The document summarizes key aspects of the integumentary system including the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It describes the two main layers of the skin - the epidermis and dermis - as well as the cells and structures found in each. Accessory structures such as hair, sweat and sebaceous glands, and nails are also outlined. The functions of the skin in regulating temperature, providing protection, and producing vitamin D are highlighted.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the integumentary system. It describes the skin as the largest organ, made of two layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, elastic fibers, and structures like hair follicles. Accessory structures include hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails. The skin regulates body temperature, provides protection, and enables sensation. Aging causes the skin to wrinkle, thin, and lose immune function.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis contains collagen, elastic fibers, and structures like hair follicles and sweat glands. The skin regulates body temperature, provides protection, enables sensation, and performs other roles. Aging impacts the skin through wrinkling, decreased immune function, and increased susceptibility to disease.
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and function of the skin and its accessory structures. It describes the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer - and their cellular composition. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, elastic fibers and structures like hair follicles and sweat glands. The subcutaneous layer attaches the skin to underlying tissues. Accessory structures include hair, nails and various glands. The document also discusses skin color, wound healing, development and aging of the integumentary system.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures. The skin is made up of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and provides protection from pathogens and environmental damage. Below the epidermis is the dermis, which contains blood vessels, hair follicles and glands. The deepest layer is the hypodermis, comprising connective tissue and fat. In addition to protection, the skin regulates temperature and synthesizes vitamin D. Accessory structures include hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin disorders include wounds, burns and skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma and melanoma.
The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is the largest organ of the body and has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. It has multiple layers that produce keratin to protect the body. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains collagen, elastic fibers, and structures like hair follicles and sweat and oil glands. The skin regulates body temperature, protects the body, and has sensory functions.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It has three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath and is made of connective tissue. It contains two layers, papillary and reticular. The deepest layer, the subcutaneous tissue, attaches the skin to underlying structures. The skin contains glands like sweat and sebaceous glands. Hair, nails, and wound healing were also discussed. Aging causes the skin to wrinkle,
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures. The skin is composed of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath the epidermis and contains dense connective tissue, hair follicles, and glands. The deepest layer, the subcutaneous layer, attaches the skin to underlying tissues. The skin contains various sensory receptors and has accessory structures like hair, nails, and glands that have important protective and sensory functions.
The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is the largest organ and protects the body. It has two main layers - the epidermis composed of keratinized cells, and the dermis of connective tissue. The epidermis contains melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails are structures within the skin. The skin regulates temperature, protects, and has sensory functions.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the integumentary system. It describes the skin as the largest organ, made of two layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, elastic fibers, and structures like hair follicles. Accessory structures include hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails. The skin regulates body temperature, provides protection, and enables sensation. Aging causes the skin to wrinkle, thin, and lose immune function.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis contains collagen, elastic fibers, and structures like hair follicles and sweat glands. The skin regulates body temperature, provides protection, enables sensation, and performs other roles. Aging impacts the skin through wrinkling, decreased immune function, and increased susceptibility to disease.
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and function of the skin and its accessory structures. It describes the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer - and their cellular composition. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, elastic fibers and structures like hair follicles and sweat glands. The subcutaneous layer attaches the skin to underlying tissues. Accessory structures include hair, nails and various glands. The document also discusses skin color, wound healing, development and aging of the integumentary system.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures. The skin is made up of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and provides protection from pathogens and environmental damage. Below the epidermis is the dermis, which contains blood vessels, hair follicles and glands. The deepest layer is the hypodermis, comprising connective tissue and fat. In addition to protection, the skin regulates temperature and synthesizes vitamin D. Accessory structures include hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin disorders include wounds, burns and skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma and melanoma.
The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is the largest organ of the body and has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. It has multiple layers that produce keratin to protect the body. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains collagen, elastic fibers, and structures like hair follicles and sweat and oil glands. The skin regulates body temperature, protects the body, and has sensory functions.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It has three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath and is made of connective tissue. It contains two layers, papillary and reticular. The deepest layer, the subcutaneous tissue, attaches the skin to underlying structures. The skin contains glands like sweat and sebaceous glands. Hair, nails, and wound healing were also discussed. Aging causes the skin to wrinkle,
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures. The skin is composed of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath the epidermis and contains dense connective tissue, hair follicles, and glands. The deepest layer, the subcutaneous layer, attaches the skin to underlying tissues. The skin contains various sensory receptors and has accessory structures like hair, nails, and glands that have important protective and sensory functions.
The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is the largest organ and protects the body. It has two main layers - the epidermis composed of keratinized cells, and the dermis of connective tissue. The epidermis contains melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails are structures within the skin. The skin regulates temperature, protects, and has sensory functions.
The document describes the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It discusses the layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis), associated glands like sweat and sebaceous glands, the structure and layers of hair, and the parts and function of nails. The integumentary system acts as a protective barrier for the body, regulates temperature, and has sensory, excretory and synthetic functions.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the layers of the epidermis and dermis, including the cells found in each layer. The main functions of the skin are protection, regulation of body temperature, sensation, and synthesis of vitamin D. Common disorders mentioned include burns, skin cancer, and imbalances in skin pigmentation.
This document provides an overview of the integumentary system, also known as the skin. It discusses the main layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis - and describes the cells and tissues found in each layer. The epidermis is the outermost layer and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and other cells. Its five sublayers provide protection and regulate hydration. The dermis below contains collagen, blood vessels and glands. The deepest layer, the hypodermis, comprises fat tissue that insulates the body. Important appendages like hair and nails are also introduced.
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the layers of the skin, including the epidermis and dermis. It outlines the principal cells of the epidermis and layers of the epidermis. It also discusses the structure and regions of the dermis, skin pigmentation, accessory structures like hair and glands, and the functions of the skin like protection and thermoregulation. Finally, it covers wound healing, scar formation, and age-related changes to the skin.
The document summarizes key aspects of the integumentary system, including the skin and its layers, accessory structures such as hair and glands, and functions like temperature regulation and protection. It also discusses aging effects on the skin and conditions like burns.
In this slide Structure of Skin and Hair, Hair Growth Cycle were described followed by skin related diseases such as Acne, dry skin, pigmentation, wrinkles etc.
This document summarizes the anatomy and functions of human skin. It discusses the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells. The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin has several important functions like protection, sensation, fluid balance and heat regulation. Assessment of skin conditions involves taking a health history and physically examining the skin.
The skin is divided into three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis contains 4-5 layers of keratinocytes and other cell types. It acts as a barrier and regulates water balance. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, fibroblasts, and vasculature that provide structure and nourish the epidermis. It is divided into the papillary and reticular layers. The hypodermis is made of connective tissue that attaches the skin to underlying structures. Skin appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails are also present. The skin has important protective, sensory, regulatory, and synthetic functions.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its derivatives. The skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. It protects the body, regulates temperature, and contains sensory receptors. Skin comes in different colors and thicknesses. Other components are hair, nails, and glands. The skin ages over time, with effects like wrinkling, dryness, and reduced function. Skin cancer is the most common cancer, often caused by sun exposure.
The document discusses the structure and function of the skin. It describes the three main layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is made of epithelial cells and protects the body. The dermis contains connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat and sebaceous glands. The hypodermis contains fat and cushions internal organs. It also discusses common skin conditions like acne, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and skin cancers.
Introduction to dermatovenerology.pptxssuser48e933
The skin is the largest organ of the body and serves many important functions. It consists of multiple layers - the epidermis, basement membrane, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue - containing various cell types like keratinocytes and melanocytes. The epidermis contains basal, spinous, granular, and cornified layers that work together to form a protective barrier. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, elastic fibers, and blood vessels that give the skin strength and elasticity. Important skin appendages include sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and nails. The skin regulates temperature, provides protection and sensation, and plays a role in the immune system and vitamin D production.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the two main layers of skin - the epidermis and dermis. The dermis contains blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. The dermis regulates body temperature through blood vessel dilation and constriction. Keratinization occurs as cells move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum. The skin protects the body, regulates temperature and sensation, and produces Vitamin D.
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including its structure, functions, and clinical applications. It describes the layers of the skin, hair and nails, and discusses pigmentation. Conditions like infections, tumors, injuries, and disorders are explained. Careers like dermatology are also mentioned. Medical procedures for the skin like grafts, artificial skin, and transdermal medications are highlighted.
Skin structures and functions ppt Dr.MumuxMumux Mirani
The skin is the largest organ of the body and consists of three layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made up of keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells arranged in five layers. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, nerves and blood vessels. The subcutaneous layer is made of fat and connective tissue. The skin acts as a protective barrier, regulates body temperature, maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, acts as a blood reservoir and sensory organ, synthesizes vitamin D, and contributes to self-image.
The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium with four cell types. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, elastic fibers and vessels. The deepest layer is the hypodermis, which anchors the skin and contains fat and vessels. Skin has important functions like protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis and acts as a reservoir. Glands like sebaceous and sweat glands are also present.
EVA KIPTOO DENTAL PRESENTATION - Copy.pptxboaznabiswa
The document provides information about the integumentary system (skin). It discusses the key components of the skin including the three layers (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis), the main cell types found in each layer (keratinocytes, melanocytes, etc.), and the functions of the skin layers and cells. It also describes the appendages of the skin like hair, nails, and glands. In summary, the document outlines the structure and functions of the integumentary system with a focus on its layers, cells, and appendages.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the integumentary system, including the three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis - and describes the role of the skin in protecting the body from pathogens, regulating temperature, and producing vitamin D. It also examines various skin disorders like burns and skin cancers as well as structures like hair, nails, and sweat and sebaceous glands that are part of the integumentary system.
The document discusses skin anatomy and skin grafts. It describes the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Skin grafts are either full thickness or split thickness and involve completely detaching skin from a donor site and placing it on a host bed. Proper wound preparation is essential for graft survival, ensuring good blood supply and removal of debris. Full thickness grafts resemble natural skin more but have poorer survival rates than split thickness grafts.
The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer made up of stratified squamous epithelium. It contains no blood vessels and is divided into five sublayers - stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels. It is divided into the papillary and reticular regions. The innermost layer, the hypodermis, is made up of loose connective tissue and stores fat.
The document describes the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It discusses the layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis), associated glands like sweat and sebaceous glands, the structure and layers of hair, and the parts and function of nails. The integumentary system acts as a protective barrier for the body, regulates temperature, and has sensory, excretory and synthetic functions.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the layers of the epidermis and dermis, including the cells found in each layer. The main functions of the skin are protection, regulation of body temperature, sensation, and synthesis of vitamin D. Common disorders mentioned include burns, skin cancer, and imbalances in skin pigmentation.
This document provides an overview of the integumentary system, also known as the skin. It discusses the main layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis - and describes the cells and tissues found in each layer. The epidermis is the outermost layer and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and other cells. Its five sublayers provide protection and regulate hydration. The dermis below contains collagen, blood vessels and glands. The deepest layer, the hypodermis, comprises fat tissue that insulates the body. Important appendages like hair and nails are also introduced.
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the layers of the skin, including the epidermis and dermis. It outlines the principal cells of the epidermis and layers of the epidermis. It also discusses the structure and regions of the dermis, skin pigmentation, accessory structures like hair and glands, and the functions of the skin like protection and thermoregulation. Finally, it covers wound healing, scar formation, and age-related changes to the skin.
The document summarizes key aspects of the integumentary system, including the skin and its layers, accessory structures such as hair and glands, and functions like temperature regulation and protection. It also discusses aging effects on the skin and conditions like burns.
In this slide Structure of Skin and Hair, Hair Growth Cycle were described followed by skin related diseases such as Acne, dry skin, pigmentation, wrinkles etc.
This document summarizes the anatomy and functions of human skin. It discusses the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells. The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin has several important functions like protection, sensation, fluid balance and heat regulation. Assessment of skin conditions involves taking a health history and physically examining the skin.
The skin is divided into three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis contains 4-5 layers of keratinocytes and other cell types. It acts as a barrier and regulates water balance. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, fibroblasts, and vasculature that provide structure and nourish the epidermis. It is divided into the papillary and reticular layers. The hypodermis is made of connective tissue that attaches the skin to underlying structures. Skin appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails are also present. The skin has important protective, sensory, regulatory, and synthetic functions.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its derivatives. The skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. It protects the body, regulates temperature, and contains sensory receptors. Skin comes in different colors and thicknesses. Other components are hair, nails, and glands. The skin ages over time, with effects like wrinkling, dryness, and reduced function. Skin cancer is the most common cancer, often caused by sun exposure.
The document discusses the structure and function of the skin. It describes the three main layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is made of epithelial cells and protects the body. The dermis contains connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat and sebaceous glands. The hypodermis contains fat and cushions internal organs. It also discusses common skin conditions like acne, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and skin cancers.
Introduction to dermatovenerology.pptxssuser48e933
The skin is the largest organ of the body and serves many important functions. It consists of multiple layers - the epidermis, basement membrane, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue - containing various cell types like keratinocytes and melanocytes. The epidermis contains basal, spinous, granular, and cornified layers that work together to form a protective barrier. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, elastic fibers, and blood vessels that give the skin strength and elasticity. Important skin appendages include sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and nails. The skin regulates temperature, provides protection and sensation, and plays a role in the immune system and vitamin D production.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the two main layers of skin - the epidermis and dermis. The dermis contains blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. The dermis regulates body temperature through blood vessel dilation and constriction. Keratinization occurs as cells move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum. The skin protects the body, regulates temperature and sensation, and produces Vitamin D.
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including its structure, functions, and clinical applications. It describes the layers of the skin, hair and nails, and discusses pigmentation. Conditions like infections, tumors, injuries, and disorders are explained. Careers like dermatology are also mentioned. Medical procedures for the skin like grafts, artificial skin, and transdermal medications are highlighted.
Skin structures and functions ppt Dr.MumuxMumux Mirani
The skin is the largest organ of the body and consists of three layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made up of keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells arranged in five layers. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, nerves and blood vessels. The subcutaneous layer is made of fat and connective tissue. The skin acts as a protective barrier, regulates body temperature, maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, acts as a blood reservoir and sensory organ, synthesizes vitamin D, and contributes to self-image.
The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium with four cell types. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, elastic fibers and vessels. The deepest layer is the hypodermis, which anchors the skin and contains fat and vessels. Skin has important functions like protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis and acts as a reservoir. Glands like sebaceous and sweat glands are also present.
EVA KIPTOO DENTAL PRESENTATION - Copy.pptxboaznabiswa
The document provides information about the integumentary system (skin). It discusses the key components of the skin including the three layers (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis), the main cell types found in each layer (keratinocytes, melanocytes, etc.), and the functions of the skin layers and cells. It also describes the appendages of the skin like hair, nails, and glands. In summary, the document outlines the structure and functions of the integumentary system with a focus on its layers, cells, and appendages.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the integumentary system, including the three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis - and describes the role of the skin in protecting the body from pathogens, regulating temperature, and producing vitamin D. It also examines various skin disorders like burns and skin cancers as well as structures like hair, nails, and sweat and sebaceous glands that are part of the integumentary system.
The document discusses skin anatomy and skin grafts. It describes the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Skin grafts are either full thickness or split thickness and involve completely detaching skin from a donor site and placing it on a host bed. Proper wound preparation is essential for graft survival, ensuring good blood supply and removal of debris. Full thickness grafts resemble natural skin more but have poorer survival rates than split thickness grafts.
The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer made up of stratified squamous epithelium. It contains no blood vessels and is divided into five sublayers - stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels. It is divided into the papillary and reticular regions. The innermost layer, the hypodermis, is made up of loose connective tissue and stores fat.
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2. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2
Introduction
The organs of the integumentary system
include the skin and its accessory structures
including hair, nails, and glands, as well as
blood vessels, muscles and nerves
Dermatology is the medical specialty for the
diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the
integumentary system.
3. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3
Structure of the Skin
The skin (cutaneous membrane) covers the
body and is the largest organ of the body by
surface area and weight
Its area is about 2 square meters (22 square
feet) and weighs 4.5-5kg (10-11 lb), about
16% of body weight
It is 0.5 – 4 mm thick, thinnest on the eyelids,
thickest on the heels; the average thickness
is 1 – 2 mm
4. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4
Structure of the Skin
It consists of two major layers:
outer, thinner layer called the epidermis,
consists of epithelial tissue
inner, thicker layer called the dermis
Beneath the dermis is a subcutaneous
(subQ) layer (also called hypodermis)
which attaches the skin to the underlying
tissues and organs.
6. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6
Structure of the Skin
The epidermis has a number of important
characteristics:
the epidermis is composed of keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium
it contains four major types of cells:
Keratinocytes (90% of the cells) produce
keratin which is a tough fibrous protein that
provides protection
7. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7
Structure of the Skin
Melanocytes: which produce the pigment
melanin that protects against damage by
ultraviolet radiation
Langerhans cells: involved in immune
responses, arise from red bone marrow
Merkel cells: which function in the
sensation of touch along with the adjacent
tactile discs
9. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 9
Epidermis
The epidermis contains four major layers (thin
skin) or five major layers (thick skin)
Stratum basale (deepest layer) or stratum
germinativum, where continuous cell division
occurs which produces all the other layers
Stratum spinosum, 8-10 layers of
keratinocytes
Stratum granulosum, which includes
keratohyalin and lamellar granules
10. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10
Epidermis
Stratum lucidum is present only in thick skin (the
skin of the fingertips, palms, and soles)
Stratum corneum: composed of many sublayers of
flat, dead keratinocytes called corneocytes or
squames that are continuously shed and replaced by
cells from deeper strata; constant friction can stimulate
formation of a callus.
Keratinization, the accumulation of more and more
protective keratin, occurs as cells move from the
deepest layer to the surface layer
Dandruff - an excess of keratinized cells shed from the
scalp
12. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 12
Dermis
The dermis has several important
characteristics:
is composed of connective tissue containing
collagen and elastic fibers
contains two layers
the outer papillary region consists of areolar
connective tissue containing thin collagen and
elastic fibers, dermal papillae (including
capillary loops), corpuscles of touch and
free nerve endings
13. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13
Dermis
The deeper reticular region consists of
dense irregular connective tissue containing
collagen and elastic fibers adipose cells, hair
follicles, nerves, sebaceous (oil) glands, and
sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Striae or stretch marks can appear if the
skin is stretched too much
14. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14
Dermis
Lines of cleavage - “tension lines” in the skin
indicate the predominant direction of
underlying collagen fibers
Epidermal ridges reflect contours of the
underlying dermal papillae and form the basis
for fingerprints (and footprints); their
function is to increase firmness of grip by
increasing friction.
Dermatoglyphics - the study of the pattern
of epidermal ridges
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Structural Basis of Skin Color
Variations in skin color arise from variations in
the amounts of three pigments: melanin,
carotene, and hemoglobin
Melanin - a yellow-red or brown-black pigment
produced by melanocytes (located mostly in the
epidermis, where it absorbs UV radiation)
The amount of melanin causes the skin’s color
to vary from pale yellow to red to tan to black
The number of melanocytes are about the same
in all people; differences in skin color is due to
the amount of pigment produced
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Structural Basis of Skin Color
A benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes is a
nevus or mole
Albinism is an inherited inability to produce melanin
- vitiligo is a condition in which there is a partial or
complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin
Carotene - yellow-orange pigment (found in the
stratum corneum, dermis, and subcutaneous layer)
Hemoglobin - red color (located in erythrocytes
flowing through dermal capillaries)
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Subcutaneous Layer
Subcutaneous (subQ) layer (also called
hypodermis) is not part of the skin but,
among its functions, it attaches the skin to the
underlying tissues and organs; this layer (and
sometimes the dermis) contains lamellated
(pacinian) corpuscles which detect external
pressure applied to the skin.
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Accessory Structures of the Skin
include hair, skin glands, and nails
Hairs (pili) have a number of important
functions:
protection
reduction of heat loss
sensing light touch
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Accessory Structures of the Skin - Hair
Hair is composed of dead, keratinized
epidermal cells
Hair consists of:
shaft which mostly projects above the
surface of the skin
root which penetrates into the dermis
hair follicle
epithelial root sheath (Internal)
dermal root sheath (External)
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Accessory Structures of the Skin
There are different types of hairs including
lanugo, vellus hairs and terminal hairs
Hair color is determined by the amount and
type of melanin, carotene, and blood
Sebaceous (oil) glands are connected to
hair follicles
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Skin Glands
Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance
called sebum which prevents dehydration of
hair and skin, and inhibits growth of certain
bacteria
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands-- 2 types:
Eccrine or Merocrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
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Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
Numerous eccrine (or merocrine) sweat glands
helps to cool the body by evaporating, and also
eliminates small amounts of wastes
Apocrine sweat glands, located mainly in the skin of
the axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded facial regions of
adult males.
their excretory ducts open into hair follicles- this sweat is
secreted during emotional stress and sexual excitement.
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Ceruminous Glands
Modified sweat glands located in the ear
canal
Along with nearby sebaceous glands, they
are involved in producing a waxy secretion
called cerumen (earwax) which provides a
sticky barrier that prevents entry of foreign
bodies into the ear canal.
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Nails
Nails are composed of hard, keratinized
epidermal cells located over the dorsal
surfaces of the ends of fingers and toes
Each nail consists of:
free edge
transparent nail body (plate) with a whitish
lunula at its base
nail root embedded in a fold of skin
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Types of Skin
There are two major types of skin:
thin (hairy) skin covers all body regions
except the palms, palmar surfaces of digits,
and soles
thick (hairless) skin covers the palms,
palmar surfaces of digits, and soles
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Functions of the Skin
regulation of body temperature
blood reservoir
protection
cutaneous sensations
excretion and absorption
synthesis of vitamin D
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Development of the Integumentary
System
The epidermis develops from the ectoderm;
nails, hair, and skin glands are epidermal
derivatives - the epidermis of a fetus is
protected by a fatty substance called vernix
caseosa
The dermis develops from the mesoderm
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Aging and the Integumentary System
Effects:
• wrinkling
• decrease of skin’s immune responsiveness
• dehydration and cracking of the skin
• decreased sweat production
• decreased numbers of functional melanocytes
resulting in gray hair and atypical skin pigmentation
• loss of subcutaneous fat
• a general decrease in skin thickness
• an increased susceptibility to pathological conditions
Growth of hair and nails decreases; nails may also
become more brittle with age.
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End of Chapter 5
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