności"), where he claimed Azagarium to be the hill of
Zaguryna, which he found on an old Russian map "Bolzoj czertez" (Big drawing)
near the city of Pereiaslav, now in central Ukraine.[12]
In 2019, Ukrainian architect Boris Yerofalov-Pylypchak published a book, Roman
Kyiv or Castrum Azagarium at Kyiv-Podil.[13]
The archaeological excavations that were conducted in 2005–2008 found a
cultural layer from the 10–12th centuries AD, which predates the first
documentary mention of Chernobyl.[14]
Around the 12th century Chernobyl was part of the land of Kievan Rus′. The first
known mention of the settlement as Chernobyl is from an 1193 charter, which
describes it as a hunting lodge of Knyaz Rurik Rostislavich.[15][16] In 1362[17] it
was a crown village of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Around that time the town
had own castle which was ruined at least on two occasions in 1473 and 1482.[17]
The Chernobyl castle was rebuilt in the first quarter of the 16th century being
located nearby the settlement in a hard to reach area.[17] With revival of the castle,
Chernobyl became a county seat.[17] In 1552 it accounted for 196 buildings with
1,372 residents, out of which over 1,160 were considered city dwellers.[17] In the
city were developing various crafts professions such as blacksmith, cooper among
others.[17] Near Chernobyl has been excavated bog iron, out of which was
produced iron.[17] The village was granted to Filon Kmita, a captain of the royal
cavalry, as a fiefdom in 1566. Following the Union of Lublin, the province where
Chernobyl is located was transferred to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland in
1569.[17] Under the Polish Crown, Chernobyl became a seat of eldership
(starostwo).[17] During that period Chernobyl was inhabited by Ukrainian
peasants, some Polish people and a relatively large number of Jews.[18] Jews were
brought to Chernobyl by Filon Kmita, during the Polish campaign of colonization.
The first mentioning of Jewish community in Chernobyl is in the 17th century.[19]
In 1600 in the city was built the first kosciol (Polish word for the Roman Catholic
church).[17] Local population was persecuted for holding Eastern Orthodox rite
services.[17] The traditionally Eastern Orthodox Ukrainian peasantry around the
town were forcibly converted, by Poland, to the Ruthenian Uniate Church.[20] In
1626, during the Counter-reformation, a Dominican church and monastery were
founded by Lukasz Sapieha. A group of Old Catholics opposed the decrees of the
Council of Trent. The Chernobyl residents actively supported the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1657).[17]
With the signing of the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, Chernobyl was secured after the Sapieha family.[17] Sometime in the
18th century, the place was passed on to the Chodkiewicz family.[17] In the mid-18th century the area around Chernobyl
was engulfed in a number of peasant riots, which caused Prince Riepnin to write from Warsaw to Major General
Krechetnikov, requesting hussars to be sent from Kharkiv to deal with the uprising near Chernobyl in 1768.[17] By the end
of the 18th century, the town accounted for 2,865 residents and had 642 buildings.[17]
Following the Second Partition of Poland, in 1793 Chernobyl was annexed by the Russian Empire[21] and became part of
Radomyshl county (uezd) as a supernumerary town ("zashtatny gorod").[17] Many of the Uniate Church converts returned
to Eastern Orthodoxy.[22]
In 1832, following the failed Polish November Uprising, the Dominican monastery was sequestrated. The church of the
Old Catholics was disbanded in 1852.[15]
12th to 18th century
18th century to Soviet times: demography and events

4. Until the end of the 19th century, Chernobyl was a privately owned city that belonged to the Chodkiewicz family. In 1896
they sold the city to the state, but until 1910 they owned a castle and a house in the city.
In the second half of the 18th century, Chernobyl became a major centre of Hasidic Judaism. The Chernobyl Hasidic
dynasty had been founded by Rabbi Menachem Nachum Twersky. The Jewish population suffered greatly from pogroms
in October 1905 and in March–April 1919; many Jews were killed or robbed at the instigation of the Russian nationalist
Black Hundreds. When the Twersky Dynasty left Chernobyl in 1920, it ceased to exist as a center of Hasidism.
Chernobyl had a population of 10,800 in 1898, including 7,200 Jews. In the beginning of March 1918[17] Chernobyl was
occupied in World War I by German forces[15] (see Treaty of Brest-Litovsk).
Ukrainians and Bolsheviks fought over the city in the ensuing Civil War. In the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–20, Chernobyl
was taken first by the Polish Army and then by the cavalry of the Red Army. From 1921 onwards, it was officially
incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR.[15]
Between 1929 and 1933, Chernobyl suffered from killings during Stalin's collectivization campaign. It was also affected
by the famine that resulted from Stalin's policies.[23] The Polish and German community of Chernobyl was deported to
Kazakhstan in 1936, during the Frontier Clearances.[24]
During World War II, Chernobyl was occupied by the German Army from 25 August 1941 to 17 November 1943. The
Jewish community was murdered during the Holocaust.[15]
In 1972, the Duga-1 radio receiver, part of the larger Duga over-the-horizon radar array, began construction 11 km (6.8 mi)
west-northwest of Chernobyl. It was the origin of the Russian Woodpecker and was designed as part of an anti-ballistic
missile early warning radar network.[25]
On 15 August 1972, the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (officially the Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Nuclear Power Plant) began
construction about 15 km (9.3 mi)[26][27] northwest of Chernobyl. The plant was built alongside Pripyat, an "atomograd"
city founded on 4 February 1970 that was intended to serve the nuclear power plant. The decision to build the power plant
was adopted by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the
Soviet Union on recommendations of the State Planning Committee that the Ukrainian SSR be its location. It was the first
nuclear power plant to be built in Ukraine.[28]
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Chernobyl remained part of Ukraine within the Chernobyl Exclusion
Zone which Ukraine inherited from the Soviet Union.
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Chernobyl became the site of the Battle of Chernobyl and Russian forces
captured the city on 24 February.[29] After its capture, Ukrainian officials reported that the radiation levels started to rise
due to recent military activity causing radioactive dust to ascend into the air.[30] Hundreds of Russian soldiers were
suffering from radiation poisoning after digging trenches in a contaminated area, and one died.[31] On 31 March it was
reported that Russian forces had left the exclusion zone.[32] Ukrainian authorities reasserted control over the area on 2
April.[33]
On 26 April 1986, one of the reactors at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded after unsanctioned experiments on
the reactor by plant operators were done improperly. The resulting loss of control was due to design flaws of the RBMK
reactor, which made it unstable when operated at low power, and prone to thermal runaway where increases in
temperature increase reactor power output.[34][35]
Soviet times (1920–1991)
Independent Ukraine (1991–present)
Russian occupation (February–April 2022)
Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster

5. Wormwood Star Memorial Complex
Monument to Those Who Saved the
World
Chernobyl city was evacuated nine days after the disaster. The level of
contamination with caesium-137 was around 555 kBq/m2 (surface ground
deposition in 1986).[36][37]
Later analyses concluded that, even with very conservative estimates, relocation of
the city (or of any area below 1500 kBq/m2) could not be justified on the grounds
of radiological health.[38][39][40] This however does not account for the
uncertainty in the first few days of the accident about further depositions and
weather patterns. Moreover, an earlier short-term evacuation could have averted
more significant doses from short-lived isotope radiation (specifically iodine-131,
which has a half-life of about eight days). Estimates of health effects are a subject
of some controversy, see Effects of the Chernobyl disaster.
In 1998, average caesium-137 doses from the accident (estimated at 1–2 mSv per
year) did not exceed those from other sources of exposure.[41] Current effective
caesium-137 dose rates as of 2019 are 200–250 nSv/h, or roughly 1.7–2.2 mSv
per year,[42] which is comparable to the worldwide average background radiation
from natural sources.
The base of operations for the administration and monitoring of the Chernobyl
Exclusion Zone was moved from Pripyat to Chernobyl. Chernobyl currently
contains offices for the State Agency of Ukraine on the Exclusion Zone
Management and accommodations for visitors. Apartment blocks have been
repurposed as accommodations for employees of the State Agency. The length of
time that workers may spend within the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone is restricted by
regulations that have been implemented to limit radiation exposure. Today, visits
are allowed to Chernobyl but limited by strict rules.
In 2003, the United Nations Development Programme launched a project, called the Chernobyl Recovery and
Development Programme (CRDP), for the recovery of the affected areas.[43] The main goal of the CRDP's activities is
supporting the efforts of the Government of Ukraine to mitigate the long-term social, economic, and ecological
consequences of the Chernobyl disaster.
The city has become overgrown and many types of animals live there. According to census information collected over an
extended period of time, it is estimated that more mammals live there now than before the disaster.[44]
Notably, Mikhail Gorbachev, the final leader of the Soviet Union, stated in respect to the Chernobyl disaster that, "More
than anything else, (Chernobyl) opened the possibility of much greater freedom of expression, to the point that the (Soviet)
system as we knew it could no longer continue."[45]
Aaron Twersky of Chernobyl (1784–1871), rabbi
Aleksander Franciszek Chodkiewicz (1776–1838), Polish politician and lithographer
Alexander Krasnoshchyokov (1880–1937), politician
Andriy Smalko (1981–), football player
Arnold Lakhovsky (1880–1937), artist
Jan Mikołaj Chodkiewicz (1738–1781), Polish nobleman, father of Rozalia Lubomirska
Ekaterina Scherbachenko (1977–), opera singer
Grigory Irmovich Novak (1919–1980), Jewish Soviet weightlifter
Joshua ben Aaron Zeitlin (1823–1888), scholar and philanthropist
Markiyan Kamysh (1988–), novelist and son of a liquidator
Rozalia Lubomirska (1768–1794), Polish noblewoman guillotined during the French Revolution
Volodymyr Pravyk (1962–1986), firefighter and liquidator
People
Climate

6. Chernobyl has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with very warm, wet summers with cool nights and long, cold, and
snowy winters.
Climate data for Chernobyl, 127 m asl (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1955–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high
°C (°F)
11.5
(52.7)
17.0
(62.6)
22.6
(72.7)
26.6
(79.9)
32.9
(91.2)
34.0
(93.2)
35.2
(95.4)
36.3
(97.3)
35.9
(96.6)
26.3
(79.3)
19.6
(67.3)
11.3
(52.3)
36.3
(97.3)
Average
high °C (°F)
−0.8
(30.6)
0.1
(32.2)
6.0
(42.8)
14.5
(58.1)
21.0
(69.8)
23.7
(74.7)
25.7
(78.3)
25.0
(77.0)
18.9
(66.0)
12.4
(54.3)
4.2
(39.6)
−0.3
(31.5)
12.5
(54.5)
Daily mean
°C (°F)
−3.5
(25.7)
−3.4
(25.9)
1.5
(34.7)
8.9
(48.0)
14.9
(58.8)
17.9
(64.2)
19.9
(67.8)
18.8
(65.8)
13.4
(56.1)
7.7
(45.9)
1.4
(34.5)
−2.8
(27.0)
7.9
(46.2)
Average low
°C (°F)
−6.1
(21.0)
−6.7
(19.9)
−2.3
(27.9)
3.9
(39.0)
9.1
(48.4)
12.3
(54.1)
14.5
(58.1)
13.3
(55.9)
8.7
(47.7)
3.8
(38.8)
−1.1
(30.0)
−5.2
(22.6)
3.7
(38.7)
Record low
°C (°F)
−29.7
(−21.5)
−32.8
(−27.0)
−20.0
(−4.0)
−9.0
(15.8)
−6.0
(21.2)
2.2
(36.0)
6.2
(43.2)
0.0
(32.0)
−1.6
(29.1)
−10.5
(13.1)
−20.0
(−4.0)
−30.8
(−23.4)
−32.8
(−27.0)
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
34.0
(1.34)
36.8
(1.45)
35.6
(1.40)
40.0
(1.57)
60.8
(2.39)
73.2
(2.88)
79.5
(3.13)
55.3
(2.18)
56.3
(2.22)
42.2
(1.66)
47.7
(1.88)
42.6
(1.68)
604.0
(23.78)
Average
precipitation
days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
8.1 8.9 8.1 7.5 8.7 10.2 9.2 7.1 8.7 7.4 8.7 9.1 101.7
Average
relative
humidity
(%)
83.5 79.8 74.7 66.7 66.0 70.4 72.8 72.3 77.8 80.8 85.3 85.9 76.3
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[46]
Source 2: Météo Climat (extremes)[47]
List of Chernobyl-related articles
1. Mould, Richard (May 2000). "Evacuation zones and populations". Chernobyl Record. Bristol, England:
Institute of Physics. p. 105. ISBN 0-7503-0670-X.
2. "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ" (http://www.golo
s.com.ua/article/333466). Голос України (in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
3. "Нові райони: карти + склад" (https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/) (in
Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України.
4. Withington, John (13 December 2013). Disaster!: A History of Earthquakes, Floods, Plagues, and Other
Catastrophes (https://books.google.com/books?id=tE4tAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT328). Skyhorse Publishing
Company, Incorporated. p. 328. ISBN 978-1-62636-708-1.
5. Etymology from O. S. Melnychuk, ed. (1982–2012), Etymolohichnyi slovnyk ukraïnsʹkoï movy
(Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language) v 7, Kyiv: Naukova Dumka.
6. "The Guardian and Observer style guide" (https://www.theguardian.com/info/series/guardian-and-observe
r-style-guide-c). The Guardian and Observer style guide. Retrieved 14 October 2022. "Chornobyl not
Chernobyl, for the site of the nuclear disaster in Ukraine"
7. "The ABC Style Guide" (https://about.abc.net.au/abc-editorial/the-abc-style-guide/). About the ABC.
Retrieved 14 October 2022. "Use Ukrainian romanisations for place names from that country"
See also
References

7. 8. Czarnobyl (http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_I/750) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210313095112/http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_I/750) 13 March 2021 at the
Wayback Machine. Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (1880–1902), vol. I, p. 750.
Accessed 2 September 2020.
9. Ferrari, Filippo (1670). Chernobol (https://books.google.com/books?id=-pREAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA396).
Lexicon geographicum. Vol. 2 (1670 (reprint of 1605 first edition) ed.). Paris. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20220305100032/https://books.google.com/books?id=-pREAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA396) from the
original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2020. "Czernobol, Azagarium, oppidium Sarmatiae. (lit.
"Czernobol, Azagarium, city in Sarmatia.")"
10. Hofmann, Johann Jakob Hofmann (1677). Chernobol (https://books.google.com/books?id=zSxfck1ntLYC
&pg=RA1-PA36). Lexicon universale historico-geographico-chronologico-poetico-philologicum. Retrieved
2 September 2020. "Czernobol, oppidium Sarmatiae, Azagarium. (lit. "Czernobol, city in Sarmatia,
Azagarium.")"
11. Alexander Macbean. s.v. "Azagarium (https://books.google.ca/books?id=EqwBAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA7-PA1
8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Czernobol&f=false) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202010280025
00/https://books.google.ca/books?id=EqwBAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA7-PA18&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cze
rnobol&f=false) 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine," in A Dictionary of Ancient Geography.
London, 1773. Accessed 24 October 2020.
12. Šafárik, Pavel Jozef (1842). Sławiańskie starożytności (https://books.google.com/books?id=m6x5wrdxack
C&pg=PA660). Vol. 1. Poznan: Wydanie i druk W. Stefańskiego. p. 660. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
13. Yerofalov-Pylypchak, Boris (2019). Римский Киев: или Castrum Azagarium на Киево-Подоле (Roman
Kyiv or Castrum Azagarium at Kyiv-Podil) (https://books.google.com/books?id=YWg2ywEACAAJ). A+C.
ISBN 9786177765010. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
14. Pereverziev, S.V. Exploring of Chernobyl hillfort. Problems and perspectives of medieval archaeology in
exclusion zone (http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/83442) Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20200708162014/http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/83442) 8 July 2020 at the Wayback
Machine. Archaeology and old history of Ukraine. Collection of scientific works. Kyiv, 2010
15. Norman Davies, Europe: A History, Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-820171-0
16. Chernobyl ancient history and maps (http://www.Chernobyl.in.ua/en/Chernobyl.htm).
17. Petro Tronko. Chornobyl (http://imsu-kyiv.com/msta-sela-kivsko-oblast/chornobylskyj-rajon/chornobyl.htm
l) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200222184456/http://imsu-kyiv.com/msta-sela-kivsko-oblast/ch
ornobylskyj-rajon/chornobyl.html) 22 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine. The History of Cities and
Villages of the Ukrainian SSR.
18. "Refworld | The Situation of Ethnic Minorities" (https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a80718.html).
Refworld. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210308155009/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a8
0718.html) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
19. Chernobyl (https://eleven.co.il/diaspora/communities/14672/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200
813112054/https://eleven.co.il/diaspora/communities/14672/) 13 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
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External links