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Chapter4

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Shilpa Ramya
Shilpa Ramya

The document discusses the basic requirements and design considerations of combustion chambers in internal combustion engines. It states that a good combustion chamber design provides high power output, high thermal efficiency, smooth engine operation, and reduced exhaust pollutants. It also outlines specific factors that influence combustion chamber design such as high compression ratio, minimal excess air, complete air utilization, optimal turbulence, and high volumetric efficiency.

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INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS COMBUSTION CHAMBERS- SI Engines TTTThhhheeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr hhhhaaaassss aaaannnn iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt iiiinnnnfffflllluuuueeeennnncccceeee uuuuppppoooonnnn tttthhhheeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ppppeeeerrrrffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaannnncccceeee aaaannnndddd iiiittttssss kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk pppprrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss.... TTTThhhheeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiinnnnvvvvoooollllvvvveeeessss tttthhhheeee sssshhhhaaaappppeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr,,,, tttthhhheeee llllooooccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkkiiiinnnngggg pppplllluuuugggg aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee ddddiiiissssppppoooossssiiiittttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt aaaannnndddd eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss.... BBBBeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnncccceeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn,,,, iiiitttt hhhhaaaassss bbbbeeeeeeeennnn aaaa ssssuuuubbbbjjjjeeeecccctttt ooooffff ccccoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaabbbblllleeee aaaammmmoooouuuunnnntttt ooooffff rrrreeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh aaaannnndddd ddddeeeevvvveeeellllooooppppmmmmeeeennnntttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee llllaaaasssstttt ffffiiiiffffttttyyyy yyyyeeeeaaaarrrrssss.... IIIItttt hhhhaaaassss rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrraaaaiiiissssiiiingggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ffffrrrroooommmm 4444:::: 1111 bbbbeeeeffffoooorrrreeee tttthhhheeee FFFFiiiirrrrsssstttt WWWWoooorrrrlllldddd WWWWaaaarrrr ppppeeeerrrriiiioooodddd ttttoooo 8888:::: 1111 ttttoooo 11111111::::1111 iiiinnnn pppprrrreeeesssseeeennnntttt ttttiiiimmmmeeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallll ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnnssss aaaannnndddd ssssuuuuiiiittttaaaabbbblllleeee aaaannnnttttiiii-kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk ffffuuuueeeellllssss.... BBBBAAAASSSSIIIICCCC RRRREEEEQQQQUUUUIIIIRRRREEEEMMMMEEEENNNNTTTTSSSS OOOOFFFF AAAA GGGGOOOOOOOODDDD CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRR (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU JJJJaaaannnn 2222000000007777,,,, JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000006666,,,, AAAAuuuugggguuuusssstttt 2222000000005555,,,, FFFFeeeebbbb 2222000000006666)))) TTTThhhheeee bbbbaaaassssiiiicccc rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeemmmmeeeennnnttttssss ooooffff aaaa ggggoooooooodddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaarrrreeee ttttoooo pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee:::: HHHHiiiigggghhhh ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr oooouuuuttttppppuuuutttt HHHHiiiigggghhhh tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy aaaannnndddd lllloooowwww ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc ffffuuuueeeellll ccccoooonnnnssssuuuummmmppppttttiiiioooonnnn SSSSmmmmooooooootttthhhh eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn RRRReeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt ppppoooolllllllluuuuttttaaaannnnttttssss.... HHHHIIIIGGGGHHHHEEEERRRR PPPPOOOOWWWWEEEERRRR OOOOUUUUTTTTPPPPUUUUTTTT RRRREEEEQQQQUUUUIIIIRRRREEEESSSS TTTTHHHHEEEE FFFFOOOOLLLLLLLLOOOOWWWWIIIINNNNGGGG:::: HHHHiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo.... TTTThhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo iiiissss lllliiiimmmmiiiitttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee pppphhhheeeennnnoooommmmeeeennnnoooonnnn ooooffff ddddeeeettttoooonnnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn.... DDDDeeeettttoooonnnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ddddeeeeppppeeeennnnddddssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd ffffuuuueeeellll qqqquuuuaaaalllliiiittttyyyy.... AAAAnnnnyyyy cccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiimmmmpppprrrroooovvvveeeessss tttthhhheeee aaaannnnttttiiii-kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiissssttttiiiiccccssss ooooffff aaaa ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ppppeeeerrrrmmmmiiiittttssss tttthhhheeee uuuusssseeee ooooffff aaaa hhhhiiiigggghhhheeeerrrr ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh sssshhhhoooouuuulllldddd rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt iiiinnnn hhhhiiiigggghhhheeeerrrr oooouuuuttttppppuuuutttt aaaannnndddd eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... SSSSmmmmaaaallllllll oooorrrr nnnnoooo eeeexxxxcccceeeessssssss aaaaiiiirrrr.... CCCCoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee uuuuttttiiiilllliiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr – nnnnoooo ddddeeeeaaaadddd ppppoooocccckkkkeeeettttssss.... AAAAnnnn ooooppppttttiiiimmmmuuuummmm ddddeeeeggggrrrreeeeeeee ooooffff ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee.... TTTTuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee iiiissss iiiinnnndddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt fffflllloooowwww ccccoooonnnnffffiiiigggguuuurrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn oooorrrr ‘‘‘‘ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh’’’’.... SSSSqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh iiiissss tttthhhheeee rrrraaaappppiiiidddd eeeejjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff ggggaaaassss ttttrrrraaaappppppppeeeedddd bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn tttthhhheeee ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn aaaannnndddd ssssoooommmmeeee ffffllllaaaatttt oooorrrr ccccoooorrrrrrrreeeessssppppoooonnnnddddiiiinnnngggg ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd.... TTTTuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee iiiinnnndddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh iiiissss pppprrrreeeeffffeeeerrrraaaabbbblllleeee ttttoooo iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee ssssiiiinnnncccceeee tttthhhheeee vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR iiiissss nnnnooootttt aaaaffffffffeeeecccctttteeeedddd.... HHHHiiiigggghhhh VVVVoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc EEEEffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss aaaacccchhhhiiiieeeevvvveeeedddd bbbbyyyy hhhhaaaavvvviiiinnnngggg llllaaaarrrrggggeeee ddddiiiiaaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrr vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaammmmpppplllleeee cccclllleeeeaaaarrrraaaannnncccceeee rrrroooouuuunnnndddd tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee hhhheeeeaaaaddddssss,,,, pppprrrrooooppppeeeerrrr vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ttttiiiimmmmiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ssssttttrrrraaaaiiiigggghhhhtttt ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee wwwwaaaayyyyssss bbbbyyyy ssssttttrrrreeeeaaaammmmlllliiiinnnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ssssoooo tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhheeee fffflllloooowwww iiiissss wwwwiiiitttthhhh lllleeeesssssssseeeerrrr pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee ddddrrrroooopppp.... TTTThhhhiiiissss mmmmeeeeaaaannnnssss mmmmoooorrrreeee cccchhhhaaaarrrrggggeeee ppppeeeerrrr ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee aaaannnndddd pppprrrrooooppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnnaaaatttteeee iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr oooouuuuttttppppuuuutttt.... LLLLaaaarrrrggggeeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss aaaannnndddd ssssttttrrrraaaaiiiigggghhhhtttt ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeeewwwwaaaayyyyssss aaaallllssssoooo iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeee tttthhhheeee ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd aaaatttt wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaxxxxiiiimmmmuuuummmm ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr iiiissss oooobbbbttttaaaaiiiinnnneeeedddd.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ffffuuuurrrrtttthhhheeeerrrr iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeessss tttthhhheeee ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr bbbbyyyy iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaassssiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ddddiiiissssppppllllaaaacccceeeemmmmeeeennnntttt ppppeeeerrrr mmmmiiiinnnnuuuutttteeee.... ((((BBBB)))) HHHHIIIIGGGGHHHH TTTTHHHHEEEERRRRMMMMAAAALLLL EEEEFFFFFFFFIIIICCCCIIIIEEEENNNNCCCCYYYY RRRREEEEQQQQUUUUIIIIRRRREEEESSSS TTTTHHHHEEEE FFFFOOOOLLLLLLLLOOOOWWWWIIIINNNNGGGG:::: HHHHiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo:::: AAAAllllrrrreeeeaaaaddddyyyy ddddiiiissssccccuuuusssssssseeeedddd.... AAAA ssssmmmmaaaallllllll hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooossssssss dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss aaaacccchhhhiiiieeeevvvveeeedddd bbbbyyyy hhhhaaaavvvviiiinnnngggg aaaa ccccoooommmmppppaaaacccctttt ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeeessss ssssmmmmaaaallllllll ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee-vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee rrrraaaattttiiiioooo.... TTTThhhheeee ooootttthhhheeeerrrr aaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmppppaaaacccctttt ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ttttrrrraaaavvvveeeellll aaaa ggggiiiivvvveeeennnn ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee,,,, tttthhhhiiiissss rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeessss tttthhhheeee ttttiiiimmmmeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd hhhheeeennnncccceeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ttttiiiimmmmeeee lllloooossssssss GGGGoooooooodddd ssssccccaaaavvvveeeennnnggggiiiinnnngggg ooooffff tttthhhheeee eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt ggggaaaasssseeeessss.... ((((CCCC)))) SSSSMMMMOOOOOOOOTTTTHHHH EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEE OOOOPPPPEEEERRRRAAAATTTTIIIIOOOONNNN RRRREEEEQQQQUUUUIIIIRRRREEEESSSS TTTTHHHHEEEE FFFFOOOOLLLLLLLLOOOOWWWWIIIINNNNGGGG:::: MMMMooooddddeeeerrrraaaatttteeee rrrraaaatttteeee ooooffff pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeee dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn.... AAAAbbbbsssseeeennnncccceeee ooooffff ddddeeeettttoooonnnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiinnnn ttttuuuurrrrnnnn mmmmeeeeaaaannnnssss:::: CCCCoooommmmppppaaaacccctttt ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr,,,, sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt ddddiiiissssttttaaaannnncccceeee ooooffff ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ttttrrrraaaavvvveeeellll ffffrrrroooommmm tttthhhheeee ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkkiiiinnnngggg pppplllluuuugggg ttttoooo tttthhhheeee ffffaaaarrrrtttthhhheeeesssstttt ppppooooiiiinnnntttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee.... PPPPoooocccckkkkeeeettttssss iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh ssssttttaaaaggggnnnnaaaannnntttt ggggaaaassss mmmmaaaayyyy ccccoooolllllllleeeecccctttt sssshhhhoooouuuulllldddd bbbbeeee aaaavvvvooooiiiiddddeeeedddd.... PPPPrrrrooooppppeeeerrrr llllooooccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkk pppplllluuuugggg aaaannnndddd eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee.... SSSSaaaattttiiiissssffffaaaaccccttttoooorrrryyyy ccccoooooooolllliiiinnnngggg ooooffff tttthhhheeee ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkk pppplllluuuugggg ppppooooiiiinnnnttttssss ((((ttttoooo aaaavvvvooooiiiidddd pppprrrreeee iiiiggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn)))) aaaannnndddd ooooffff eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee hhhheeeeaaaadddd wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiissss tttthhhheeee hhhhooootttttttteeeesssstttt rrrreeeeggggiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... ((((DDDD)))) RRRReeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt ppppoooolllllllluuuuttttaaaannnnttttssss EEEExxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt ppppoooolllllllluuuuttttaaaannnnttttssss ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnniiiinnnngggg aaaa ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr tttthhhhaaaatttt pppprrrroooodddduuuucccceeeessss aaaa ffffaaaasssstttteeeerrrr bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg rrrraaaatttteeee ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll.... AAAA ffffaaaasssstttteeeerrrr bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwiiiitttthhhh iiiittttssss sssshhhhoooorrrrtttteeeerrrr Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ttttiiiimmmmeeee ppppeeeerrrrmmmmiiiittttssss ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn wwwwiiiitttthhhh ssssuuuubbbbssssttttaaaannnnttttiiiiaaaallllllllyyyy hhhhiiiigggghhhheeeerrrr aaaammmmoooouuuunnnnttttssss ooooffff EEEExxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt GGGGaaaassss RRRReeeecccciiiirrrrccccuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ((((EEEEGGGGRRRR)))),,,, wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeessss tttthhhheeee ooooxxxxiiiiddddeeeessss ooooffff nnnniiiittttrrrrooooggggeeeennnn ((((NNNNOOOOX)))) iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt ggggaaaassss wwwwiiiitttthhhhoooouuuutttt ssssuuuubbbbssssttttaaaannnnttttiiiiaaaallll iiiinnnn ccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee hhhhyyyyddddrrrrooooccccaaaarrrrbbbboooonnnn eeeemmmmiiiissssssssiiiioooonnnnssss.... IIIItttt ccccaaaannnn aaaallllssssoooo bbbbuuuurrrrnnnn vvvveeeerrrryyyy lllleeeeaaaannnn mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhhiiiinnnn tttthhhheeee nnnnoooorrrrmmmmaaaallll ccccoooonnnnssssttttrrrraaaaiiiinnnnttttssss ooooffff eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ssssmmmmooooooootttthhhhnnnneeeessssssss aaaannnndddd rrrreeeessssppppoooonnnnsssseeee.... AAAA ffffaaaasssstttteeeerrrr bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr eeeexxxxhhhhiiiibbbbiiiittttssss mmmmuuuucccchhhh lllleeeessssssss ccccyyyycccclllliiiicccc vvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss,,,, ppppeeeerrrrmmmmiiiittttttttiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee nnnnoooorrrrmmmmaaaallll ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn aaaatttt ppppaaaarrrrtttt llllooooaaaadddd ttttoooo hhhhaaaavvvveeee ggggrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeerrrr ddddiiiilllluuuuttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee cccchhhhaaaarrrrggggeeee.... DDDDIIIIFFFFFFFFEEEERRRREEEENNNNTTTT TTTTYYYYPPPPEEEESSSS OOOOFFFF CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRRSSSS AAAA ffffeeeewwww rrrreeeepppprrrreeeesssseeeennnnttttaaaattttiiiivvvveeee ttttyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss ooooffff wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh tttthhhheeeerrrreeee aaaarrrreeee mmmmaaaannnnyyyy mmmmoooorrrreeee VVVVaaaarrrriiiiaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss aaaarrrreeee eeeennnnuuuummmmeeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd aaaannnndddd ddddiiiissssccccuuuusssssssseeeedddd bbbbeeeelllloooowwww:::: 1111.... TTTT-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... 2222.... LLLL-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... 3333.... IIII-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ((((oooorrrr oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee)))) ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... 4444.... FFFF-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... IIIItttt mmmmaaaayyyy bbbbeeee nnnnooootttteeeedddd tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhheeeesssseeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo oooobbbbttttaaaaiiiinnnn tttthhhheeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeeessss nnnnaaaammmmeeeellllyyyy:::: •••• AAAA hhhhiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaatttteeee aaaatttt tttthhhheeee ssssttttaaaarrrrtttt.... •••• AAAA hhhhiiiigggghhhh ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee-ttttoooo-vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee rrrraaaattttiiiioooo nnnneeeeaaaarrrr tttthhhheeee eeeennnndddd ooooffff bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg.... •••• AAAA rrrraaaatttthhhheeeerrrr cccceeeennnnttttrrrraaaallllllllyyyy llllooooccccaaaatttteeeedddd ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkk pppplllluuuugggg.... TTTT HHHHeeeeaaaadddd TTTTyyyyppppeeee CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss TTTThhhhiiiissss wwwwaaaassss ffffiiiirrrrsssstttt iiiinnnnttttrrrroooodddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy FFFFoooorrrrdddd MMMMoooottttoooorrrr CCCCoooorrrrppppoooorrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnn 1111999900008888.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn hhhhaaaassss ffffoooolllllllloooowwwwiiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss.... o RRRReeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeessss ttttwwwwoooo ccccaaaammmm sssshhhhaaaaffffttttssss ((((ffffoooorrrr aaaaccccttttuuuuaaaattttiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee iiiinnnn-lllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee aaaannnndddd eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee sssseeeeppppaaaarrrraaaatttteeeellllyyyy)))) bbbbyyyy ttttwwwwoooo ccccaaaammmmssss mmmmoooouuuunnnntttteeeedddd oooonnnn tttthhhheeee ttttwwwwoooo ccccaaaammmm sssshhhhaaaaffffttttssss.... o VVVVeeeerrrryyyy pppprrrroooonnnneeee ttttoooo ddddeeeettttoooonnnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn.... TTTThhhheeeerrrreeee wwwwaaaassss vvvviiiioooolllleeeennnntttt ddddeeeettttoooonnnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn eeeevvvveeeennnn aaaatttt aaaa ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ooooffff 4444.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee tttthhhheeee aaaavvvveeeerrrraaaaggggeeee ooooccccttttaaaannnneeee nnnnuuuummmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiinnnn 1111999900008888 wwwwaaaassss aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 44440000 -55550000.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR LLLL HHHHeeeeaaaadddd TTTTyyyyppppeeee CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss ((((VVVVTTTTUUUU JJJJAAAANNNN 2222000000007777) IIIItttt iiiissss aaaa mmmmooooddddiiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee TTTT-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... IIIItttt pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeeessss tttthhhheeee ttttwwwwoooo vvvvaaaalllluuuueeeessss oooonnnn tttthhhheeee ssssaaaammmmeeee ssssiiiiddddeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr,,,, aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss aaaarrrreeee ooooppppeeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh ttttaaaappppppppeeeetttt bbbbyyyy aaaa ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee ccccaaaammmmsssshhhhaaaafffftttt.... TTTThhhhiiiissss wwwwaaaassss ffffiiiirrrrsssstttt iiiinnnnttttrrrroooodddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy FFFFoooorrrrdddd mmmmoooottttoooor iiiinnnn 1111999911110000-33330000 aaaannnndddd wwwwaaaassss qqqquuuuiiiitttteeee ppppooooppppuuuullllaaaarrrr ffffoooorrrr ssssoooommmmeeee ttttiiiimmmmeeee.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn hhhhaaaassss aaaannnn aaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeee bbbbooootttthhhh ffffrrrroooommmm mmmmaaaannnnuuuuffffaaaaccccttttuuuurrrriiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd mmmmaaaaiiiinnnntttteeeennnnaaaannnncccceeee ppppooooiiiinnnntttt ooooffff vvvviiiieeeewwww.... AAAAddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss:::: o VVVVaaaallllvvvveeee mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiissssmmmm iiiissss ssssiiiimmmmpppplllleeee aaaannnndddd eeeeaaaassssyyyy ttttoooo lllluuuubbbbrrrriiiiccccaaaatttteeee.... o DDDDeeeettttaaaacccchhhhaaaabbbblllleeee hhhheeeeaaaadddd eeeeaaaassssyyyy ttttoooo rrrreeeemmmmoooovvvveeee ffffoooorrrr cccclllleeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccaaaarrrrbbbbuuuurrrriiiizzzziiiinnnngggg wwwwiiiitttthhhhoooouuuutttt ddddiiiissssttttuuuurrrrbbbbiiiinnnngggg eeeeiiiitttthhhheeeerrrr tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ggggeeeeaaaarrrr oooorrrr mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ppppiiiippppeeee wwwwoooorrrrkkkk.... o VVVVaaaallllvvvveeeessss ooooffff llllaaaarrrrggggeeeerrrr ssssiiiizzzzeeeessss ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeeedddd.... DDDDiiiissssaaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss:::: o LLLLaaaacccckkkk ooooffff ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee aaaassss tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr hhhhaaaadddd ttttoooo ttttaaaakkkkeeee ttttwwwwoooo rrrriiiigggghhhhtttt aaaannnngggglllleeee ttttuuuurrrrnnnnssss ttttoooo eeeennnntttteeeerrrr tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd iiiinnnn ddddooooiiiinnnngggg ssssoooo mmmmuuuucccchhhh iiiinnnniiiittttiiiiaaaallll vvvveeeelllloooocccciiiittttyyyy iiiissss lllloooosssstttt.... o EEEExxxxttttrrrreeeemmmmeeeellllyyyy pppprrrroooonnnneeee ttttoooo ddddeeeettttoooonnnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn dddduuuueeee ttttoooo llllaaaarrrrggggeeee ffffllllaaaammmmeeee lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh aaaannnndddd sssslllloooowwww ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn dddduuuueeee ttttoooo llllaaaacccckkkk ooooffff ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee.... o MMMMoooorrrreeee ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee-ttttoooo-vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee rrrraaaattttiiiioooo aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee mmmmoooorrrreeee hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooossssssss.... o EEEExxxxttttrrrreeeemmmmeeeellllyyyy sssseeeennnnssssiiiittttiiiivvvveeee ttttoooo iiiiggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn ttttiiiimmmmiiiinnnngggg dddduuuueeee ttttoooo sssslllloooowwww ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssss o VVVVaaaallllvvvveeee ssssiiiizzzzeeee rrrreeeessssttttrrrriiiicccctttteeeedddd.... o TTTThhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll ffffaaaaiiiilllluuuurrrreeee iiiinnnn ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr bbbblllloooocccckkkk aaaallllssssoooo.... IIIInnnn IIII-hhhheeeeaaaadddd eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee tttthhhheeee tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll ffffaaaaiiiilllluuuurrrreeee iiiissss ccccoooonnnnffffiiiinnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd oooonnnnllllyyyy Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR RRRRIIIICCCCAAAARRRRDDDDOOOO’’’’SSSS TTTTUUUURRRRBBBBUUUULLLLEEEENNNNTTTT HHHHEEEEAAAADDDD– SSSSIIIIDDDDEEEE VVVVAAAALLLLVVVVEEEE CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRR (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU JJJJuuuullllyyyy 00006666)))) RRRRiiiiccccaaaarrrrddddoooo ddddeeeevvvveeeellllooooppppeeeedddd tttthhhhiiiissss hhhheeeeaaaadddd iiiinnnn 1111999911119999.... HHHHiiiissss mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee wwwwaaaassss ttttoooo oooobbbbttttaaaaiiiinnnn ffffaaaasssstttt ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeee kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk iiiinnnn LLLL ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn.... IIIInnnn RRRRiiiiccccaaaarrrrddddoooo’’’’ssss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn bbbbooooddddyyyy ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwaaaassss ccccoooonnnncccceeeennnnttttrrrraaaatttteeeedddd oooovvvveeeerrrr tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss,,,, lllleeeeaaaavvvviiiinnnngggg sssslllliiiigggghhhhttttllllyyyy rrrreeeessssttttrrrriiiicccctttteeeedddd ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee ccccoooommmmmmmmuuuunnnniiiiccccaaaattttiiiinnnngggg wwwwiiiitttthhhh ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr.... AAAAddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss: o AAAAddddddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee iiiissss ppppoooossssssssiiiibbbblllleeee aaaassss ggggaaaasssseeeessss aaaarrrreeee ffffoooorrrrcccceeeedddd bbbbaaaacccckkkk tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh tttthhhheeee ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee. o BBBByyyy vvvvaaaarrrryyyyiiiinnnngggg tttthhhhrrrrooooaaaatttt aaaarrrreeeeaaaa ooooffff ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ddddeeeeggggrrrreeeeeeee ooooffff aaaaddddddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee iiiissss ppppoooossssssssiiiibbbblllleeee.... o TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn eeeennnnssssuuuurrrreeeessss aaaa mmmmoooorrrreeee hhhhoooommmmooooggggeeeennnneeeeoooouuuussss mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee bbbbyyyy ssssccccoooorrrriiiinnnngggg aaaawwwwaaaayyyy tttthhhheeee llllaaaayyyyeeeerrrr ooooffff ssssttttaaaaggggnnnnaaaannnntttt ggggaaaassss cccclllliiiinnnnggggiiiinnnngggg ttttoooo cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwaaaallllllll.... BBBBooootttthhhh tttthhhheeee aaaabbbboooovvvveeee ffffaaaaccccttttoooorrrrssss iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeee tttthhhheeee ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd aaaannnndddd tttthhhhuuuussss tttthhhheeee ppppeeeerrrrffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaannnncccceeee.... o DDDDeeeeiiiiggggnnnn mmmmaaaakkkkeeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiivvvveeeellllyyyy iiiinnnnsssseeeennnnssssiiiittttiiiivvvveeee ttttoooo ttttiiiimmmmiiiinnnngggg ooooffff ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkk dddduuuueeee ttttoooo ffffaaaasssstttt ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn o HHHHiiiigggghhhheeeerrrr eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd iiiissss ppppoooossssssssiiiibbbblllleeee dddduuuueeee ttttoooo iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeedddd ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee o RRRRiiiiccccaaaarrrrddddoooo’’’’ssss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd tttthhhheeee tttteeeennnnddddeeeennnnccccyyyy ttttoooo kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk bbbbyyyy sssshhhhoooorrrrtttteeeennnniiiinnnngggg lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ttttrrrraaaavvvveeeellll bbbbyyyy bbbbrrrriiiinnnnggggiiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt ppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff hhhheeeeaaaadddd wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh llllaaaayyyy oooovvvveeeerrrr tttthhhheeee ffffuuuurrrrtttthhhheeeerrrr ssssiiiiddddeeee ooooffff ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn iiiinnnnttttoooo aaaassss cccclllloooosssseeee aaaa ccccoooonnnnttttaaaacccctttt aaaassss ppppoooossssssssiiiibbbblllleeee wwwwiiiitttthhhh ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn ccccrrrroooowwwwnnnn.... o TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeessss lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh ooooffff ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ttttrrrraaaavvvveeeellll bbbbyyyy ppppllllaaaacccciiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkk pppplllluuuugggg iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee cccceeeennnnttttrrrreeee ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee.... DDDDiiiissssaaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss :::: o WWWWiiiitttthhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ooooffff 6666,,,, nnnnoooorrrrmmmmaaaallll ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd ooooffff bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeessss aaaannnndddd ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnntttt hhhheeeeaaaadddd tttteeeennnnddddssss ttttoooo bbbbeeeeccccoooommmmeeee oooovvvveeeerrrr ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnntttt aaaannnndddd rrrraaaatttteeee ooooffff pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeee bbbbeeeeccccoooommmmeeeessss ttttoooooooo rrrraaaappppiiiidddd lllleeeeaaaaddddssss ttttoooo rrrroooouuuugggghhhh rrrruuuunnnnnnnniiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd hhhhiiiigggghhhh hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooosssssssseeeessss.... o TTTToooo oooovvvveeeerrrrccccoooommmmeeee tttthhhheeee aaaabbbboooovvvveeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmm,,,, RRRRiiiiccccaaaarrrrddddoooo ddddeeeeccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeedddd tttthhhheeee aaaarrrreeeeaaaassss ooooffff ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee aaaatttt tttthhhheeee eeeexxxxppppeeeennnnsssseeee ooooffff rrrreeeedddduuuucccciiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee cccclllleeeeaaaarrrraaaannnncccceeee vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee aaaannnndddd rrrreeeessssttttrrrriiiiccccttttiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ssssiiiizzzzeeee ooooffff vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss.... TTTThhhhiiiissss rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbrrrreeeeaaaatttthhhhiiiinnnngggg ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ooooffff eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee,,,, tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee tttthhhheeeesssseeee ttttyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee nnnnooootttt ssssuuuuiiiittttaaaabbbblllleeee ffffoooorrrr eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee wwwwiiiitttthhhh hhhhiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR OOOOvvvveeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee oooorrrr IIII hhhheeeeaaaadddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU JJJJUUUULLLLYYYY 2222000000007777//// AAAAuuuugggguuuusssstttt 2222000000005555) TTTThhhheeee ddddiiiissssaaaappppppppeeeeaaaarrrraaaannnncccceeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee ssssiiiiddddeeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee oooorrrr LLLL-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn wwwwaaaassss iiiinnnneeeevvvviiiittttaaaabbbblllleeee aaaatttt hhhhiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ooooffff 8888 :::: 1111 bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee llllaaaacccckkkk ooooffff ssssppppaaaacccceeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ttttoooo aaaaccccccccoooommmmmmmmooooddddaaaatttteeee tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss.... DDDDiiiieeeesssseeeellll eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss,,,, wwwwiiiitttthhhh hhhhiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooossss,,,, iiiinnnnvvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaabbbbllllyyyy uuuusssseeeedddd oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn.... SSSSiiiinnnncccceeee 1111999955550000 oooorrrr ssssoooo mmmmoooossssttttllllyyyy oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee uuuusssseeeedddd.... Thhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr hhhhaaaassss bbbbooootttthhhh tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee llllooooccccaaaatttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd.... AAAAnnnn oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee iiiissss ssssuuuuppppeeeerrrriiiioooorrrr ttttoooo ssssiiiiddddeeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee aaaatttt hhhhiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooossss.... TTTThhhheeee oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee iiiissss ssssuuuuppppeeeerrrriiiioooorrrr ttttoooo ssssiiiiddddeeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee oooorrrr LLLL-hhhheeeeaaaadddd eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee aaaatttt hhhhiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooossss,,,, ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee ffffoooolllllllloooowwwwiiiinnnngggg rrrreeeeaaaassssoooonnnnssss:::: o LLLLoooowwwweeeerrrr ppppuuuummmmppppiiiinnnngggg lllloooosssssssseeeessss aaaannnndddd hhhhiiiigggghhhheeeerrrr vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy ffffrrrroooommmm bbbbeeeetttttttteeeerrrr bbbbrrrreeeeaaaatttthhhhiiiinnnngggg ooooffff tttthhhheeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ffffrrrroooommmm llllaaaarrrrggggeeeerrrr vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss oooorrrr vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee lllliiiiffffttttssss aaaannnndddd mmmmoooorrrreeee ddddiiiirrrreeeecccctttt ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeeewwwwaaaayyyyssss.... o LLLLeeeessssssss ddddiiiissssttttaaaannnncccceeee ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ttttoooo ttttrrrraaaavvvveeeellll aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee ggggrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeerrrr ffffrrrreeeeeeeeddddoooommmm ffffrrrroooommmm kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk,,,, oooorrrr iiiinnnn ooootttthhhheeeerrrr wwwwoooorrrrddddssss,,,, lllloooowwwweeeerrrr ooooccccttttaaaannnneeee rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeemmmmeeeennnnttttssss.... o LLLLeeeessssssss ffffoooorrrrcccceeee oooonnnn tttthhhheeee hhhheeeeaaaadddd bbbboooollllttttssss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee lllleeeessssssss ppppoooossssssssiiiibbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ooooffff lllleeeeaaaakkkkaaaaggggeeee ((((ooooffff ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ggggaaaasssseeeessss oooorrrr jjjjaaaacccckkkkeeeetttt wwwwaaaatttteeeerrrr)))).... TTTThhhheeee pppprrrroooojjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd aaaarrrreeeeaaaa ooooffff aaaa ssssiiiiddddeeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss iiiinnnneeeevvvviiiittttaaaabbbbllllyyyy ggggrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeerrrr tttthhhhaaaannnn tttthhhhaaaatttt ooooffff aaaannnn oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... o RRRReeeemmmmoooovvvvaaaallll ooooffff tttthhhheeee hhhhooootttt eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ffffrrrroooommmm tttthhhheeee bbbblllloooocccckkkk ttttoooo tttthhhheeee hhhheeeeaaaadddd,,,, tttthhhhuuuussss ccccoooonnnnffffiiiinnnniiiinnnngggg hhhheeeeaaaatttt ffffaaaaiiiilllluuuurrrreeeessss ttttoooo tttthhhheeee hhhheeeeaaaadddd.... AAAAbbbbsssseeeennnncccceeee ooooffff eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ffffrrrroooommmm bbbblllloooocccckkkk aaaallllssssoooo rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn mmmmoooorrrreeee uuuunnnniiiiffffoooorrrrmmmm ccccoooooooolllliiiinnnngggg ooooffff ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn.... o LLLLoooowwwweeeerrrr ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee-vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee rrrraaaattttiiiioooo aaaannnndddd,,,, tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee,,,, lllleeeessssssss hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooossssssss aaaannnndddd lllleeeessssssss aaaaiiiirrrr ppppoooolllllllluuuuttttiiiioooonnnn.... o EEEEaaaassssiiiieeeerrrr ttttoooo ccccaaaasssstttt aaaannnndddd hhhheeeennnncccceeee lllloooowwwweeeerrrr ccccaaaassssttttiiiinnnngggg ccccoooosssstttt.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR TTTTwwwwoooo iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnnssss ooooffff oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee uuuusssseeeedddd .... BBBBaaaatttthhhh TTTTuuuubbbb CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss ssssiiiimmmmpppplllleeee aaaannnndddd mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy ccccoooonnnnvvvveeeennnniiiieeeennnntttt ffffoooorrrrmmmm.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ccccoooonnnnssssiiiissssttttssss ooooffff aaaannnn oooovvvvaaaallll sssshhhhaaaappppeeeedddd cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwiiiitttthhhh bbbbooootttthhhh vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss mmmmoooouuuunnnntttteeeedddd vvvveeeerrrrttttiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd aaaannnndddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh tttthhhheeee ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkk pppplllluuuugggg aaaatttt tttthhhheeee ssssiiiiddddeeee.... TTTThhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwww bbbbaaaacccckkkk ooooffff tttthhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn iiiissss bbbbooootttthhhh vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss aaaarrrreeee ppppllllaaaacccceeeedddd iiiinnnn aaaa ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee rrrroooowwww aaaalllloooonnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr bbbblllloooocccckkkk.... TTTThhhhiiiissss lllliiiimmmmiiiittttssss tttthhhheeee bbbbrrrreeeeaaaatttthhhhiiiinnnngggg ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ooooffff eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee,,,, uuuunnnnlllleeeessssssss tttthhhheeee oooovvvveeeerrrraaaallllllll lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh iiiissss iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeedddd.... HHHHoooowwwweeeevvvveeeerrrr,,,, mmmmooooddddeeeerrrrnnnn eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee mmmmaaaannnnuuuuffffaaaaccccttttuuuurrrreeeessss oooovvvveeeerrrrccccoooommmmeeee tttthhhhiiiissss pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmm bbbbyyyy uuuussssiiiinnnngggg uuuunnnniiiittttyyyy rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ffffoooorrrr ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee aaaannnndddd bbbboooorrrreeee ssssiiiizzzzeeee.... WWWWeeeeddddggggeeee TTTTyyyyppppeeee CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... IIIInnnn tttthhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn sssslllliiiigggghhhhttttllllyyyy iiiinnnncccclllliiiinnnneeeedddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss aaaarrrreeee uuuusssseeeedddd.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn aaaallllssssoooo hhhhaaaassss ggggiiiivvvveeeennnn vvvveeeerrrryyyy ssssaaaattttiiiissssffffaaaaccccttttoooorrrryyyy ppppeeeerrrrffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaannnncccceeee.... AAAA mmmmooooddddeeeerrrrnnnn wwwweeeeddddggggeeee ttttyyyyppppeeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee sssseeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn ffffoooorrrr PPPPllllyyyymmmmoooouuuutttthhhh VVVV-8888 eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee.... IIIItttt hhhhaaaassss aaaa ssssttttooookkkkeeee ooooffff 99999999 mmmmmmmm aaaannnndddd bbbboooorrrreeee ooooffff 88884444mmmmmmmm wwwwiiiitttthhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo 9999::::1111 F- HHHHeeeeaaaadddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU JJJJUUUULLLLYYYY 2222000000007777//// JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000005555)))) IIIInnnn ssssuuuucccchhhh aaaa ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr oooonnnneeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee iiiissss iiiinnnn hhhheeeeaaaadddd aaaannnndddd ooootttthhhheeeerrrr iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbblllloooocccckkkk.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn iiiissss aaaa ccccoooommmmpppprrrroooommmmiiiisssseeee bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn LLLL-hhhheeeeaaaadddd aaaannnndddd IIII-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss.... OOOOnnnneeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee mmmmoooosssstttt FFFF-hhhheeeeaaaadddd eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss ((((wwwweeeeddddggggeeee ttttyyyyppppeeee)))) iiiissss tttthhhheeee oooonnnneeee uuuusssseeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee RRRRoooovvvveeeerrrr CCCCoooommmmppppaaaannnnyyyy ffffoooorrrr sssseeeevvvveeeerrrraaaallll yyyyeeeeaaaarrrrssss.... AAAAnnnnooootttthhhheeeerrrr ssssuuuucccccccceeeessssssssffffuuuullll ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff tttthhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss tttthhhhaaaatttt uuuusssseeeedddd iiiinnnn WWWWiiiilllllllleys jjjjeeeeeeeeppppss Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR IIIIttttssss aaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss aaaarrrreeee : o HHHHiiiigggghhhh vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy o MMMMaaaaxxxxiiiimmmmuuuummmm ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ffffoooorrrr ffffuuuueeeellll ooooffff ggggiiiivvvveeeennnn ooooccccttttaaaannnneeee rrrraaaattttiiiinnnngggg o HHHHiiiigggghhhh tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy o IIIItttt ccccaaaannnn ooooppppeeeerrrraaaatttteeee oooonnnn lllleeeeaaaannnneeeerrrr aaaaiiiirrrr-ffffuuuueeeellll rrrraaaattttiiiioooossss wwwwiiiitttthhhhoooouuuutttt mmmmiiiissssffffiiiirrrriiiinnnngggg.... TTTThhhheeee ddddrrrraaaawwwwbbbbaaaacccckkkk Thhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn iiiissss tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeexxxx mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiissssmmmm ffffoooorrrr ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss aaaannnndddd eeeexxxxppppeeeennnnssssiiiivvvveeee ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallll sssshhhhaaaappppeeeedddd ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn.... FF- hhhheeeeaaaadddd uuuusssseeeedddd bbbbyyyy RRRRoooovvvveeeerrrr CCCCoooommmmppppaaaannnnyyyy FFFF –– hhhheeeeaaaadddd uuuusssseeeedddd iiiinnnn WWWWiiiilllllllleeeeyyyyssss jjjjeeeeeeeepppp.... DDDDiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000006666)))) IIIInnnn tttthhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss uuuussssuuuuaaaallllllllyyyy wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 88880000 ppppeeeerrrrcccceeeennnntttt ooooffff tttthhhheeee cccclllleeeeaaaarrrraaaannnncccceeee vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaabbbboooovvvveeee tttthhhheeee ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn aaaannnndddd aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 22220000 ppppeeeerrrrcccceeeennnntttt ooooffff tttthhhheeee vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee aaaassss aaaa sssseeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... MMMMaaaaiiiinnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ccccoooonnnnnnnneeeecccctttteeeedddd ttttoooo sssseeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh aaaa ssssmmmmaaaallllllll oooorrrriiiiffffiiiicccceeee CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn iiiissss ssssttttaaaarrrrtttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ssssmmmmaaaallllllll sssseeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... AAAAssss tttthhhheeee ggggaaaasssseeeessss iiiinnnn sssseeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee ccccoooonnnnssssuuuummmmeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn,,,, pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeeessss aaaannnndddd ffffllllaaaammmmiiiinnnngggg ggggaaaassss eeeexxxxppppaaaannnnddddssss bbbbaaaacccckkkk tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh oooorrrriiiiffffiiiicccceeee aaaannnndddd aaaacccctttt aaaassss ttttoooorrrrcccchhhh iiiiggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn ffffoooorrrr mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR Seeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr hhhhaaaassss hhhhiiiigggghhhh sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll aaaannnndddd ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo hhhhaaaannnnddddlllleeee rrrriiiicccchhhh mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee.... TTTThhhheeee rrrriiiicccchhhh mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee wwwwiiiitttthhhh vvvveeeerrrryyyy hhhhiiiigggghhhh sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiinnnn sssseeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwiiiillllllll iiiiggggnnnniiiitttteeee rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiillllyyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbuuuurrrrnnnn vvvveeeerrrryyyy qqqquuuuiiiicccckkkkllllyyyy.... TTTThhhheeee ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ggggaaaassss eeeexxxxppppaaaannnnddddssss tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh oooorrrriiiiffffiiiicccceeee aaaannnndddd iiiiggggnnnniiiitttteeeessss tttthhhheeee lllleeeeaaaannnn mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhheeee nnnneeeetttt rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt iiiissss aaaannnn eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee tttthhhhaaaatttt hhhhaaaassss ggggoooooooodddd iiiiggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd yyyyeeeetttt ooooppppeeeerrrraaaatttteeeessss mmmmoooossssttttllllyyyy lllleeeeaaaannnn ttttoooo ggggiiiivvvveeee ggggoooooooodddd ffffuuuueeeellll eeeeccccoooonnnnoooommmmyyyy.... COMBUSTION CHAMBERS- CI Engines PPPPrrrriiiimmmmaaaarrrryyyy CCCCoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee DDDDeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss ffffoooorrrr CCCC....IIII EEEEnnnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss IIIInnnn CCCC eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss ffffuuuueeeellll iiiissss iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaatttt aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 11115555°°°°CCCC bbbbeeeeffffoooorrrreeee TTTT....DDDD....CCCC.... dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee.... FFFFoooorrrr tttthhhheeee bbbbeeeesssstttt eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn mmmmuuuusssstttt ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee wwwwiiiitttthhhhiiiinnnn 11115555°°°° ttttoooo 22220000°°°° ooooffff ccccrrrraaaannnnkkkk rrrroooottttaaaattttiiiioooonnnn aaaafffftttteeeerrrr TTTT....DDDD....CCCC.... iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee wwwwoooorrrrkkkkiiiinnnngggg ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee.... TTTThhhhuuuussss iiiitttt iiiissss cccclllleeeeaaaarrrr tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn bbbbooootttthhhh mmmmuuuusssstttt ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt ttttiiiimmmmeeee.... FFFFoooorrrr bbbbeeeesssstttt ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn mmmmiiiixxxxiiiinnnngggg sssshhhhoooouuuulllldddd bbbbeeee ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt ttttiiiimmmmeeee.... •••• IIIInnnn SSSS....IIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee mmmmiiiixxxxiiiinnnngggg ttttaaaakkkkeeeessss ppppllllaaaacccceeee iiiinnnn ccccaaaarrrrbbbbuuuurrrreeeettttoooorrrr; hhhhoooowwwweeeevvvveeeerrrr iiiinnnn CCCC....IIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss tttthhhhiiiissss hhhhaaaassss ttttoooo bbbbeeee ddddoooonnnneeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTToooo aaaacccchhhhiiiieeeevvvveeee tttthhhhiiiissss rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeemmmmeeeennnntttt iiiinnnn aaaa sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt ppppeeeerrrriiiioooodddd iiiissss aaaannnn eeeexxxxttttrrrreeeemmmmeeeellllyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuulllltttt jjjjoooobbbb ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiccccuuuullllaaaarrrrllllyyyy iiiinnnn hhhhiiiigggghhhh ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd CCCCllll.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss.... •••• FFFFrrrroooommmm ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn pppphhhheeeennnnoooommmmeeeennnnoooonnnn ooooffff CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss iiiitttt iiiissss eeeevvvviiiiddddeeeennnntttt tttthhhhaaaatttt ffffuuuueeeellll-aaaaiiiirrrr ccccoooonnnnttttaaaacccctttt mmmmuuuusssstttt bbbbeeee lllliiiimmmmiiiitttteeeedddd dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ddddeeeellllaaaayyyy ppppeeeerrrriiiioooodddd iiiinnnn oooorrrrddddeeeerrrr ttttoooo lllliiiimmmmiiiitttt,,,, tttthhhheeee rrrraaaatttteeee ooooffff pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee sssseeeeccccoooonnnndddd ssssttttaaaaggggeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn.... TTTThhhhiiiissss rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee oooobbbbttttaaaaiiiinnnneeeedddd bbbbyyyy sssshhhhoooorrrrtttteeeennnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ddddeeeellllaaaayyyy ttttoooo aaaacccchhhhiiiieeeevvvveeee hhhhiiiigggghhhh eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy aaaannnndddd ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn mmmmuuuusssstttt bbbbeeee ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeeedddd wwwwhhhheeeennnn ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn iiiissss nnnneeeeaaaarrrreeeerrrr ttttoooo TTTT....DDDD....CCCC....,,,, iiiitttt iiiissss nnnneeeecccceeeessssssssaaaarrrryyyy ttttoooo hhhhaaaavvvveeee rrrraaaappppiiiidddd mmmmiiiixxxxiiiinnnngggg ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll aaaannnndddd aaaaiiiirrrr dddduuuunnnn tttthhhheeee tttthhhhiiiirrrrdddd ssssttttaaaaggggeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn.... •••• TTTThhhheeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ffffoooorrrr CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss mmmmuuuusssstttt aaaallllssssoooo ttttaaaakkkkeeee ccccoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmm aaaannnndddd nnnnoooozzzzzzzzlllleeeessss ttttoooo bbbbeeee uuuusssseeeedddd.... TTTThhhheeee ccccoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee ssssuuuummmmmmmmaaaarrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd aaaassss ffffoooolllllllloooowwwwssss:::: 1111.... HHHHiiiigggghhhh tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... 2222.... AAAAbbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo uuuusssseeee lllleeeessssssss eeeexxxxppppeeeennnnssssiiiivvvveeee ffffuuuueeeellll ((((mmmmuuuullllttttiiii-ffffuuuueeeellll)))).... 3333.... EEEEaaaasssseeee ooooffff ssssttttaaaarrrrttttiiiinnnngggg.... 4444.... AAAAbbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo hhhhaaaannnnddddlllleeee vvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss iiiinnnn ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR 5555.... SSSSmmmmooooooootttthhhhnnnneeeessssssss ooooffff ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn iiii....eeee.... aaaavvvvooooiiiiddddaaaannnncccceeee ooooffff ddddiiiieeeesssseeeellll kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk aaaannnndddd nnnnooooiiiisssseeee.... 6666.... LLLLoooowwww eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt eeeemmmmiiiissssssssiiiioooonnnn.... 7777.... NNNNoooozzzzzzzzlllleeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn.... 8888.... HHHHiiiigggghhhh vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... 9999.... HHHHiiiigggghhhh bbbbrrrraaaakkkkeeee MMMMeeeeaaaannnn eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee.... RRRRoooolllleeee ooooffff aaaaiiiirrrr sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiinnnn DDDDiiiieeeesssseeeellll eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee (((( JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000005555)))) MMMMoooosssstttt iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff CCCCIIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ttttoooo pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee pppprrrrooooppppeeeerrrr mmmmiiiixxxxiiiinnnngggg ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll aaaannnndddd aaaaiiiirrrr iiiinnnn sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt ppppoooossssssssiiiibbbblllleeee ttttiiiimmmmeeee.... FFFFoooorrrr tttthhhhiiiissss ppppuuuurrrrppppoooosssseeee aaaannnn oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzeeeedddd aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmoooovvvveeeemmmmeeeennnntttt ccccaaaalllllllleeeedddd aaaaiiiirrrr sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss ttttoooo bbbbeeee pppprrrroooodddduuuucccceeeedddd ttttoooo pppprrrroooodddduuuucccceeee hhhhiiiigggghhhh rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiivvvveeee vvvveeeelllloooocccciiiittttyyyy bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn tttthhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeettttssss aaaannnndddd aaaaiiiirrrr.... TTTThhhheeeerrrreeee aaaarrrreeee tttthhhhrrrreeeeeeee bbbbaaaassssiiiicccc mmmmeeeetttthhhhooooddddssss ooooffff ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaattttiiiinnnngggg sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiinnnn CCCCIIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn CCCChhhhammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... BBBByyyy ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee fffflllloooowwww ooooffff aaaaiiiirrrr dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg iiiittttssss eeeennnnttttrrrryyyy ttttoooo tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr kkkknnnnoooowwwwnnnn aaaassss IIIInnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... TTTThhhhiiiissss mmmmeeeetttthhhhoooodddd iiiissss uuuusssseeeedddd iiiinnnn ooooppppeeeennnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr. BBBByyyy ffffoooorrrrcccciiiinnnngggg aaaaiiiirrrr tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh aaaa ttttaaaannnnggggeeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallll ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnnttttoooo aaaa sssseeeeppppaaaarrrraaaatttteeee sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee,,,, kkkknnnnoooowwwwnnnn aaaassss CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss uuuusssseeeedddd iiiinnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... BBBByyyy uuuusssseeee ooooffff iiiinnnniiiittttiiiiaaaallll pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeee dddduuuueeee ttttoooo ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiaaaallll ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeee sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll aaaannnndddd ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee,,,, kkkknnnnoooowwwwnnnn aaaassss ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnndddduuuucccceeeedddd sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... TTTThhhhiiiissss mmmmeeeetttthhhhoooodddd iiiissss uuuusssseeeedddd iiiinnnn pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd aaaaiiiirrrr cccceeeellllllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss.... IIIINNNNDDDDUUUUCCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN SSSSWWWWIIIIRRRRLLLL (((( JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000006666)))) SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrrssss ttttoooo aaaa rrrroooottttaaaattttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll fffflllloooowwww wwwwiiiitttthhhhiiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaabbbboooouuuutttt iiiittttssss aaaaxxxxeeeessss.... IIIInnnn aaaa ffffoooouuuurrrr ssssttttrrrrooookkkke eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee oooobbbbttttaaaaiiiinnnneeeedddd eeeeiiiitttthhhheeeerrrr bbbbyyyy ccccaaaarrrreeeeffffuuuullll ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff aaaaiiiirrrr iiiinnnnttttaaaakkkkeeee ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeeessss oooorrrr mmmmaaaasssskkkkiiiinnnngggg oooorrrr sssshhhhrrrroooouuuuddddiiiinnnngggg aaaa ppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff cccciiiirrrrccccuuuummmmffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee ooooffff iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee.... TTTThhhheeee aaaannnngggglllleeee ooooffff mmmmaaaasssskkkk iiiissss ffffrrrroooommmm 99990000°°°° ttttoooo 111144440000°°°° ooooffff tttthhhheeee cccciiiirrrrccccuuuummmmffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee.... IIIInnnn ttttwwwwoooo ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee,,,, iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn swiiiirrrrllll iiiissss ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy ssssuuuuiiiittttaaaabbbblllleeee iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt ppppoooorrrrtttt ffffoooorrrrmmmmssss.... IIIInnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd uuuussssiiiinnnngggg ffffoooolllllllloooowwwwiiiinnnngggg mmmmeeeetttthhhhooooddddssss.... SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy ccccoooonnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnttttaaaakkkkeeee ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmm ttttoooo ggggiiiivvvveeee aaaa ttttaaaannnnggggeeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ttttoooo iiiinnnnttttaaaakkkkeeee fffflllloooowwww aaaassss iiiitttt eeeennnntttteeeerrrrssss tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss ddddoooonnnneeee bbbbyyyy sssshhhhaaaappppiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ccccoooonnnnttttoooouuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnttttaaaakkkkeeee mmmmaaaannnniiiiffffoooolllldddd,,,, Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy mmmmaaaasssskkkkiiiinnnngggg oooonnnneeee ssssiiiiddddeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ssssoooo tttthhhhaaaatttt aaaaiiiirrrr iiiissss aaaaddddmmmmiiiitttttttteeeedddd oooonnnnllllyyyy aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd aaaa ppppaaaarrrrtttt ooooffff tttthhhheeee ppppeeeerrrriiiipppphhhheeeerrrryyyy ooooffff tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee aaaannnndddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ddddeeeessssiiiirrrreeeedddd ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn.... SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll ccccaaaannnn aaaallllssssoooo bbbbeeee ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy ccccaaaassssttttiiiinnnngggg aaaa lllliiiipppp oooovvvveeeerrrr oooonnnneeee ssssiiiiddddeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee.... SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn iiiissss vvvveeeerrrryyyy wwwweeeeaaaakkkk.... TTTThhhhuuuussss ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee oooorrrriiiiffffiiiicccceeee iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ccccaaaannnnnnnnooootttt pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeee ddddeeeessssiiiirrrreeeedddd aaaaiiiirrrr ffffuuuueeeellll mmmmiiiixxxxiiiinnnngggg.... TTTThhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee,,,, wwwwiiiitttthhhh IIIInnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll,,,, iiiitttt iiiissss aaaaddddvvvviiiissssaaaabbbblllleeee ttttoooo uuuusssseeee aaaa mmmmuuuullllttttiiiipppplllleeee-oooorrrriiiiffffiiiicccceeee iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttoooorrrr.... AAAAddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... o EEEEaaaassssiiiieeeerrrr ssssttttaaaarrrrttttiiiinnnngggg ((((dddduuuueeee ttttoooo lllloooowwww iiiinnnntttteeeennnnssssiiiittttyyyy ooooffff sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll)))).... o HHHHiiiigggghhhh eeeexxxxcccceeeessssssss aaaaiiiirrrr ((((lllloooowwww tttteeeemmmmppppeeeerrrraaaattttuuuurrrreeee)))),,,, lllloooowwww ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee ((((lllleeeessssssss hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooossssssss)))),,,, tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee iiiinnnnddddiiiiccccaaaatttteeeedddd tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy iiiissss hhhhiiiigggghhhh.... o PPPPrrrroooodddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeessss nnnnoooo aaaaddddddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll wwwwoooorrrrkkkk.... o UUUUsssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh lllloooowwww ssssppppeeeeeeeeddddssss,,,, tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee lllloooowwww qqqquuuuaaaalllliiiittttyyyy ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee uuuusssseeeedddd.... DDDDiiiissssaaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss ooooffff iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll:::: o SSSShhhhrrrroooouuuuddddeeeedddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss,,,, ssssmmmmaaaalllllllleeeerrrr vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss,,,, lllloooowwww vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... o WWWWeeeeaaaakkkk sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll,,,, lllloooowwww aaaaiiiirrrr uuuuttttiiiilllliiiissssaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ((((66660000%%%%)))),,,, lllloooowwwweeeerrrr MMMM....EEEE....PPPP.... aaaannnndddd llllaaaarrrrggggeeee ssssiiiizzzzeeee ((((ccccoooossssttttllllyyyy)))) eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee.... o WWWWeeeeaaaakkkk sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll,,,, mmmmuuuullllttttiiii-oooorrrriiiiffffiiiicccceeee nnnnoooozzzzzzzzlllleeee,,,, hhhhiiiigggghhhh iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee;;;; ccccllllooooggggggggiiiinnnngggg ooooffff hhhhoooolllleeeessss,,,, hhhhiiiigggghhhh mmmmaaaaiiiinnnntttteeeennnnaaaannnncccceeee.... o SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll nnnnooootttt pppprrrrooooppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll ttttoooo ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd;;;; eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy nnnnooootttt mmmmaaaaiiiinnnnttttaaaaiiiinnnneeeedddd aaaatttt vvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaabbbblllleeee ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee.... o IIIInnnnfffflllluuuueeeennnncccceeee mmmmiiiinnnniiiimmmmuuuummmm qqqquuuuaaaannnnttttiiiittttyyyy ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll.... CCCCoooommmmpppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn aaaatttt hhhhiiiigggghhhh llllooooaaaaddddssss aaaannnndddd iiiiddddlllliiiinnnngggg.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPRRRREEEESSSSSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN SSSSWWWWIIIIRRRRLLLL (((( JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000006666)))) CCCCoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd uuuussssiiiinnnngggg sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... AAAA sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss aaaa ddddiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... AAAA ddddiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeeedddd aaaassss oooonnnneeee iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee iiiissss ddddiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo ttttwwwwoooo oooorrrr mmmmoooorrrreeee ccccoooommmmppppaaaarrrrttttmmmmeeeennnnttttssss.... PPPPrrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee ddddiiiiffffffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn tttthhhheeeesssseeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss iiiissss ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy reeeessssttttrrrriiiiccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss oooorrrr tttthhhhrrrrooooaaaattttssss.... VVVVeeeerrrryyyy ssssttttrrrroooonnnngggg sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd uuuussssiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... AAAAddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll:::: LLLLaaaarrrrggggeeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss,,,, hhhhiiiigggghhhh vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... SSSSiiiinnnngggglllleeee iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttoooorrrr,,,, ppppiiiinnnnttttlllleeee ttttyyyyppppeeee ((((sssseeeellllffff cccclllleeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg)))),,,, lllleeeessssssss mmmmaaaaiiiinnnntttteeeennnnaaaannnncccceeee.... SSSSmmmmooooooootttthhhh eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn.... GGGGrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeerrrr aaaaiiiirrrr uuuuttttiiiilllliiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn dddduuuueeee ttttoooo ssssttttrrrroooonnnngggg sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... SSSSmmmmaaaalllllllleeeerrrr ((((cccchhhheeeeaaaappppeeeerrrr)))) eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee.... SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll pppprrrrooooppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll ttttoooo ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd,,,, ssssuuuuiiiittttaaaabbbblllleeee ffffoooorrrr vvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaabbbblllleeee ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn.... DDDDiiiissssaaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll:::: CCCCoooolllldddd ssssttttaaaarrrrttttiiiinnnngggg ttttrrrroooouuuubbbblllleeee dddduuuueeee ttttoooo hhhhiiiigggghhhh lllloooossssssss dddduuuu ttttoooo ssssttttrrrroooonnnngggg sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll,,,, mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiiccccaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy IIII LLLLeeeessssssss eeeexxxxcccceeeessssssss aaaaiiiirrrr ;;;; lllloooowwwweeeerrrr iiiinnnnddddiiiiccccaaaatttteeeedddd eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy;;;; 5555 ttttoooo 8888%%%% mmmmoooorrrreeee ffffuuuueeeellll ccccoooonnnnssssuuuummmmppppttttiiiioooonnnn;;;; ddddeeeeccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeedddd eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee lllliiiiffffeeee CCCCyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr mmmmoooorrrreeee eeeexxxxppppeeeennnnssssiiiivvvveeee iiiinnnn ccccoooonnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn.... WWWWoooorrrrkkkk aaaabbbbssssoooorrrrbbbbeeeedddd iiiinnnn pppprrrroooodddduuuucccciiiinnnngggg sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll,,,, mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiiccccaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy lllloooowwwweeeerrrr.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN IIIINNNNDDDDUUUUCCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN SSSSWWWWIIIIRRRRLLLL (((( JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000006666)))) TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeedddd dddduuuueeee ttttoooo ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiaaaallll ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn,,,, tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee kkkknnnnoooowwwwnnnn aaaassss ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnndddduuuucccceeeedddd sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... TTTThhhhiiiissss mmmmeeeetttthhhhoooodddd iiiissss uuuusssseeeedddd oooonnnnllllyyyy iiiinnnn pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... IIIInnnn tttthhhhiiiissss mmmmeeeetttthhhhoooodddd,,,, uuuuppppwwwwaaaarrrrdddd mmmmoooovvvveeeemmmmeeeennnntttt ooooffff ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ffffoooorrrrcccceeeessss tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr ttttaaaannnnggggeeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallllllllyyyy aaaannnndddd ffffuuuueeeellll iiiissss iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ,,,, wwwwhhhheeeennnn tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee aaaaccccccccuuuummmmuuuullllaaaatttteeeedddd ffffuuuueeeellll dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg ddddeeeellllaaaayyyy ppppeeeerrrriiiiooooddddssss bbbbuuuurrrrnnnnssss rrrraaaappppiiiiddddllllyyyy iiiinnnn pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaassss AAAA::::FFFF mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee iiiissss rrrriiiicccchhhh aaaannnndddd ffffoooorrrrcccceeeessss tttthhhheeee ggggaaaasssseeeessss aaaatttt aaaa vvvveeeerrrryyyy hhhhiiiigggghhhh vvvveeeelllloooocccciiiittttyyyy iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeessss aaaa ggggoooooooodddd sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll aaaannnndddd pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeeessss bbbbeeeetttttttteeeerrrr ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR TTTThhhheeee rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeemmmmeeeennnntttt ooooffff aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmoooottttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiinnnn aaaa CCCC....IIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss mmmmuuuucccchhhh mmmmoooorrrreeee ssssttttrrrriiiinnnnggggeeeennnntttt tttthhhhaaaannnn iiiinnnn aaaannnn SSSS....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee....-JJJJuuuussssttttiiiiffffyyyy tttthhhhiiiissss ssssttttaaaatttteeeemmmmeeeennnntttt???? AAAAiiiirrrr mmmmoooottttiiiioooonnnnssss aaaarrrreeee rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeedddd iiiinnnn bbbbooootttthhhh SSSS....IIII.... aaaannnndddd CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss.... IIIInnnn SSSS....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee,,,, wwwweeee ccccaaaallllllll iiiitttt ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee aaaannnndddd iiiinnnn CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee,,,, wwwweeee ccccaaaallllllll iiiitttt sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... TTTTuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiissss rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeedddd iiiinnnn SSSS....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss iiiimmmmpppplllliiiieeeessss ddddiiiissssoooorrrrddddeeeerrrreeeedddd aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmoooottttiiiioooonnnn wwwwiiiitttthhhh nnnnoooo ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaallll ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff fffflllloooowwww,,,, ttttoooo bbbbrrrreeeeaaaakkkk uuuupppp tttthhhheeee ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee ooooffff ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ffffrrrroooonnnntttt aaaannnndddd ttttoooo ddddiiiissssttttrrrriiiibbbbuuuutttteeee ffffllllaaaammmmeeee tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhhoooouuuutttt aaaannnn eeeexxxxtttteeeerrrrnnnnaaaallllllllyyyy pppprrrreeeeppppaaaarrrreeeedddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiibbbblllleeee mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee.... AAAAiiiirrrr sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiissss rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeedddd iiiinnnn CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss iiiissss aaaannnn oooorrrrddddeeeerrrrllllyyyy mmmmoooovvvveeeemmmmeeeennnntttt ooooffff wwwwhhhhoooolllleeee bbbbooooddddyyyy ooooffff aaaaiiiirrrr wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaa ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiccccuuuullllaaaarrrr ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff fffflllloooowwww ttttoooo bbbbrrrriiiinnnngggg aaaa ccccoooonnnnttttiiiinnnnuuuuoooouuuussss ssssuuuuppppppppllllyyyy ooooffff ffffrrrreeeesssshhhh aaaaiiiirrrr ttttoooo eeeeaaaacccchhhh bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeetttt aaaannnndddd sssswwwweeeeeeeepppp aaaawwwwaaaayyyy tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooodddduuuuccccttttssss ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh ooootttthhhheeeerrrrwwwwiiiisssseeee wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ssssuuuuffffffffooooccccaaaatttteeee iiiitttt.... IIIIffff tttthhhheeeerrrreeee iiiissss nnnnoooo ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee iiiinnnn SSSS....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss,,,, tttthhhheeee ttttiiiimmmmeeee ooooccccccccuuuuppppiiiieeeedddd bbbbyyyy eeeeaaaacccchhhh eeeexxxxpppplllloooossssiiiioooonnnn wwwwoooouuuulllldddd bbbbeeee ssssoooo ggggrrrreeeeaaaatttt aaaassss ttttoooo mmmmaaaakkkkeeee hhhhiiiigggghhhh ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrnnnnaaaallll ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss iiiimmmmpppprrrraaaaccccttttiiiiccccaaaabbbblllleeee.... IIIInnnnssssuuuuffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnntttt ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee lllloooowwwweeeerrrrssss tttthhhheeee eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy dddduuuueeee ttttoooo iiiinnnnccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll.... IIIInnnn ccccaaaasssseeee ooooffff CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss,,,, iiiitttt iiiissss iiiimmmmppppoooossssssssiiiibbbblllleeee ttttoooo iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttt ffffuuuueeeellll ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeettttssss ssssoooo tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhheeeeyyyy ddddiiiissssttttrrrriiiibbbbuuuutttteeee uuuunnnniiiiffffoooorrrrmmmmllllyyyy tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhhoooouuuutttt tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee,,,, tttthhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee ffffoooorrrrmmmmeeeedddd iiiinnnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss eeeesssssssseeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallllllllyyyy hhhheeeetttteeeerrrrooooggggeeeennnneeeeoooouuuussss.... UUUUnnnnddddeeeerrrr tttthhhheeeesssseeee ccccoooonnnnddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnnssss,,,, iiiiffff tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr wwwwiiiitttthhhhiiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr wwwweeeerrrreeee mmmmoooottttiiiioooonnnnlllleeeessssssss,,,, oooonnnnllllyyyy aaaa ssssmmmmaaaallllllll ppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ffffiiiinnnndddd ssssuuuuffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnntttt ooooxxxxyyyyggggeeeennnn aaaannnndddd eeeevvvveeeennnn bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ooooffff tttthhhhiiiissss ffffuuuueeeellll wwwwoooouuuulllldddd bbbbeeee sssslllloooowwww oooorrrr eeeevvvveeeennnn cccchhhhooookkkkeeeedddd.... SSSSoooo iiiitttt iiiissss eeeesssssssseeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallll ttttoooo iiiimmmmppppaaaarrrrtttt sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll ttttoooo aaaaiiiirrrr ssssoooo tttthhhhaaaatttt aaaa ccccoooonnnnttttiiiinnnnuuuuoooouuuussss ssssuuuuppppppppllllyyyy ooooffff ffffrrrreeeesssshhhh aaaaiiiirrrr iiiissss bbbbrrrroooouuuugggghhhhtttt ttttoooo eeeeaaaacccchhhh bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeetttt aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooodddduuuuccccttttssss ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn aaaarrrreeee sssswwwweeeepppptttt aaaawwwwaaaayyyy.... TTTThhhheeee iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiinnnn aaaa CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee hhhheeeellllppppssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaassssiiiinnnngggg iiiinnnnddddiiiiccccaaaatttteeeedddd tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... JJJJuuuussssttttiiiiffffyyyy tttthhhhiiiissss ssssttttaaaatttteeeemmmmeeeennnntttt.... IIIInnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss uuuusssseeeedddd iiiinnnn ddddiiiirrrreeeecccctttt iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ttttyyyyppppeeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss,,,, wwwwhhhheeeerrrreeee tttthhhheeee eeeennnnttttiiiirrrreeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee iiiissss ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttllllyyyy aaaabbbboooovvvveeee tttthhhheeee ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn,,,, aaaannnndddd hhhheeeennnncccceeee tttthhhheeee ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee-ttttoooo-vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss lllloooowwww.... FFFFuuuurrrrtttthhhheeeerrrr,,,, tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeesssssssseeeedddd aaaaiiiirrrr aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrroooodddduuuuccccttttssss ddddoooo nnnnooootttt hhhhaaaavvvveeee ttttoooo ppppaaaassssssss tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh aaaa nnnneeeecccckkkk nnnnaaaarrrrrrrroooowwww ccccoooonnnnnnnneeeeccccttttiiiinnnngggg ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee.... AAAAllllssssoooo,,,, tttthhhheeee mmmmeeeeaaaannnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn tttteeeemmmmppppeeeerrrraaaattttuuuurrrreeeessss aaaarrrreeee lllloooowwwweeeerrrr,,,, aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeeerrrreeee iiiissss lllleeeessssssss ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee.... AAAAllllllll tttthhhheeeesssseeee ffffaaaaccccttttoooorrrrssss rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt iiiinnnn lllleeeessssssss hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooosssssssseeeessss,,,, aaaannnndddd tttthhhhuuuussss tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnddddiiiiccccaaaatttteeeedddd tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy iiiissss iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeedddd.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR TYPES OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS- CI Engines TTTThhhheeee mmmmoooosssstttt iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff CCCCIIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ttttoooo pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee pppprrrrooooppppeeeerrrr mmmmiiiixxxxiiiinnnngggg ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll aaaannnndddd aaaaiiiirrrr iiiinnnn sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt ttttiiiimmmmeeee.... IIIInnnn oooorrrrddddeeeerrrr ttttoooo aaaacccchhhhiiiieeeevvvveeee tttthhhhiiiissss,,,, aaaannnn oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzeeeedddd aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmoooovvvveeeemmmmeeeennnntttt ccccaaaalllllllleeeedddd sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeeedddd ttttoooo pppprrrroooodddduuuucccceeee hhhhiiiigggghhhh rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiivvvveeee vvvveeeelllloooocccciiiittttyyyy bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn tttthhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeettttssss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr.... WWWWhhhheeeennnn tttthhhheeee lllliiiiqqqquuuuiiiidddd ffffuuuueeeellll iiiissss iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr,,,, tttthhhheeee sssspppprrrraaaayyyy ccccoooonnnneeee ggggeeeettttssss ddddiiiissssttttuuuurrrrbbbbeeeedddd dddduuuueeee ttttoooo aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmoooottttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee iiiinnnnssssiiiiddddeeee.... TTTThhhheeee oooonnnnsssseeeetttt ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn wwwwiiiillllllll ccccaaaauuuusssseeee aaaannnn aaaaddddddddeeeedddd ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee gggguuuuiiiiddddeeee dddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee sssshhhhaaaappppeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr,,,, mmmmaaaakkkkeeeessss iiiitttt nnnneeeecccceeeessssssssaaaarrrryyyy ttttoooo ssssttttuuuuddddyyyy tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn iiiinnnn ddddeeeettttaaaaiiiillll.... CCCC IIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee ccccllllaaaassssssssiiiiffffiiiieeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo ttttwwwwoooo ccccaaaatttteeeeggggoooorrrriiiieeeessss:::: 1111.... OOOOPPPPEEEENNNN IIIINNNNJJJJEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN ((((DDDDIIII)))) TTTTYYYYPPPPEEEE :::: TTTThhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss aaaallllssssoooo ccccaaaalllllllleeeedddd aaaannnn OOOOppppeeeennnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... IIIInnnn tttthhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee tttthhhheeee eeeennnnttttiiiirrrreeee vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss llllooooccccaaaatttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll iiiissss iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhhiiiissss vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee.... 2222.... IIIINNNNDDDDIIIIRRRREEEECCCCTTTT IIIINNNNJJJJEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN ((((IIIIDDDDIIII)))) TTTTYYYYPPPPEEEE:::: iiiinnnn tttthhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss,,,, tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee iiiissss ddddiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo ttttwwwwoooo ppppaaaarrrrttttssss,,,, oooonnnneeee ppppaaaarrrrtttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ppppaaaarrrrtttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd.... TTTThhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll –iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn iiiissss eeeeffffffffeeeecccctttteeeedddd uuuussssuuuuaaaallllllllyyyy iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhheeee ppppaaaarrrrtttt ooooffff cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr llllooooccccaaaatttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd.... TTTThhhheeeesssseeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee ccccllllaaaassssssssiiiiffffiiiieeeedddd ffffuuuurrrrtttthhhheeeerrrr iiiinnnnttttoooo :::: aaaa)))) SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd bbbb)))) PPPPrrrreeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss iiiinnnndddduuuucccceeeedddd c) AAAAiiiirrrr cccceeeellllllll iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh bbbbooootttthhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll aaaarrrreeee iiiinnnndddduuuucccceeeedddd.... DDDDIIIIRRRREEEECCCCTTTT IIIINNNNJJJJEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRRSSSS – OOOOPPPPEEEENNNN CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRRSSSS AAAAnnnn ooooppppeeeennnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeeedddd aaaassss oooonnnneeee iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee iiiissss eeeesssssssseeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallllllllyyyy aaaa ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee ccccaaaavvvviiiittttyyyy wwwwiiiitttthhhh lllliiiittttttttlllleeee rrrreeeessssttttrrrriiiiccccttttiiiioooonnnn ffffrrrroooommmm oooonnnneeee ppppaaaarrrrtttt ooooffff tttthhhheeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ttttoooo tttthhhheeee ooootttthhhheeeerrrr aaaannnndddd hhhheeeennnncccceeee wwwwiiiitttthhhh nnnnoooo llllaaaarrrrggggeeee ddddiiiiffffffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee iiiinnnn pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn ppppaaaarrrrttttssss ooooffff tttthhhheeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssss.... TTTThhhheeeerrrreeee aaaarrrreeee mmmmaaaannnnyyyy ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnnssss ooooffff ooooppppeeeennnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ssssoooommmmeeee ooooffff wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh aaaarrrreeee sssshhhhoooowwwwnnnn bbbbeeeelllloooowwww :::: IIIInnnn ffffoooouuuurrrr-ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh ooooppppeeeennnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss,,,, iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss oooobbbbttttaaaaiiiinnnneeeedddd eeeeiiiitttthhhheeeerrrr bbbbyyyy ccccaaaarrrreeeeffffuuuullll ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr iiiinnnnttttaaaakkkkeeee ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeeessss oooorrrr bbbbyyyy mmmmaaaasssskkkkiiiinnnngggg aaaa ppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR cccciiiirrrrccccuuuummmmffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee wwwwhhhheeeerrrreeeeaaaassss iiiinnnn ttttwwwwoooo-ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss iiiitttt iiiissss ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy ssssuuuuiiiittttaaaabbbblllleeee ffffoooorrrrmmmm ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt ppppoooorrrrttttssss.... TTTThhhheeeesssseeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss mmmmaaaaiiiinnnnllllyyyy ccccoooonnnnssssiiiisssst ooooffff ssssppppaaaacccceeee ffffoooorrrrmmmmeeeedddd bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn aaaa ffffllllaaaatttt ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd aaaannnndddd aaaa ccccaaaavvvviiiittttyyyy iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn ccccrrrroooowwwwnnnn iiiinnnn ddddiiiiffffffffeeeerrrreeeennnntttt sssshhhhaaaappppeeeessss.... TTTThhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll iiiissss iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttllllyyyy iiiinnnnttttoooo ssssppppaaaacccceeee.... TTTThhhheeee iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn nnnnoooozzzzzzzzlllleeeessss uuuusssseeeedddd ffffoooorrrr tttthhhhiiiissss cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaarrrreeee ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaallllllllyyyy ooooffff mmmmuuuullllttttiiii hhhhoooolllleeee ttttyyyyppppeeee wwwwoooorrrrkkkkiiiinnnngggg aaaatttt aaaa rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiivvvveeeellllyyyy hhhhiiiigggghhhh pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee (((( aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 222200000000 bbbbaaaarrrr)))) TTTThhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn aaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss ooooffff tttthhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee:::: o MMMMiiiinnnniiiimmmmuuuummmm hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooossssssss dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee ooooffff lllloooowwwweeeerrrr ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee aaaarrrreeeeaaaa ttttoooo vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee rrrraaaattttiiiioooo aaaannnndddd hhhheeeennnncccceeee,,,, bbbbeeeetttttttteeeerrrr eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... o NNNNoooo ccccoooolllldddd ssssttttaaaarrrrttttiiiinnnngggg pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss.... o FFFFiiiinnnneeee aaaattttoooommmmiiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee ooooffff mmmmuuuullllttttiiii hhhhoooolllleeee nnnnoooozzzzzzzzlllleeee.... TTTThhhheeee ddddrrrraaaawwwwbbbbaaaacccckkkkssss ooooffff tttthhhheeeesssseeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee:::: o HHHHiiiigggghhhh ffffuuuueeeellll-iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeedddd aaaannnndddd hhhheeeennnncccceeee ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeexxxx ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll-iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ppppuuuummmmpppp.... o NNNNeeeecccceeeessssssssiiiittttyyyy ooooffff aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee mmmmeeeetttteeeerrrriiiinnnngggg ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmm,,,, ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiccccuuuullllaaaarrrrllllyyyy ffffoooorrrr ssssmmmmaaaallllllll eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss.... SSSShhhhaaaalllllllloooowwww DDDDeeeepppptttthhhh CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr:::: IIIInnnn sssshhhhaaaalllllllloooowwww ddddeeeepppptttthhhh cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr tttthhhheeee ddddeeeepppptttthhhh ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccaaaavvvviiiittttyyyy pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn iiiissss qqqquuuuiiiitttteeee ssssmmmmaaaallllllll.... TTTThhhhiiiissss cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss uuuussssuuuuaaaallllllllyyyy aaaaddddoooopppptttteeeedddd ffffoooorrrr llllaaaarrrrggggeeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss rrrruuuunnnnnnnniiiinnnngggg aaaatttt lllloooowwww ssssppppeeeeeeeeddddssss.... SSSSiiiinnnncccceeee tttthhhheeee ccccaaaavvvviiiittttyyyy ddddiiiiaaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrr iiiissss vvvveeeerrrryyyy llllaaaarrrrggggeeee,,,, tttthhhheeee ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh iiiissss nnnneeeegggglllliiiiggggiiiibbbblllleeee.... HHHHeeeemmmmiiiisssspppphhhheeeerrrriiiiccccaaaallll CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr:::: TTTThhhhiiiissss cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaallllssssoooo ggggiiiivvvveeeessss ssssmmmmaaaallllllll ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh.... HHHHoooowwwweeeevvvveeeerrrr,,,, tttthhhheeee ddddeeeepppptttthhhh ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrr rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ffffoooorrrr aaaa ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddrrrriiiiccccaaaallll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee vvvvaaaarrrriiiieeeedddd ttttoooo ggggiiiivvvveeee aaaannnnyyyy ddddeeeessssiiiirrrreeeedddd ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh ttttoooo ggggiiiivvvveeee bbbbeeeetttttttteeeerrrr ppppeeeerrrrffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaannnncccceeee.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR CCCCyyyylllliiiinnnnddddrrrriiiiccccaaaallll CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr:::: TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn wwwwaaaassss aaaatttttttteeeemmmmpppptttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeecccceeeennnntttt ddddiiiieeeesssseeeellll eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss aaaa mmmmooooddddiiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddrrrriiiiccccaaaallll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ffffoooorrrrmmmm ooooffff aaaa ttttrrrruuuunnnnccccaaaatttteeeedddd ccccoooonnnneeee wwwwiiiitttthhhh bbbbaaaasssseeee aaaannnngggglllleeee ooooffff 33330000°°°°.... TTTThhhheeee sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll wwwwaaaassss pppprrrroooodddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy mmmmaaaasssskkkkiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ffffoooorrrr nnnneeeeaaaarrrrllllyyyy 1111888800000 ooooffff cccciiiirrrrccccuuuummmmffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee.... SSSSqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh ccccaaaannnn aaaallllssssoooo bbbbeeee vvvvaaaarrrriiiieeeedddd bbbbyyyy vvvvaaaarrrryyyyiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ddddeeeepppptttthhhh.... TTTToooorrrrooooiiiiddddaaaallll CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr:::: TTTThhhheeee iiiiddddeeeeaaaa bbbbeeeehhhhiiiinnnndddd tttthhhhiiiissss sssshhhhaaaappppeeee iiiissss ttttoooo pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee aaaa ppppoooowwwweeeerrrrffffuuuullll ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh aaaalllloooonnnngggg wwwwiiiitttthhhh tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmoooovvvveeeemmmmeeeennnntttt,,,, ssssiiiimmmmiiiillllaaaarrrr ttttoooo tttthhhhaaaatttt ooooffff tttthhhheeee ffffaaaammmmiiiilllliiiiaaaarrrr ssssmmmmooookkkkeeee rrrriiiinnnngggg,,,, wwwwiiiitttthhhhiiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ttttoooorrrrooooiiiiddddaaaallll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... DDDDuuuueeee ttttoooo ppppoooowwwweeeerrrrffffuuuullll ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaasssskkkk nnnneeeeeeeeddddeeeedddd oooonnnn iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee iiiissss ssssmmmmaaaallllllll aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeeerrrreeee iiiissss bbbbeeeetttttttteeeerrrr uuuuttttiiiilllliiiissssaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff ooooxxxxyyyyggggeeeennnn.... TTTThhhheeee ccccoooonnnneeee aaaannnngggglllleeee ooooffff sssspppprrrraaaayyyy ffffoooorrrr tttthhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss 111155550000°°°° ttttoooo 111166660000°°°°.... IIIINNNN DDDDIIIIRRRREEEECCCCTTTT IIIINNNNJJJJEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRRSSSS (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU DDDDeeeecccc 00006666////JJJJaaaannnn 00007777)))) AAAA ddddiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeeedddd aaaassss oooonnnneeee iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee iiiissss ddddiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo ttttwwwwoooo oooorrrr mmmmoooorrrreeee ddddiiiissssttttiiiinnnncccctttt ccccoooommmmppppaaaarrrrttttmmmmeeeennnnttttssss ccccoooonnnnnnnneeeecccctttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy rrrreeeessssttttrrrriiiicccctttteeeedddd ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeeessss.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeessss ccccoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaabbbblllleeee pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee ddddiiiiffffffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeeessss bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn tttthhhheeeemmmm dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssss.... (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU DDDDeeeecccc 00006666////JJJJaaaannnn 00007777)))) RRRRiiiiccccaaaarrrrddddoooo’’’’ssss SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr:::: SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ccccoooonnnnssssiiiissssttttssss ooooffff aaaa sssspppphhhheeeerrrriiiiccccaaaallll-sssshhhhaaaappppeeeedddd cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr sssseeeeppppaaaarrrraaaatttteeeedddd ffffrrrroooommmm tttthhhheeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd llllooooccccaaaatttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd.... IIIInnnnttttoooo tttthhhhiiiissss cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr,,,, aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 55550000%%%% ooooffff tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr iiiissss ttttrrrraaaannnnssssffffeeeerrrrrrrreeeedddd dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee.... AAAA tttthhhhrrrrooooaaaatttt ccccoooonnnnnnnneeeeccccttttssss tttthhhheeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ttttoooo tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh eeeennnntttteeeerrrrssss tttthhhheeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiinnnn aaaa ttttaaaannnnggggeeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallll ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ssssoooo tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr ccccoooommmmiiiinnnngggg iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhhiiiissss cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ggggiiiivvvveeeennnn aaaa ssssttttrrrroooonnnngggg rrrroooottttaaaarrrryyyy mmmmoooovvvveeeemmmmeeeennnntttt iiiinnnnssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeee sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd aaaafffftttteeeerrrr ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn,,,, tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooodddduuuuccccttttssss rrrruuuusssshhhh bbbbaaaacccckkkk iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh ssssaaaammmmeeee tttthhhhrrrrooooaaaatttt aaaatttt mmmmuuuucccchhhh hhhhiiiigggghhhheeeerrrr vvvveeeelllloooocccciiiittttyyyy.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ccccaaaauuuusssseeeessss ccccoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaabbbblllleeee hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooossssssss ttttoooo wwwwaaaallllllllssss ooooffff tttthhhheeee ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh ccccaaaannnn Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR bbbbeeee rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy eeeemmmmppppllllooooyyyyiiiinnnngggg aaaa hhhheeeeaaaatttt iiiinnnnssssuuuullllaaaatttteeeedddd ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ffffiiiinnnnddddssss iiiittttssss aaaapppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn wwwwhhhheeeerrrreeee ffffuuuueeeellll qqqquuuuaaaalllliiiittttyyyy iiiissss ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuulllltttt ttttoooo ccccoooonnnnttttrrrroooollll,,,, wwwwhhhheeeerrrreeee rrrreeeelllliiiiaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaaddddvvvveeeerrrrsssseeee ccccoooonnnnddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnnssss iiiissss mmmmoooorrrreeee iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt tttthhhhaaaannnn ffffuuuueeeellll eeeeccccoooonnnnoooommmmyyyy.... TTTThhhheeee uuuusssseeee ooooffff ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee hhhhoooolllleeee ooooffff llllaaaarrrrggggeeeerrrr ddddiiiiaaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrr ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll sssspppprrrraaaayyyy nnnnoooozzzzzzzzlllleeee iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt ccccoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee cccchhhhooooiiiicccceeee ooooffff sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee.... PPPPRRRREEEE CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRRTTTT TTTTyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallll pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ccccoooonnnnssssiiiissssttttssss ooooffff aaaannnn aaaannnnttttiiii cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ccccoooonnnnnnnneeeecccctttteeeedddd ttttoooo tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh aaaa nnnnuuuummmmbbbbeeeerrrr ooooffff ssssmmmmaaaallllllll hhhhoooolllleeeessss ((((ccccoooommmmppppaaaarrrreeeedddd ttttoooo aaaa rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiivvvveeeellllyyyy llllaaaarrrrggggeeee ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr)))).... TTTThhhheeee pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss llllooooccccaaaatttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd aaaannnndddd iiiittttssss vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee aaaaccccccccoooouuuunnnnttttssss ffffoooorrrr aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 44440000%%%% ooooffff tttthhhheeee ttttoooottttaaaallll ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn,,,, ssssppppaaaacccceeee.... DDDDuuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee tttthhhheeee ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn ffffoooorrrrcccceeeessss tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhheeee pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll iiiissss iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhheeee pppprrrreeee-cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn iiiissss iiiinnnniiiittttiiiiaaaatttteeeedddd.... TTTThhhheeee rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttiiiinnnngggg pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeee ffffoooorrrrcccceeeessss tttthhhheeee ffffllllaaaammmmiiiinnnngggg ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeettttssss ttttooooggggeeeetttthhhheeeerrrr wwwwiiiitttthhhh ssssoooommmmeeee aaaaiiiirrrr aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeeeiiiirrrr ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrroooodddduuuuccccttttssss ttttoooo rrrruuuusssshhhh oooouuuutttt iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaatttt hhhhiiiigggghhhh vvvveeeelllloooocccciiiittttyyyy tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh tttthhhheeee ssssmmmmaaaallllllll hhhhoooolllleeeessss.... TTTThhhhuuuussss iiiitttt ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeessss bbbbooootttthhhh ssssttttrrrroooonnnngggg sssseeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee aaaannnndddd ddddiiiissssttttrrrriiiibbbbuuuutttteeeessss tttthhhheeee ffffllllaaaammmmiiiinnnngggg ffffuuuueeeellll ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeettttssss tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhhoooouuuutttt tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwhhhheeeerrrreeee bbbbuuuullllkkkk ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ttttaaaakkkkeeeessss ppppllllaaaacccceeee.... AAAAbbbboooouuuutttt 88880000%%%% ooooffff eeeennnneeeerrrrggggyyyy iiiissss rrrreeeelllleeeeaaaasssseeeedddd iiiinnnn mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhheeee rrrraaaatttteeee ooooffff pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeee aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaxxxxiiiimmmmuuuummmm pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee iiiissss lllloooowwwweeeerrrr ccccoooommmmppppaaaarrrreeeedddd ttttoooo tttthhhhoooosssseeee iiiinnnn ooooppppeeeennnn ttttyyyyppppeeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhheeee iiiinnnniiiittttiiiiaaaallll sssshhhhoooocccckkkk iiiiffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn iiiissss lllliiiimmmmiiiitttteeeedddd ttttoooo pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr oooonnnnllllyyyy.... TTTThhhheeee pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr hhhhaaaassss mmmmuuuullllttttiiii ffffuuuueeeellll ccccaaaappppaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy wwwwiiiitttthhhhoooouuuutttt aaaannnnyyyy mmmmooooddddiiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmm bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee tttthhhheeee tttteeeemmmmppppeeeerrrraaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff pppprrrreeee-cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhheeee vvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaattttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ooooppppttttiiiimmmmuuuummmm iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ttttiiiimmmmiiiinnnngggg ffffoooorrrr ppppeeeettttrrrroooollll aaaannnndddd ddddiiiieeeesssseeeellll ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss iiiissss oooonnnnllllyyyy 2222 ddddeeeegggg.... ffffoooorrrr tttthhhhiiiissss cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ccccoooommmmppppaaaarrrreeeedddd ttttoooo 8888 ttttoooo 11110000 ddddeeeegggg iiiinnnn ooootttthhhheeeerrrr cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
Chapter4
Chapter4
Chapter4
Chapter4

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一比一原版(Coventry毕业证书)考文垂大学毕业证如何办理
 

Chapter4

  • 1. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS COMBUSTION CHAMBERS- SI Engines TTTThhhheeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr hhhhaaaassss aaaannnn iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt iiiinnnnfffflllluuuueeeennnncccceeee uuuuppppoooonnnn tttthhhheeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ppppeeeerrrrffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaannnncccceeee aaaannnndddd iiiittttssss kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk pppprrrrooooppppeeeerrrrttttiiiieeeessss.... TTTThhhheeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiinnnnvvvvoooollllvvvveeeessss tttthhhheeee sssshhhhaaaappppeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr,,,, tttthhhheeee llllooooccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkkiiiinnnngggg pppplllluuuugggg aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee ddddiiiissssppppoooossssiiiittttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt aaaannnndddd eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss.... BBBBeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnncccceeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn,,,, iiiitttt hhhhaaaassss bbbbeeeeeeeennnn aaaa ssssuuuubbbbjjjjeeeecccctttt ooooffff ccccoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaabbbblllleeee aaaammmmoooouuuunnnntttt ooooffff rrrreeeesssseeeeaaaarrrrcccchhhh aaaannnndddd ddddeeeevvvveeeellllooooppppmmmmeeeennnntttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee llllaaaasssstttt ffffiiiiffffttttyyyy yyyyeeeeaaaarrrrssss.... IIIItttt hhhhaaaassss rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrraaaaiiiissssiiiingggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ffffrrrroooommmm 4444:::: 1111 bbbbeeeeffffoooorrrreeee tttthhhheeee FFFFiiiirrrrsssstttt WWWWoooorrrrlllldddd WWWWaaaarrrr ppppeeeerrrriiiioooodddd ttttoooo 8888:::: 1111 ttttoooo 11111111::::1111 iiiinnnn pppprrrreeeesssseeeennnntttt ttttiiiimmmmeeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallll ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnnssss aaaannnndddd ssssuuuuiiiittttaaaabbbblllleeee aaaannnnttttiiii-kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk ffffuuuueeeellllssss.... BBBBAAAASSSSIIIICCCC RRRREEEEQQQQUUUUIIIIRRRREEEEMMMMEEEENNNNTTTTSSSS OOOOFFFF AAAA GGGGOOOOOOOODDDD CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRR (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU JJJJaaaannnn 2222000000007777,,,, JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000006666,,,, AAAAuuuugggguuuusssstttt 2222000000005555,,,, FFFFeeeebbbb 2222000000006666)))) TTTThhhheeee bbbbaaaassssiiiicccc rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeemmmmeeeennnnttttssss ooooffff aaaa ggggoooooooodddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaarrrreeee ttttoooo pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee:::: HHHHiiiigggghhhh ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr oooouuuuttttppppuuuutttt HHHHiiiigggghhhh tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy aaaannnndddd lllloooowwww ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc ffffuuuueeeellll ccccoooonnnnssssuuuummmmppppttttiiiioooonnnn SSSSmmmmooooooootttthhhh eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn RRRReeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt ppppoooolllllllluuuuttttaaaannnnttttssss.... HHHHIIIIGGGGHHHHEEEERRRR PPPPOOOOWWWWEEEERRRR OOOOUUUUTTTTPPPPUUUUTTTT RRRREEEEQQQQUUUUIIIIRRRREEEESSSS TTTTHHHHEEEE FFFFOOOOLLLLLLLLOOOOWWWWIIIINNNNGGGG:::: HHHHiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo.... TTTThhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo iiiissss lllliiiimmmmiiiitttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee pppphhhheeeennnnoooommmmeeeennnnoooonnnn ooooffff ddddeeeettttoooonnnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn.... DDDDeeeettttoooonnnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ddddeeeeppppeeeennnnddddssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd ffffuuuueeeellll qqqquuuuaaaalllliiiittttyyyy.... AAAAnnnnyyyy cccchhhhaaaannnnggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiimmmmpppprrrroooovvvveeeessss tttthhhheeee aaaannnnttttiiii-kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiissssttttiiiiccccssss ooooffff aaaa ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ppppeeeerrrrmmmmiiiittttssss tttthhhheeee uuuusssseeee ooooffff aaaa hhhhiiiigggghhhheeeerrrr ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh sssshhhhoooouuuulllldddd rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt iiiinnnn hhhhiiiigggghhhheeeerrrr oooouuuuttttppppuuuutttt aaaannnndddd eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... SSSSmmmmaaaallllllll oooorrrr nnnnoooo eeeexxxxcccceeeessssssss aaaaiiiirrrr.... CCCCoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee uuuuttttiiiilllliiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr – nnnnoooo ddddeeeeaaaadddd ppppoooocccckkkkeeeettttssss.... AAAAnnnn ooooppppttttiiiimmmmuuuummmm ddddeeeeggggrrrreeeeeeee ooooffff ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee.... TTTTuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee iiiissss iiiinnnndddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt fffflllloooowwww ccccoooonnnnffffiiiigggguuuurrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn oooorrrr ‘‘‘‘ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh’’’’.... SSSSqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh iiiissss tttthhhheeee rrrraaaappppiiiidddd eeeejjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff ggggaaaassss ttttrrrraaaappppppppeeeedddd bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn tttthhhheeee ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn aaaannnndddd ssssoooommmmeeee ffffllllaaaatttt oooorrrr ccccoooorrrrrrrreeeessssppppoooonnnnddddiiiinnnngggg ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd.... TTTTuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee iiiinnnndddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh iiiissss pppprrrreeeeffffeeeerrrraaaabbbblllleeee ttttoooo iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee ssssiiiinnnncccceeee tttthhhheeee vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 2. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR iiiissss nnnnooootttt aaaaffffffffeeeecccctttteeeedddd.... HHHHiiiigggghhhh VVVVoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc EEEEffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss aaaacccchhhhiiiieeeevvvveeeedddd bbbbyyyy hhhhaaaavvvviiiinnnngggg llllaaaarrrrggggeeee ddddiiiiaaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrr vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaammmmpppplllleeee cccclllleeeeaaaarrrraaaannnncccceeee rrrroooouuuunnnndddd tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee hhhheeeeaaaaddddssss,,,, pppprrrrooooppppeeeerrrr vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ttttiiiimmmmiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ssssttttrrrraaaaiiiigggghhhhtttt ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee wwwwaaaayyyyssss bbbbyyyy ssssttttrrrreeeeaaaammmmlllliiiinnnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ssssoooo tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhheeee fffflllloooowwww iiiissss wwwwiiiitttthhhh lllleeeesssssssseeeerrrr pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee ddddrrrroooopppp.... TTTThhhhiiiissss mmmmeeeeaaaannnnssss mmmmoooorrrreeee cccchhhhaaaarrrrggggeeee ppppeeeerrrr ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee aaaannnndddd pppprrrrooooppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnnaaaatttteeee iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr oooouuuuttttppppuuuutttt.... LLLLaaaarrrrggggeeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss aaaannnndddd ssssttttrrrraaaaiiiigggghhhhtttt ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeeewwwwaaaayyyyssss aaaallllssssoooo iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeee tttthhhheeee ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd aaaatttt wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaxxxxiiiimmmmuuuummmm ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr iiiissss oooobbbbttttaaaaiiiinnnneeeedddd.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ffffuuuurrrrtttthhhheeeerrrr iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeessss tttthhhheeee ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr bbbbyyyy iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaassssiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ddddiiiissssppppllllaaaacccceeeemmmmeeeennnntttt ppppeeeerrrr mmmmiiiinnnnuuuutttteeee.... ((((BBBB)))) HHHHIIIIGGGGHHHH TTTTHHHHEEEERRRRMMMMAAAALLLL EEEEFFFFFFFFIIIICCCCIIIIEEEENNNNCCCCYYYY RRRREEEEQQQQUUUUIIIIRRRREEEESSSS TTTTHHHHEEEE FFFFOOOOLLLLLLLLOOOOWWWWIIIINNNNGGGG:::: HHHHiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo:::: AAAAllllrrrreeeeaaaaddddyyyy ddddiiiissssccccuuuusssssssseeeedddd.... AAAA ssssmmmmaaaallllllll hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooossssssss dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss aaaacccchhhhiiiieeeevvvveeeedddd bbbbyyyy hhhhaaaavvvviiiinnnngggg aaaa ccccoooommmmppppaaaacccctttt ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeeessss ssssmmmmaaaallllllll ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee-vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee rrrraaaattttiiiioooo.... TTTThhhheeee ooootttthhhheeeerrrr aaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmppppaaaacccctttt ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ttttrrrraaaavvvveeeellll aaaa ggggiiiivvvveeeennnn ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee,,,, tttthhhhiiiissss rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeessss tttthhhheeee ttttiiiimmmmeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd hhhheeeennnncccceeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ttttiiiimmmmeeee lllloooossssssss GGGGoooooooodddd ssssccccaaaavvvveeeennnnggggiiiinnnngggg ooooffff tttthhhheeee eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt ggggaaaasssseeeessss.... ((((CCCC)))) SSSSMMMMOOOOOOOOTTTTHHHH EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEE OOOOPPPPEEEERRRRAAAATTTTIIIIOOOONNNN RRRREEEEQQQQUUUUIIIIRRRREEEESSSS TTTTHHHHEEEE FFFFOOOOLLLLLLLLOOOOWWWWIIIINNNNGGGG:::: MMMMooooddddeeeerrrraaaatttteeee rrrraaaatttteeee ooooffff pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeee dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn.... AAAAbbbbsssseeeennnncccceeee ooooffff ddddeeeettttoooonnnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiinnnn ttttuuuurrrrnnnn mmmmeeeeaaaannnnssss:::: CCCCoooommmmppppaaaacccctttt ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr,,,, sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt ddddiiiissssttttaaaannnncccceeee ooooffff ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ttttrrrraaaavvvveeeellll ffffrrrroooommmm tttthhhheeee ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkkiiiinnnngggg pppplllluuuugggg ttttoooo tttthhhheeee ffffaaaarrrrtttthhhheeeesssstttt ppppooooiiiinnnntttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee.... PPPPoooocccckkkkeeeettttssss iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh ssssttttaaaaggggnnnnaaaannnntttt ggggaaaassss mmmmaaaayyyy ccccoooolllllllleeeecccctttt sssshhhhoooouuuulllldddd bbbbeeee aaaavvvvooooiiiiddddeeeedddd.... PPPPrrrrooooppppeeeerrrr llllooooccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkk pppplllluuuugggg aaaannnndddd eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee.... SSSSaaaattttiiiissssffffaaaaccccttttoooorrrryyyy ccccoooooooolllliiiinnnngggg ooooffff tttthhhheeee ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkk pppplllluuuugggg ppppooooiiiinnnnttttssss ((((ttttoooo aaaavvvvooooiiiidddd pppprrrreeee iiiiggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn)))) aaaannnndddd ooooffff eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee hhhheeeeaaaadddd wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiissss tttthhhheeee hhhhooootttttttteeeesssstttt rrrreeeeggggiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... ((((DDDD)))) RRRReeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt ppppoooolllllllluuuuttttaaaannnnttttssss EEEExxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt ppppoooolllllllluuuuttttaaaannnnttttssss ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnniiiinnnngggg aaaa ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr tttthhhhaaaatttt pppprrrroooodddduuuucccceeeessss aaaa ffffaaaasssstttteeeerrrr bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg rrrraaaatttteeee ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll.... AAAA ffffaaaasssstttteeeerrrr bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwiiiitttthhhh iiiittttssss sssshhhhoooorrrrtttteeeerrrr Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 3. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ttttiiiimmmmeeee ppppeeeerrrrmmmmiiiittttssss ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn wwwwiiiitttthhhh ssssuuuubbbbssssttttaaaannnnttttiiiiaaaallllllllyyyy hhhhiiiigggghhhheeeerrrr aaaammmmoooouuuunnnnttttssss ooooffff EEEExxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt GGGGaaaassss RRRReeeecccciiiirrrrccccuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ((((EEEEGGGGRRRR)))),,,, wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeessss tttthhhheeee ooooxxxxiiiiddddeeeessss ooooffff nnnniiiittttrrrrooooggggeeeennnn ((((NNNNOOOOX)))) iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt ggggaaaassss wwwwiiiitttthhhhoooouuuutttt ssssuuuubbbbssssttttaaaannnnttttiiiiaaaallll iiiinnnn ccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee hhhhyyyyddddrrrrooooccccaaaarrrrbbbboooonnnn eeeemmmmiiiissssssssiiiioooonnnnssss.... IIIItttt ccccaaaannnn aaaallllssssoooo bbbbuuuurrrrnnnn vvvveeeerrrryyyy lllleeeeaaaannnn mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhhiiiinnnn tttthhhheeee nnnnoooorrrrmmmmaaaallll ccccoooonnnnssssttttrrrraaaaiiiinnnnttttssss ooooffff eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ssssmmmmooooooootttthhhhnnnneeeessssssss aaaannnndddd rrrreeeessssppppoooonnnnsssseeee.... AAAA ffffaaaasssstttteeeerrrr bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr eeeexxxxhhhhiiiibbbbiiiittttssss mmmmuuuucccchhhh lllleeeessssssss ccccyyyycccclllliiiicccc vvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss,,,, ppppeeeerrrrmmmmiiiittttttttiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee nnnnoooorrrrmmmmaaaallll ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn aaaatttt ppppaaaarrrrtttt llllooooaaaadddd ttttoooo hhhhaaaavvvveeee ggggrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeerrrr ddddiiiilllluuuuttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee cccchhhhaaaarrrrggggeeee.... DDDDIIIIFFFFFFFFEEEERRRREEEENNNNTTTT TTTTYYYYPPPPEEEESSSS OOOOFFFF CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRRSSSS AAAA ffffeeeewwww rrrreeeepppprrrreeeesssseeeennnnttttaaaattttiiiivvvveeee ttttyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss ooooffff wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh tttthhhheeeerrrreeee aaaarrrreeee mmmmaaaannnnyyyy mmmmoooorrrreeee VVVVaaaarrrriiiiaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss aaaarrrreeee eeeennnnuuuummmmeeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd aaaannnndddd ddddiiiissssccccuuuusssssssseeeedddd bbbbeeeelllloooowwww:::: 1111.... TTTT-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... 2222.... LLLL-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... 3333.... IIII-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ((((oooorrrr oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee)))) ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... 4444.... FFFF-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... IIIItttt mmmmaaaayyyy bbbbeeee nnnnooootttteeeedddd tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhheeeesssseeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo oooobbbbttttaaaaiiiinnnn tttthhhheeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeeessss nnnnaaaammmmeeeellllyyyy:::: •••• AAAA hhhhiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaatttteeee aaaatttt tttthhhheeee ssssttttaaaarrrrtttt.... •••• AAAA hhhhiiiigggghhhh ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee-ttttoooo-vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee rrrraaaattttiiiioooo nnnneeeeaaaarrrr tttthhhheeee eeeennnndddd ooooffff bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg.... •••• AAAA rrrraaaatttthhhheeeerrrr cccceeeennnnttttrrrraaaallllllllyyyy llllooooccccaaaatttteeeedddd ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkk pppplllluuuugggg.... TTTT HHHHeeeeaaaadddd TTTTyyyyppppeeee CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss TTTThhhhiiiissss wwwwaaaassss ffffiiiirrrrsssstttt iiiinnnnttttrrrroooodddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy FFFFoooorrrrdddd MMMMoooottttoooorrrr CCCCoooorrrrppppoooorrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnn 1111999900008888.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn hhhhaaaassss ffffoooolllllllloooowwwwiiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss.... o RRRReeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeessss ttttwwwwoooo ccccaaaammmm sssshhhhaaaaffffttttssss ((((ffffoooorrrr aaaaccccttttuuuuaaaattttiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee iiiinnnn-lllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee aaaannnndddd eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee sssseeeeppppaaaarrrraaaatttteeeellllyyyy)))) bbbbyyyy ttttwwwwoooo ccccaaaammmmssss mmmmoooouuuunnnntttteeeedddd oooonnnn tttthhhheeee ttttwwwwoooo ccccaaaammmm sssshhhhaaaaffffttttssss.... o VVVVeeeerrrryyyy pppprrrroooonnnneeee ttttoooo ddddeeeettttoooonnnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn.... TTTThhhheeeerrrreeee wwwwaaaassss vvvviiiioooolllleeeennnntttt ddddeeeettttoooonnnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn eeeevvvveeeennnn aaaatttt aaaa ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ooooffff 4444.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee tttthhhheeee aaaavvvveeeerrrraaaaggggeeee ooooccccttttaaaannnneeee nnnnuuuummmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiinnnn 1111999900008888 wwwwaaaassss aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 44440000 -55550000.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 4. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR LLLL HHHHeeeeaaaadddd TTTTyyyyppppeeee CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss ((((VVVVTTTTUUUU JJJJAAAANNNN 2222000000007777) IIIItttt iiiissss aaaa mmmmooooddddiiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee TTTT-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... IIIItttt pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeeessss tttthhhheeee ttttwwwwoooo vvvvaaaalllluuuueeeessss oooonnnn tttthhhheeee ssssaaaammmmeeee ssssiiiiddddeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr,,,, aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss aaaarrrreeee ooooppppeeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh ttttaaaappppppppeeeetttt bbbbyyyy aaaa ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee ccccaaaammmmsssshhhhaaaafffftttt.... TTTThhhhiiiissss wwwwaaaassss ffffiiiirrrrsssstttt iiiinnnnttttrrrroooodddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy FFFFoooorrrrdddd mmmmoooottttoooor iiiinnnn 1111999911110000-33330000 aaaannnndddd wwwwaaaassss qqqquuuuiiiitttteeee ppppooooppppuuuullllaaaarrrr ffffoooorrrr ssssoooommmmeeee ttttiiiimmmmeeee.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn hhhhaaaassss aaaannnn aaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeee bbbbooootttthhhh ffffrrrroooommmm mmmmaaaannnnuuuuffffaaaaccccttttuuuurrrriiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd mmmmaaaaiiiinnnntttteeeennnnaaaannnncccceeee ppppooooiiiinnnntttt ooooffff vvvviiiieeeewwww.... AAAAddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss:::: o VVVVaaaallllvvvveeee mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiissssmmmm iiiissss ssssiiiimmmmpppplllleeee aaaannnndddd eeeeaaaassssyyyy ttttoooo lllluuuubbbbrrrriiiiccccaaaatttteeee.... o DDDDeeeettttaaaacccchhhhaaaabbbblllleeee hhhheeeeaaaadddd eeeeaaaassssyyyy ttttoooo rrrreeeemmmmoooovvvveeee ffffoooorrrr cccclllleeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccaaaarrrrbbbbuuuurrrriiiizzzziiiinnnngggg wwwwiiiitttthhhhoooouuuutttt ddddiiiissssttttuuuurrrrbbbbiiiinnnngggg eeeeiiiitttthhhheeeerrrr tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ggggeeeeaaaarrrr oooorrrr mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ppppiiiippppeeee wwwwoooorrrrkkkk.... o VVVVaaaallllvvvveeeessss ooooffff llllaaaarrrrggggeeeerrrr ssssiiiizzzzeeeessss ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeeedddd.... DDDDiiiissssaaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss:::: o LLLLaaaacccckkkk ooooffff ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee aaaassss tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr hhhhaaaadddd ttttoooo ttttaaaakkkkeeee ttttwwwwoooo rrrriiiigggghhhhtttt aaaannnngggglllleeee ttttuuuurrrrnnnnssss ttttoooo eeeennnntttteeeerrrr tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd iiiinnnn ddddooooiiiinnnngggg ssssoooo mmmmuuuucccchhhh iiiinnnniiiittttiiiiaaaallll vvvveeeelllloooocccciiiittttyyyy iiiissss lllloooosssstttt.... o EEEExxxxttttrrrreeeemmmmeeeellllyyyy pppprrrroooonnnneeee ttttoooo ddddeeeettttoooonnnnaaaattttiiiioooonnnn dddduuuueeee ttttoooo llllaaaarrrrggggeeee ffffllllaaaammmmeeee lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh aaaannnndddd sssslllloooowwww ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn dddduuuueeee ttttoooo llllaaaacccckkkk ooooffff ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee.... o MMMMoooorrrreeee ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee-ttttoooo-vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee rrrraaaattttiiiioooo aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee mmmmoooorrrreeee hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooossssssss.... o EEEExxxxttttrrrreeeemmmmeeeellllyyyy sssseeeennnnssssiiiittttiiiivvvveeee ttttoooo iiiiggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn ttttiiiimmmmiiiinnnngggg dddduuuueeee ttttoooo sssslllloooowwww ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssss o VVVVaaaallllvvvveeee ssssiiiizzzzeeee rrrreeeessssttttrrrriiiicccctttteeeedddd.... o TTTThhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll ffffaaaaiiiilllluuuurrrreeee iiiinnnn ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr bbbblllloooocccckkkk aaaallllssssoooo.... IIIInnnn IIII-hhhheeeeaaaadddd eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee tttthhhheeee tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll ffffaaaaiiiilllluuuurrrreeee iiiissss ccccoooonnnnffffiiiinnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd oooonnnnllllyyyy Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 5. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR RRRRIIIICCCCAAAARRRRDDDDOOOO’’’’SSSS TTTTUUUURRRRBBBBUUUULLLLEEEENNNNTTTT HHHHEEEEAAAADDDD– SSSSIIIIDDDDEEEE VVVVAAAALLLLVVVVEEEE CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRR (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU JJJJuuuullllyyyy 00006666)))) RRRRiiiiccccaaaarrrrddddoooo ddddeeeevvvveeeellllooooppppeeeedddd tttthhhhiiiissss hhhheeeeaaaadddd iiiinnnn 1111999911119999.... HHHHiiiissss mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee wwwwaaaassss ttttoooo oooobbbbttttaaaaiiiinnnn ffffaaaasssstttt ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeee kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk iiiinnnn LLLL ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn.... IIIInnnn RRRRiiiiccccaaaarrrrddddoooo’’’’ssss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn bbbbooooddddyyyy ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwaaaassss ccccoooonnnncccceeeennnnttttrrrraaaatttteeeedddd oooovvvveeeerrrr tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss,,,, lllleeeeaaaavvvviiiinnnngggg sssslllliiiigggghhhhttttllllyyyy rrrreeeessssttttrrrriiiicccctttteeeedddd ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee ccccoooommmmmmmmuuuunnnniiiiccccaaaattttiiiinnnngggg wwwwiiiitttthhhh ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr.... AAAAddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss: o AAAAddddddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee iiiissss ppppoooossssssssiiiibbbblllleeee aaaassss ggggaaaasssseeeessss aaaarrrreeee ffffoooorrrrcccceeeedddd bbbbaaaacccckkkk tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh tttthhhheeee ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee. o BBBByyyy vvvvaaaarrrryyyyiiiinnnngggg tttthhhhrrrrooooaaaatttt aaaarrrreeeeaaaa ooooffff ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ddddeeeeggggrrrreeeeeeee ooooffff aaaaddddddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee iiiissss ppppoooossssssssiiiibbbblllleeee.... o TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn eeeennnnssssuuuurrrreeeessss aaaa mmmmoooorrrreeee hhhhoooommmmooooggggeeeennnneeeeoooouuuussss mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee bbbbyyyy ssssccccoooorrrriiiinnnngggg aaaawwwwaaaayyyy tttthhhheeee llllaaaayyyyeeeerrrr ooooffff ssssttttaaaaggggnnnnaaaannnntttt ggggaaaassss cccclllliiiinnnnggggiiiinnnngggg ttttoooo cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwaaaallllllll.... BBBBooootttthhhh tttthhhheeee aaaabbbboooovvvveeee ffffaaaaccccttttoooorrrrssss iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeee tttthhhheeee ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd aaaannnndddd tttthhhhuuuussss tttthhhheeee ppppeeeerrrrffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaannnncccceeee.... o DDDDeeeeiiiiggggnnnn mmmmaaaakkkkeeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiivvvveeeellllyyyy iiiinnnnsssseeeennnnssssiiiittttiiiivvvveeee ttttoooo ttttiiiimmmmiiiinnnngggg ooooffff ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkk dddduuuueeee ttttoooo ffffaaaasssstttt ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn o HHHHiiiigggghhhheeeerrrr eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd iiiissss ppppoooossssssssiiiibbbblllleeee dddduuuueeee ttttoooo iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeedddd ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee o RRRRiiiiccccaaaarrrrddddoooo’’’’ssss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd tttthhhheeee tttteeeennnnddddeeeennnnccccyyyy ttttoooo kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk bbbbyyyy sssshhhhoooorrrrtttteeeennnniiiinnnngggg lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ttttrrrraaaavvvveeeellll bbbbyyyy bbbbrrrriiiinnnnggggiiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt ppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff hhhheeeeaaaadddd wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh llllaaaayyyy oooovvvveeeerrrr tttthhhheeee ffffuuuurrrrtttthhhheeeerrrr ssssiiiiddddeeee ooooffff ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn iiiinnnnttttoooo aaaassss cccclllloooosssseeee aaaa ccccoooonnnnttttaaaacccctttt aaaassss ppppoooossssssssiiiibbbblllleeee wwwwiiiitttthhhh ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn ccccrrrroooowwwwnnnn.... o TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeessss lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh ooooffff ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ttttrrrraaaavvvveeeellll bbbbyyyy ppppllllaaaacccciiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkk pppplllluuuugggg iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee cccceeeennnnttttrrrreeee ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee.... DDDDiiiissssaaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss :::: o WWWWiiiitttthhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ooooffff 6666,,,, nnnnoooorrrrmmmmaaaallll ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd ooooffff bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeessss aaaannnndddd ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnntttt hhhheeeeaaaadddd tttteeeennnnddddssss ttttoooo bbbbeeeeccccoooommmmeeee oooovvvveeeerrrr ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnntttt aaaannnndddd rrrraaaatttteeee ooooffff pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeee bbbbeeeeccccoooommmmeeeessss ttttoooooooo rrrraaaappppiiiidddd lllleeeeaaaaddddssss ttttoooo rrrroooouuuugggghhhh rrrruuuunnnnnnnniiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd hhhhiiiigggghhhh hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooosssssssseeeessss.... o TTTToooo oooovvvveeeerrrrccccoooommmmeeee tttthhhheeee aaaabbbboooovvvveeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmm,,,, RRRRiiiiccccaaaarrrrddddoooo ddddeeeeccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeedddd tttthhhheeee aaaarrrreeeeaaaassss ooooffff ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee aaaatttt tttthhhheeee eeeexxxxppppeeeennnnsssseeee ooooffff rrrreeeedddduuuucccciiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee cccclllleeeeaaaarrrraaaannnncccceeee vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee aaaannnndddd rrrreeeessssttttrrrriiiiccccttttiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ssssiiiizzzzeeee ooooffff vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss.... TTTThhhhiiiissss rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbrrrreeeeaaaatttthhhhiiiinnnngggg ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ooooffff eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee,,,, tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee tttthhhheeeesssseeee ttttyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee nnnnooootttt ssssuuuuiiiittttaaaabbbblllleeee ffffoooorrrr eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee wwwwiiiitttthhhh hhhhiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 6. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR OOOOvvvveeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee oooorrrr IIII hhhheeeeaaaadddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU JJJJUUUULLLLYYYY 2222000000007777//// AAAAuuuugggguuuusssstttt 2222000000005555) TTTThhhheeee ddddiiiissssaaaappppppppeeeeaaaarrrraaaannnncccceeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee ssssiiiiddddeeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee oooorrrr LLLL-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn wwwwaaaassss iiiinnnneeeevvvviiiittttaaaabbbblllleeee aaaatttt hhhhiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ooooffff 8888 :::: 1111 bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee llllaaaacccckkkk ooooffff ssssppppaaaacccceeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ttttoooo aaaaccccccccoooommmmmmmmooooddddaaaatttteeee tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss.... DDDDiiiieeeesssseeeellll eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss,,,, wwwwiiiitttthhhh hhhhiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooossss,,,, iiiinnnnvvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaabbbbllllyyyy uuuusssseeeedddd oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn.... SSSSiiiinnnncccceeee 1111999955550000 oooorrrr ssssoooo mmmmoooossssttttllllyyyy oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee uuuusssseeeedddd.... Thhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr hhhhaaaassss bbbbooootttthhhh tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee llllooooccccaaaatttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd.... AAAAnnnn oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee iiiissss ssssuuuuppppeeeerrrriiiioooorrrr ttttoooo ssssiiiiddddeeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee aaaatttt hhhhiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooossss.... TTTThhhheeee oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee iiiissss ssssuuuuppppeeeerrrriiiioooorrrr ttttoooo ssssiiiiddddeeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee oooorrrr LLLL-hhhheeeeaaaadddd eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee aaaatttt hhhhiiiigggghhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooossss,,,, ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee ffffoooolllllllloooowwwwiiiinnnngggg rrrreeeeaaaassssoooonnnnssss:::: o LLLLoooowwwweeeerrrr ppppuuuummmmppppiiiinnnngggg lllloooosssssssseeeessss aaaannnndddd hhhhiiiigggghhhheeeerrrr vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy ffffrrrroooommmm bbbbeeeetttttttteeeerrrr bbbbrrrreeeeaaaatttthhhhiiiinnnngggg ooooffff tttthhhheeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ffffrrrroooommmm llllaaaarrrrggggeeeerrrr vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss oooorrrr vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee lllliiiiffffttttssss aaaannnndddd mmmmoooorrrreeee ddddiiiirrrreeeecccctttt ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeeewwwwaaaayyyyssss.... o LLLLeeeessssssss ddddiiiissssttttaaaannnncccceeee ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ttttoooo ttttrrrraaaavvvveeeellll aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee ggggrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeerrrr ffffrrrreeeeeeeeddddoooommmm ffffrrrroooommmm kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk,,,, oooorrrr iiiinnnn ooootttthhhheeeerrrr wwwwoooorrrrddddssss,,,, lllloooowwwweeeerrrr ooooccccttttaaaannnneeee rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeemmmmeeeennnnttttssss.... o LLLLeeeessssssss ffffoooorrrrcccceeee oooonnnn tttthhhheeee hhhheeeeaaaadddd bbbboooollllttttssss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee lllleeeessssssss ppppoooossssssssiiiibbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ooooffff lllleeeeaaaakkkkaaaaggggeeee ((((ooooffff ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ggggaaaasssseeeessss oooorrrr jjjjaaaacccckkkkeeeetttt wwwwaaaatttteeeerrrr)))).... TTTThhhheeee pppprrrroooojjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd aaaarrrreeeeaaaa ooooffff aaaa ssssiiiiddddeeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss iiiinnnneeeevvvviiiittttaaaabbbbllllyyyy ggggrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeerrrr tttthhhhaaaannnn tttthhhhaaaatttt ooooffff aaaannnn oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... o RRRReeeemmmmoooovvvvaaaallll ooooffff tttthhhheeee hhhhooootttt eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ffffrrrroooommmm tttthhhheeee bbbblllloooocccckkkk ttttoooo tttthhhheeee hhhheeeeaaaadddd,,,, tttthhhhuuuussss ccccoooonnnnffffiiiinnnniiiinnnngggg hhhheeeeaaaatttt ffffaaaaiiiilllluuuurrrreeeessss ttttoooo tttthhhheeee hhhheeeeaaaadddd.... AAAAbbbbsssseeeennnncccceeee ooooffff eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ffffrrrroooommmm bbbblllloooocccckkkk aaaallllssssoooo rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn mmmmoooorrrreeee uuuunnnniiiiffffoooorrrrmmmm ccccoooooooolllliiiinnnngggg ooooffff ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn.... o LLLLoooowwwweeeerrrr ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee-vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee rrrraaaattttiiiioooo aaaannnndddd,,,, tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee,,,, lllleeeessssssss hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooossssssss aaaannnndddd lllleeeessssssss aaaaiiiirrrr ppppoooolllllllluuuuttttiiiioooonnnn.... o EEEEaaaassssiiiieeeerrrr ttttoooo ccccaaaasssstttt aaaannnndddd hhhheeeennnncccceeee lllloooowwwweeeerrrr ccccaaaassssttttiiiinnnngggg ccccoooosssstttt.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 7. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR TTTTwwwwoooo iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnnssss ooooffff oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee uuuusssseeeedddd .... BBBBaaaatttthhhh TTTTuuuubbbb CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss ssssiiiimmmmpppplllleeee aaaannnndddd mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy ccccoooonnnnvvvveeeennnniiiieeeennnntttt ffffoooorrrrmmmm.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ccccoooonnnnssssiiiissssttttssss ooooffff aaaannnn oooovvvvaaaallll sssshhhhaaaappppeeeedddd cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwiiiitttthhhh bbbbooootttthhhh vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss mmmmoooouuuunnnntttteeeedddd vvvveeeerrrrttttiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy oooovvvveeeerrrrhhhheeeeaaaadddd aaaannnndddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh tttthhhheeee ssssppppaaaarrrrkkkk pppplllluuuugggg aaaatttt tttthhhheeee ssssiiiiddddeeee.... TTTThhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwww bbbbaaaacccckkkk ooooffff tttthhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn iiiissss bbbbooootttthhhh vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss aaaarrrreeee ppppllllaaaacccceeeedddd iiiinnnn aaaa ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee rrrroooowwww aaaalllloooonnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr bbbblllloooocccckkkk.... TTTThhhhiiiissss lllliiiimmmmiiiittttssss tttthhhheeee bbbbrrrreeeeaaaatttthhhhiiiinnnngggg ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ooooffff eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee,,,, uuuunnnnlllleeeessssssss tttthhhheeee oooovvvveeeerrrraaaallllllll lllleeeennnnggggtttthhhh iiiissss iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeedddd.... HHHHoooowwwweeeevvvveeeerrrr,,,, mmmmooooddddeeeerrrrnnnn eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee mmmmaaaannnnuuuuffffaaaaccccttttuuuurrrreeeessss oooovvvveeeerrrrccccoooommmmeeee tttthhhhiiiissss pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmm bbbbyyyy uuuussssiiiinnnngggg uuuunnnniiiittttyyyy rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ffffoooorrrr ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee aaaannnndddd bbbboooorrrreeee ssssiiiizzzzeeee.... WWWWeeeeddddggggeeee TTTTyyyyppppeeee CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... IIIInnnn tttthhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn sssslllliiiigggghhhhttttllllyyyy iiiinnnncccclllliiiinnnneeeedddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss aaaarrrreeee uuuusssseeeedddd.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn aaaallllssssoooo hhhhaaaassss ggggiiiivvvveeeennnn vvvveeeerrrryyyy ssssaaaattttiiiissssffffaaaaccccttttoooorrrryyyy ppppeeeerrrrffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaannnncccceeee.... AAAA mmmmooooddddeeeerrrrnnnn wwwweeeeddddggggeeee ttttyyyyppppeeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee sssseeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn ffffoooorrrr PPPPllllyyyymmmmoooouuuutttthhhh VVVV-8888 eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee.... IIIItttt hhhhaaaassss aaaa ssssttttooookkkkeeee ooooffff 99999999 mmmmmmmm aaaannnndddd bbbboooorrrreeee ooooffff 88884444mmmmmmmm wwwwiiiitttthhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo 9999::::1111 F- HHHHeeeeaaaadddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU JJJJUUUULLLLYYYY 2222000000007777//// JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000005555)))) IIIInnnn ssssuuuucccchhhh aaaa ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr oooonnnneeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee iiiissss iiiinnnn hhhheeeeaaaadddd aaaannnndddd ooootttthhhheeeerrrr iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbblllloooocccckkkk.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn iiiissss aaaa ccccoooommmmpppprrrroooommmmiiiisssseeee bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn LLLL-hhhheeeeaaaadddd aaaannnndddd IIII-hhhheeeeaaaadddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss.... OOOOnnnneeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee mmmmoooosssstttt FFFF-hhhheeeeaaaadddd eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss ((((wwwweeeeddddggggeeee ttttyyyyppppeeee)))) iiiissss tttthhhheeee oooonnnneeee uuuusssseeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee RRRRoooovvvveeeerrrr CCCCoooommmmppppaaaannnnyyyy ffffoooorrrr sssseeeevvvveeeerrrraaaallll yyyyeeeeaaaarrrrssss.... AAAAnnnnooootttthhhheeeerrrr ssssuuuucccccccceeeessssssssffffuuuullll ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff tttthhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss tttthhhhaaaatttt uuuusssseeeedddd iiiinnnn WWWWiiiilllllllleys jjjjeeeeeeeeppppss Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 8. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR IIIIttttssss aaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss aaaarrrreeee : o HHHHiiiigggghhhh vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy o MMMMaaaaxxxxiiiimmmmuuuummmm ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ffffoooorrrr ffffuuuueeeellll ooooffff ggggiiiivvvveeeennnn ooooccccttttaaaannnneeee rrrraaaattttiiiinnnngggg o HHHHiiiigggghhhh tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy o IIIItttt ccccaaaannnn ooooppppeeeerrrraaaatttteeee oooonnnn lllleeeeaaaannnneeeerrrr aaaaiiiirrrr-ffffuuuueeeellll rrrraaaattttiiiioooossss wwwwiiiitttthhhhoooouuuutttt mmmmiiiissssffffiiiirrrriiiinnnngggg.... TTTThhhheeee ddddrrrraaaawwwwbbbbaaaacccckkkk Thhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn iiiissss tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeexxxx mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiissssmmmm ffffoooorrrr ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss aaaannnndddd eeeexxxxppppeeeennnnssssiiiivvvveeee ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallll sssshhhhaaaappppeeeedddd ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn.... FF- hhhheeeeaaaadddd uuuusssseeeedddd bbbbyyyy RRRRoooovvvveeeerrrr CCCCoooommmmppppaaaannnnyyyy FFFF –– hhhheeeeaaaadddd uuuusssseeeedddd iiiinnnn WWWWiiiilllllllleeeeyyyyssss jjjjeeeeeeeepppp.... DDDDiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000006666)))) IIIInnnn tttthhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss uuuussssuuuuaaaallllllllyyyy wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 88880000 ppppeeeerrrrcccceeeennnntttt ooooffff tttthhhheeee cccclllleeeeaaaarrrraaaannnncccceeee vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaabbbboooovvvveeee tttthhhheeee ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn aaaannnndddd aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 22220000 ppppeeeerrrrcccceeeennnntttt ooooffff tttthhhheeee vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee aaaassss aaaa sssseeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... MMMMaaaaiiiinnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ccccoooonnnnnnnneeeecccctttteeeedddd ttttoooo sssseeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh aaaa ssssmmmmaaaallllllll oooorrrriiiiffffiiiicccceeee CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn iiiissss ssssttttaaaarrrrtttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ssssmmmmaaaallllllll sssseeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... AAAAssss tttthhhheeee ggggaaaasssseeeessss iiiinnnn sssseeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee ccccoooonnnnssssuuuummmmeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn,,,, pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeeessss aaaannnndddd ffffllllaaaammmmiiiinnnngggg ggggaaaassss eeeexxxxppppaaaannnnddddssss bbbbaaaacccckkkk tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh oooorrrriiiiffffiiiicccceeee aaaannnndddd aaaacccctttt aaaassss ttttoooorrrrcccchhhh iiiiggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn ffffoooorrrr mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 9. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR Seeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr hhhhaaaassss hhhhiiiigggghhhh sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll aaaannnndddd ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo hhhhaaaannnnddddlllleeee rrrriiiicccchhhh mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee.... TTTThhhheeee rrrriiiicccchhhh mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee wwwwiiiitttthhhh vvvveeeerrrryyyy hhhhiiiigggghhhh sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiinnnn sssseeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwiiiillllllll iiiiggggnnnniiiitttteeee rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiillllyyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbuuuurrrrnnnn vvvveeeerrrryyyy qqqquuuuiiiicccckkkkllllyyyy.... TTTThhhheeee ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ggggaaaassss eeeexxxxppppaaaannnnddddssss tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh oooorrrriiiiffffiiiicccceeee aaaannnndddd iiiiggggnnnniiiitttteeeessss tttthhhheeee lllleeeeaaaannnn mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhheeee nnnneeeetttt rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt iiiissss aaaannnn eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee tttthhhhaaaatttt hhhhaaaassss ggggoooooooodddd iiiiggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd yyyyeeeetttt ooooppppeeeerrrraaaatttteeeessss mmmmoooossssttttllllyyyy lllleeeeaaaannnn ttttoooo ggggiiiivvvveeee ggggoooooooodddd ffffuuuueeeellll eeeeccccoooonnnnoooommmmyyyy.... COMBUSTION CHAMBERS- CI Engines PPPPrrrriiiimmmmaaaarrrryyyy CCCCoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee DDDDeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss ffffoooorrrr CCCC....IIII EEEEnnnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss IIIInnnn CCCC eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss ffffuuuueeeellll iiiissss iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaatttt aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 11115555°°°°CCCC bbbbeeeeffffoooorrrreeee TTTT....DDDD....CCCC.... dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee.... FFFFoooorrrr tttthhhheeee bbbbeeeesssstttt eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn mmmmuuuusssstttt ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee wwwwiiiitttthhhhiiiinnnn 11115555°°°° ttttoooo 22220000°°°° ooooffff ccccrrrraaaannnnkkkk rrrroooottttaaaattttiiiioooonnnn aaaafffftttteeeerrrr TTTT....DDDD....CCCC.... iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee wwwwoooorrrrkkkkiiiinnnngggg ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee.... TTTThhhhuuuussss iiiitttt iiiissss cccclllleeeeaaaarrrr tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn bbbbooootttthhhh mmmmuuuusssstttt ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt ttttiiiimmmmeeee.... FFFFoooorrrr bbbbeeeesssstttt ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn mmmmiiiixxxxiiiinnnngggg sssshhhhoooouuuulllldddd bbbbeeee ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt ttttiiiimmmmeeee.... •••• IIIInnnn SSSS....IIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee mmmmiiiixxxxiiiinnnngggg ttttaaaakkkkeeeessss ppppllllaaaacccceeee iiiinnnn ccccaaaarrrrbbbbuuuurrrreeeettttoooorrrr; hhhhoooowwwweeeevvvveeeerrrr iiiinnnn CCCC....IIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss tttthhhhiiiissss hhhhaaaassss ttttoooo bbbbeeee ddddoooonnnneeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTToooo aaaacccchhhhiiiieeeevvvveeee tttthhhhiiiissss rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeemmmmeeeennnntttt iiiinnnn aaaa sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt ppppeeeerrrriiiioooodddd iiiissss aaaannnn eeeexxxxttttrrrreeeemmmmeeeellllyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuulllltttt jjjjoooobbbb ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiccccuuuullllaaaarrrrllllyyyy iiiinnnn hhhhiiiigggghhhh ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd CCCCllll.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss.... •••• FFFFrrrroooommmm ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn pppphhhheeeennnnoooommmmeeeennnnoooonnnn ooooffff CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss iiiitttt iiiissss eeeevvvviiiiddddeeeennnntttt tttthhhhaaaatttt ffffuuuueeeellll-aaaaiiiirrrr ccccoooonnnnttttaaaacccctttt mmmmuuuusssstttt bbbbeeee lllliiiimmmmiiiitttteeeedddd dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ddddeeeellllaaaayyyy ppppeeeerrrriiiioooodddd iiiinnnn oooorrrrddddeeeerrrr ttttoooo lllliiiimmmmiiiitttt,,,, tttthhhheeee rrrraaaatttteeee ooooffff pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee sssseeeeccccoooonnnndddd ssssttttaaaaggggeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn.... TTTThhhhiiiissss rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee oooobbbbttttaaaaiiiinnnneeeedddd bbbbyyyy sssshhhhoooorrrrtttteeeennnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ddddeeeellllaaaayyyy ttttoooo aaaacccchhhhiiiieeeevvvveeee hhhhiiiigggghhhh eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy aaaannnndddd ppppoooowwwweeeerrrr tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn mmmmuuuusssstttt bbbbeeee ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeeedddd wwwwhhhheeeennnn ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn iiiissss nnnneeeeaaaarrrreeeerrrr ttttoooo TTTT....DDDD....CCCC....,,,, iiiitttt iiiissss nnnneeeecccceeeessssssssaaaarrrryyyy ttttoooo hhhhaaaavvvveeee rrrraaaappppiiiidddd mmmmiiiixxxxiiiinnnngggg ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll aaaannnndddd aaaaiiiirrrr dddduuuunnnn tttthhhheeee tttthhhhiiiirrrrdddd ssssttttaaaaggggeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn.... •••• TTTThhhheeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ffffoooorrrr CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss mmmmuuuusssstttt aaaallllssssoooo ttttaaaakkkkeeee ccccoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmm aaaannnndddd nnnnoooozzzzzzzzlllleeeessss ttttoooo bbbbeeee uuuusssseeeedddd.... TTTThhhheeee ccccoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee ssssuuuummmmmmmmaaaarrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd aaaassss ffffoooolllllllloooowwwwssss:::: 1111.... HHHHiiiigggghhhh tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... 2222.... AAAAbbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo uuuusssseeee lllleeeessssssss eeeexxxxppppeeeennnnssssiiiivvvveeee ffffuuuueeeellll ((((mmmmuuuullllttttiiii-ffffuuuueeeellll)))).... 3333.... EEEEaaaasssseeee ooooffff ssssttttaaaarrrrttttiiiinnnngggg.... 4444.... AAAAbbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo hhhhaaaannnnddddlllleeee vvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss iiiinnnn ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 10. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR 5555.... SSSSmmmmooooooootttthhhhnnnneeeessssssss ooooffff ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn iiii....eeee.... aaaavvvvooooiiiiddddaaaannnncccceeee ooooffff ddddiiiieeeesssseeeellll kkkknnnnoooocccckkkk aaaannnndddd nnnnooooiiiisssseeee.... 6666.... LLLLoooowwww eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt eeeemmmmiiiissssssssiiiioooonnnn.... 7777.... NNNNoooozzzzzzzzlllleeee ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn.... 8888.... HHHHiiiigggghhhh vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... 9999.... HHHHiiiigggghhhh bbbbrrrraaaakkkkeeee MMMMeeeeaaaannnn eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee.... RRRRoooolllleeee ooooffff aaaaiiiirrrr sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiinnnn DDDDiiiieeeesssseeeellll eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee (((( JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000005555)))) MMMMoooosssstttt iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff CCCCIIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ttttoooo pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee pppprrrrooooppppeeeerrrr mmmmiiiixxxxiiiinnnngggg ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll aaaannnndddd aaaaiiiirrrr iiiinnnn sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt ppppoooossssssssiiiibbbblllleeee ttttiiiimmmmeeee.... FFFFoooorrrr tttthhhhiiiissss ppppuuuurrrrppppoooosssseeee aaaannnn oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzeeeedddd aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmoooovvvveeeemmmmeeeennnntttt ccccaaaalllllllleeeedddd aaaaiiiirrrr sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss ttttoooo bbbbeeee pppprrrroooodddduuuucccceeeedddd ttttoooo pppprrrroooodddduuuucccceeee hhhhiiiigggghhhh rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiivvvveeee vvvveeeelllloooocccciiiittttyyyy bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn tttthhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeettttssss aaaannnndddd aaaaiiiirrrr.... TTTThhhheeeerrrreeee aaaarrrreeee tttthhhhrrrreeeeeeee bbbbaaaassssiiiicccc mmmmeeeetttthhhhooooddddssss ooooffff ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaattttiiiinnnngggg sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiinnnn CCCCIIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn CCCChhhhammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... BBBByyyy ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee fffflllloooowwww ooooffff aaaaiiiirrrr dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg iiiittttssss eeeennnnttttrrrryyyy ttttoooo tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr kkkknnnnoooowwwwnnnn aaaassss IIIInnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... TTTThhhhiiiissss mmmmeeeetttthhhhoooodddd iiiissss uuuusssseeeedddd iiiinnnn ooooppppeeeennnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr. BBBByyyy ffffoooorrrrcccciiiinnnngggg aaaaiiiirrrr tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh aaaa ttttaaaannnnggggeeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallll ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnnttttoooo aaaa sssseeeeppppaaaarrrraaaatttteeee sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee,,,, kkkknnnnoooowwwwnnnn aaaassss CCCCoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss uuuusssseeeedddd iiiinnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... BBBByyyy uuuusssseeee ooooffff iiiinnnniiiittttiiiiaaaallll pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeee dddduuuueeee ttttoooo ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiaaaallll ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeee sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll aaaannnndddd ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee,,,, kkkknnnnoooowwwwnnnn aaaassss ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnndddduuuucccceeeedddd sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... TTTThhhhiiiissss mmmmeeeetttthhhhoooodddd iiiissss uuuusssseeeedddd iiiinnnn pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd aaaaiiiirrrr cccceeeellllllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss.... IIIINNNNDDDDUUUUCCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN SSSSWWWWIIIIRRRRLLLL (((( JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000006666)))) SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrrssss ttttoooo aaaa rrrroooottttaaaattttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll fffflllloooowwww wwwwiiiitttthhhhiiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaabbbboooouuuutttt iiiittttssss aaaaxxxxeeeessss.... IIIInnnn aaaa ffffoooouuuurrrr ssssttttrrrrooookkkke eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee oooobbbbttttaaaaiiiinnnneeeedddd eeeeiiiitttthhhheeeerrrr bbbbyyyy ccccaaaarrrreeeeffffuuuullll ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff aaaaiiiirrrr iiiinnnnttttaaaakkkkeeee ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeeessss oooorrrr mmmmaaaasssskkkkiiiinnnngggg oooorrrr sssshhhhrrrroooouuuuddddiiiinnnngggg aaaa ppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff cccciiiirrrrccccuuuummmmffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee ooooffff iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee.... TTTThhhheeee aaaannnngggglllleeee ooooffff mmmmaaaasssskkkk iiiissss ffffrrrroooommmm 99990000°°°° ttttoooo 111144440000°°°° ooooffff tttthhhheeee cccciiiirrrrccccuuuummmmffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee.... IIIInnnn ttttwwwwoooo ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee,,,, iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn swiiiirrrrllll iiiissss ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy ssssuuuuiiiittttaaaabbbblllleeee iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt ppppoooorrrrtttt ffffoooorrrrmmmmssss.... IIIInnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd uuuussssiiiinnnngggg ffffoooolllllllloooowwwwiiiinnnngggg mmmmeeeetttthhhhooooddddssss.... SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy ccccoooonnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnttttaaaakkkkeeee ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmm ttttoooo ggggiiiivvvveeee aaaa ttttaaaannnnggggeeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ttttoooo iiiinnnnttttaaaakkkkeeee fffflllloooowwww aaaassss iiiitttt eeeennnntttteeeerrrrssss tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss ddddoooonnnneeee bbbbyyyy sssshhhhaaaappppiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ccccoooonnnnttttoooouuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnttttaaaakkkkeeee mmmmaaaannnniiiiffffoooolllldddd,,,, Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 11. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy mmmmaaaasssskkkkiiiinnnngggg oooonnnneeee ssssiiiiddddeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ssssoooo tttthhhhaaaatttt aaaaiiiirrrr iiiissss aaaaddddmmmmiiiitttttttteeeedddd oooonnnnllllyyyy aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd aaaa ppppaaaarrrrtttt ooooffff tttthhhheeee ppppeeeerrrriiiipppphhhheeeerrrryyyy ooooffff tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee aaaannnndddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ddddeeeessssiiiirrrreeeedddd ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn.... SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll ccccaaaannnn aaaallllssssoooo bbbbeeee ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy ccccaaaassssttttiiiinnnngggg aaaa lllliiiipppp oooovvvveeeerrrr oooonnnneeee ssssiiiiddddeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee.... SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn iiiissss vvvveeeerrrryyyy wwwweeeeaaaakkkk.... TTTThhhhuuuussss ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee oooorrrriiiiffffiiiicccceeee iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ccccaaaannnnnnnnooootttt pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeee ddddeeeessssiiiirrrreeeedddd aaaaiiiirrrr ffffuuuueeeellll mmmmiiiixxxxiiiinnnngggg.... TTTThhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee,,,, wwwwiiiitttthhhh IIIInnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll,,,, iiiitttt iiiissss aaaaddddvvvviiiissssaaaabbbblllleeee ttttoooo uuuusssseeee aaaa mmmmuuuullllttttiiiipppplllleeee-oooorrrriiiiffffiiiicccceeee iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttoooorrrr.... AAAAddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss ooooffff IIIInnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... o EEEEaaaassssiiiieeeerrrr ssssttttaaaarrrrttttiiiinnnngggg ((((dddduuuueeee ttttoooo lllloooowwww iiiinnnntttteeeennnnssssiiiittttyyyy ooooffff sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll)))).... o HHHHiiiigggghhhh eeeexxxxcccceeeessssssss aaaaiiiirrrr ((((lllloooowwww tttteeeemmmmppppeeeerrrraaaattttuuuurrrreeee)))),,,, lllloooowwww ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee ((((lllleeeessssssss hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooossssssss)))),,,, tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee iiiinnnnddddiiiiccccaaaatttteeeedddd tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy iiiissss hhhhiiiigggghhhh.... o PPPPrrrroooodddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeessss nnnnoooo aaaaddddddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll wwwwoooorrrrkkkk.... o UUUUsssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh lllloooowwww ssssppppeeeeeeeeddddssss,,,, tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee lllloooowwww qqqquuuuaaaalllliiiittttyyyy ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee uuuusssseeeedddd.... DDDDiiiissssaaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss ooooffff iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll:::: o SSSShhhhrrrroooouuuuddddeeeedddd vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss,,,, ssssmmmmaaaalllllllleeeerrrr vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss,,,, lllloooowwww vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... o WWWWeeeeaaaakkkk sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll,,,, lllloooowwww aaaaiiiirrrr uuuuttttiiiilllliiiissssaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ((((66660000%%%%)))),,,, lllloooowwwweeeerrrr MMMM....EEEE....PPPP.... aaaannnndddd llllaaaarrrrggggeeee ssssiiiizzzzeeee ((((ccccoooossssttttllllyyyy)))) eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee.... o WWWWeeeeaaaakkkk sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll,,,, mmmmuuuullllttttiiii-oooorrrriiiiffffiiiicccceeee nnnnoooozzzzzzzzlllleeee,,,, hhhhiiiigggghhhh iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee;;;; ccccllllooooggggggggiiiinnnngggg ooooffff hhhhoooolllleeeessss,,,, hhhhiiiigggghhhh mmmmaaaaiiiinnnntttteeeennnnaaaannnncccceeee.... o SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll nnnnooootttt pppprrrrooooppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll ttttoooo ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd;;;; eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy nnnnooootttt mmmmaaaaiiiinnnnttttaaaaiiiinnnneeeedddd aaaatttt vvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaabbbblllleeee ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee.... o IIIInnnnfffflllluuuueeeennnncccceeee mmmmiiiinnnniiiimmmmuuuummmm qqqquuuuaaaannnnttttiiiittttyyyy ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll.... CCCCoooommmmpppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn aaaatttt hhhhiiiigggghhhh llllooooaaaaddddssss aaaannnndddd iiiiddddlllliiiinnnngggg.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 12. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPRRRREEEESSSSSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN SSSSWWWWIIIIRRRRLLLL (((( JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000006666)))) CCCCoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd uuuussssiiiinnnngggg sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... AAAA sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss aaaa ddddiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... AAAA ddddiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeeedddd aaaassss oooonnnneeee iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee iiiissss ddddiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo ttttwwwwoooo oooorrrr mmmmoooorrrreeee ccccoooommmmppppaaaarrrrttttmmmmeeeennnnttttssss.... PPPPrrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee ddddiiiiffffffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn tttthhhheeeesssseeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss iiiissss ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy reeeessssttttrrrriiiiccccttttiiiioooonnnnssss oooorrrr tttthhhhrrrrooooaaaattttssss.... VVVVeeeerrrryyyy ssssttttrrrroooonnnngggg sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd uuuussssiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... AAAAddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll:::: LLLLaaaarrrrggggeeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeeessss,,,, hhhhiiiigggghhhh vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeeettttrrrriiiicccc eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... SSSSiiiinnnngggglllleeee iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttoooorrrr,,,, ppppiiiinnnnttttlllleeee ttttyyyyppppeeee ((((sssseeeellllffff cccclllleeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg)))),,,, lllleeeessssssss mmmmaaaaiiiinnnntttteeeennnnaaaannnncccceeee.... SSSSmmmmooooooootttthhhh eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn.... GGGGrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeerrrr aaaaiiiirrrr uuuuttttiiiilllliiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn dddduuuueeee ttttoooo ssssttttrrrroooonnnngggg sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... SSSSmmmmaaaalllllllleeeerrrr ((((cccchhhheeeeaaaappppeeeerrrr)))) eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee.... SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll pppprrrrooooppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll ttttoooo ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd,,,, ssssuuuuiiiittttaaaabbbblllleeee ffffoooorrrr vvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaabbbblllleeee ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn.... DDDDiiiissssaaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll:::: CCCCoooolllldddd ssssttttaaaarrrrttttiiiinnnngggg ttttrrrroooouuuubbbblllleeee dddduuuueeee ttttoooo hhhhiiiigggghhhh lllloooossssssss dddduuuu ttttoooo ssssttttrrrroooonnnngggg sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll,,,, mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiiccccaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy IIII LLLLeeeessssssss eeeexxxxcccceeeessssssss aaaaiiiirrrr ;;;; lllloooowwwweeeerrrr iiiinnnnddddiiiiccccaaaatttteeeedddd eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy;;;; 5555 ttttoooo 8888%%%% mmmmoooorrrreeee ffffuuuueeeellll ccccoooonnnnssssuuuummmmppppttttiiiioooonnnn;;;; ddddeeeeccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeedddd eeeexxxxhhhhaaaauuuusssstttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee lllliiiiffffeeee CCCCyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr mmmmoooorrrreeee eeeexxxxppppeeeennnnssssiiiivvvveeee iiiinnnn ccccoooonnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn.... WWWWoooorrrrkkkk aaaabbbbssssoooorrrrbbbbeeeedddd iiiinnnn pppprrrroooodddduuuucccciiiinnnngggg sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll,,,, mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiiccccaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy lllloooowwwweeeerrrr.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 13. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN IIIINNNNDDDDUUUUCCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN SSSSWWWWIIIIRRRRLLLL (((( JJJJuuuullllyyyy 2222000000006666)))) TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeedddd dddduuuueeee ttttoooo ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiaaaallll ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn,,,, tttthhhheeeerrrreeeeffffoooorrrreeee kkkknnnnoooowwwwnnnn aaaassss ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnndddduuuucccceeeedddd sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... TTTThhhhiiiissss mmmmeeeetttthhhhoooodddd iiiissss uuuusssseeeedddd oooonnnnllllyyyy iiiinnnn pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... IIIInnnn tttthhhhiiiissss mmmmeeeetttthhhhoooodddd,,,, uuuuppppwwwwaaaarrrrdddd mmmmoooovvvveeeemmmmeeeennnntttt ooooffff ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ffffoooorrrrcccceeeessss tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr ttttaaaannnnggggeeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallllllllyyyy aaaannnndddd ffffuuuueeeellll iiiissss iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ,,,, wwwwhhhheeeennnn tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee aaaaccccccccuuuummmmuuuullllaaaatttteeeedddd ffffuuuueeeellll dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg ddddeeeellllaaaayyyy ppppeeeerrrriiiiooooddddssss bbbbuuuurrrrnnnnssss rrrraaaappppiiiiddddllllyyyy iiiinnnn pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaassss AAAA::::FFFF mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee iiiissss rrrriiiicccchhhh aaaannnndddd ffffoooorrrrcccceeeessss tttthhhheeee ggggaaaasssseeeessss aaaatttt aaaa vvvveeeerrrryyyy hhhhiiiigggghhhh vvvveeeelllloooocccciiiittttyyyy iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeessss aaaa ggggoooooooodddd sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll aaaannnndddd pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeeessss bbbbeeeetttttttteeeerrrr ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 14. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR TTTThhhheeee rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeemmmmeeeennnntttt ooooffff aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmoooottttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiinnnn aaaa CCCC....IIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss mmmmuuuucccchhhh mmmmoooorrrreeee ssssttttrrrriiiinnnnggggeeeennnntttt tttthhhhaaaannnn iiiinnnn aaaannnn SSSS....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee....-JJJJuuuussssttttiiiiffffyyyy tttthhhhiiiissss ssssttttaaaatttteeeemmmmeeeennnntttt???? AAAAiiiirrrr mmmmoooottttiiiioooonnnnssss aaaarrrreeee rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeedddd iiiinnnn bbbbooootttthhhh SSSS....IIII.... aaaannnndddd CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss.... IIIInnnn SSSS....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee,,,, wwwweeee ccccaaaallllllll iiiitttt ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee aaaannnndddd iiiinnnn CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee,,,, wwwweeee ccccaaaallllllll iiiitttt sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll.... TTTTuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiissss rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeedddd iiiinnnn SSSS....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss iiiimmmmpppplllliiiieeeessss ddddiiiissssoooorrrrddddeeeerrrreeeedddd aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmoooottttiiiioooonnnn wwwwiiiitttthhhh nnnnoooo ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaallll ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff fffflllloooowwww,,,, ttttoooo bbbbrrrreeeeaaaakkkk uuuupppp tttthhhheeee ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee ooooffff ffffllllaaaammmmeeee ffffrrrroooonnnntttt aaaannnndddd ttttoooo ddddiiiissssttttrrrriiiibbbbuuuutttteeee ffffllllaaaammmmeeee tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhhoooouuuutttt aaaannnn eeeexxxxtttteeeerrrrnnnnaaaallllllllyyyy pppprrrreeeeppppaaaarrrreeeedddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiibbbblllleeee mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee.... AAAAiiiirrrr sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh iiiissss rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeedddd iiiinnnn CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss iiiissss aaaannnn oooorrrrddddeeeerrrrllllyyyy mmmmoooovvvveeeemmmmeeeennnntttt ooooffff wwwwhhhhoooolllleeee bbbbooooddddyyyy ooooffff aaaaiiiirrrr wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaa ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiccccuuuullllaaaarrrr ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff fffflllloooowwww ttttoooo bbbbrrrriiiinnnngggg aaaa ccccoooonnnnttttiiiinnnnuuuuoooouuuussss ssssuuuuppppppppllllyyyy ooooffff ffffrrrreeeesssshhhh aaaaiiiirrrr ttttoooo eeeeaaaacccchhhh bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeetttt aaaannnndddd sssswwwweeeeeeeepppp aaaawwwwaaaayyyy tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooodddduuuuccccttttssss ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh ooootttthhhheeeerrrrwwwwiiiisssseeee wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ssssuuuuffffffffooooccccaaaatttteeee iiiitttt.... IIIIffff tttthhhheeeerrrreeee iiiissss nnnnoooo ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee iiiinnnn SSSS....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss,,,, tttthhhheeee ttttiiiimmmmeeee ooooccccccccuuuuppppiiiieeeedddd bbbbyyyy eeeeaaaacccchhhh eeeexxxxpppplllloooossssiiiioooonnnn wwwwoooouuuulllldddd bbbbeeee ssssoooo ggggrrrreeeeaaaatttt aaaassss ttttoooo mmmmaaaakkkkeeee hhhhiiiigggghhhh ssssppppeeeeeeeedddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrnnnnaaaallll ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss iiiimmmmpppprrrraaaaccccttttiiiiccccaaaabbbblllleeee.... IIIInnnnssssuuuuffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnntttt ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee lllloooowwwweeeerrrrssss tttthhhheeee eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy dddduuuueeee ttttoooo iiiinnnnccccoooommmmpppplllleeeetttteeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll.... IIIInnnn ccccaaaasssseeee ooooffff CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss,,,, iiiitttt iiiissss iiiimmmmppppoooossssssssiiiibbbblllleeee ttttoooo iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttt ffffuuuueeeellll ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeettttssss ssssoooo tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhheeeeyyyy ddddiiiissssttttrrrriiiibbbbuuuutttteeee uuuunnnniiiiffffoooorrrrmmmmllllyyyy tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhhoooouuuutttt tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee,,,, tttthhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmiiiixxxxttttuuuurrrreeee ffffoooorrrrmmmmeeeedddd iiiinnnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss eeeesssssssseeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallllllllyyyy hhhheeeetttteeeerrrrooooggggeeeennnneeeeoooouuuussss.... UUUUnnnnddddeeeerrrr tttthhhheeeesssseeee ccccoooonnnnddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnnssss,,,, iiiiffff tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr wwwwiiiitttthhhhiiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr wwwweeeerrrreeee mmmmoooottttiiiioooonnnnlllleeeessssssss,,,, oooonnnnllllyyyy aaaa ssssmmmmaaaallllllll ppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ffffiiiinnnndddd ssssuuuuffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnntttt ooooxxxxyyyyggggeeeennnn aaaannnndddd eeeevvvveeeennnn bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ooooffff tttthhhhiiiissss ffffuuuueeeellll wwwwoooouuuulllldddd bbbbeeee sssslllloooowwww oooorrrr eeeevvvveeeennnn cccchhhhooookkkkeeeedddd.... SSSSoooo iiiitttt iiiissss eeeesssssssseeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallll ttttoooo iiiimmmmppppaaaarrrrtttt sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll ttttoooo aaaaiiiirrrr ssssoooo tttthhhhaaaatttt aaaa ccccoooonnnnttttiiiinnnnuuuuoooouuuussss ssssuuuuppppppppllllyyyy ooooffff ffffrrrreeeesssshhhh aaaaiiiirrrr iiiissss bbbbrrrroooouuuugggghhhhtttt ttttoooo eeeeaaaacccchhhh bbbbuuuurrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeetttt aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooodddduuuuccccttttssss ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn aaaarrrreeee sssswwwweeeepppptttt aaaawwwwaaaayyyy.... TTTThhhheeee iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiinnnn aaaa CCCC....IIII.... eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee hhhheeeellllppppssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaassssiiiinnnngggg iiiinnnnddddiiiiccccaaaatttteeeedddd tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... JJJJuuuussssttttiiiiffffyyyy tttthhhhiiiissss ssssttttaaaatttteeeemmmmeeeennnntttt.... IIIInnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss uuuusssseeeedddd iiiinnnn ddddiiiirrrreeeecccctttt iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ttttyyyyppppeeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss,,,, wwwwhhhheeeerrrreeee tttthhhheeee eeeennnnttttiiiirrrreeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee iiiissss ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttllllyyyy aaaabbbboooovvvveeee tttthhhheeee ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn,,,, aaaannnndddd hhhheeeennnncccceeee tttthhhheeee ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee-ttttoooo-vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss lllloooowwww.... FFFFuuuurrrrtttthhhheeeerrrr,,,, tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeesssssssseeeedddd aaaaiiiirrrr aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrroooodddduuuuccccttttssss ddddoooo nnnnooootttt hhhhaaaavvvveeee ttttoooo ppppaaaassssssss tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh aaaa nnnneeeecccckkkk nnnnaaaarrrrrrrroooowwww ccccoooonnnnnnnneeeeccccttttiiiinnnngggg ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee.... AAAAllllssssoooo,,,, tttthhhheeee mmmmeeeeaaaannnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn tttteeeemmmmppppeeeerrrraaaattttuuuurrrreeeessss aaaarrrreeee lllloooowwwweeeerrrr,,,, aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeeerrrreeee iiiissss lllleeeessssssss ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee.... AAAAllllllll tttthhhheeeesssseeee ffffaaaaccccttttoooorrrrssss rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt iiiinnnn lllleeeessssssss hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooosssssssseeeessss,,,, aaaannnndddd tttthhhhuuuussss tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnddddiiiiccccaaaatttteeeedddd tttthhhheeeerrrrmmmmaaaallll eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy iiiissss iiiinnnnccccrrrreeeeaaaasssseeeedddd.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 15. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR TYPES OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS- CI Engines TTTThhhheeee mmmmoooosssstttt iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt ffffuuuunnnnccccttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff CCCCIIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ttttoooo pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee pppprrrrooooppppeeeerrrr mmmmiiiixxxxiiiinnnngggg ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll aaaannnndddd aaaaiiiirrrr iiiinnnn sssshhhhoooorrrrtttt ttttiiiimmmmeeee.... IIIInnnn oooorrrrddddeeeerrrr ttttoooo aaaacccchhhhiiiieeeevvvveeee tttthhhhiiiissss,,,, aaaannnn oooorrrrggggaaaannnniiiizzzzeeeedddd aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmoooovvvveeeemmmmeeeennnntttt ccccaaaalllllllleeeedddd sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeeedddd ttttoooo pppprrrroooodddduuuucccceeee hhhhiiiigggghhhh rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiivvvveeee vvvveeeelllloooocccciiiittttyyyy bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn tttthhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeettttssss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr.... WWWWhhhheeeennnn tttthhhheeee lllliiiiqqqquuuuiiiidddd ffffuuuueeeellll iiiissss iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr,,,, tttthhhheeee sssspppprrrraaaayyyy ccccoooonnnneeee ggggeeeettttssss ddddiiiissssttttuuuurrrrbbbbeeeedddd dddduuuueeee ttttoooo aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmoooottttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee iiiinnnnssssiiiiddddeeee.... TTTThhhheeee oooonnnnsssseeeetttt ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn wwwwiiiillllllll ccccaaaauuuusssseeee aaaannnn aaaaddddddddeeeedddd ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee gggguuuuiiiiddddeeee dddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee sssshhhhaaaappppeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr,,,, mmmmaaaakkkkeeeessss iiiitttt nnnneeeecccceeeessssssssaaaarrrryyyy ttttoooo ssssttttuuuuddddyyyy tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn iiiinnnn ddddeeeettttaaaaiiiillll.... CCCC IIII eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee ccccllllaaaassssssssiiiiffffiiiieeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo ttttwwwwoooo ccccaaaatttteeeeggggoooorrrriiiieeeessss:::: 1111.... OOOOPPPPEEEENNNN IIIINNNNJJJJEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN ((((DDDDIIII)))) TTTTYYYYPPPPEEEE :::: TTTThhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss aaaallllssssoooo ccccaaaalllllllleeeedddd aaaannnn OOOOppppeeeennnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... IIIInnnn tttthhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee tttthhhheeee eeeennnnttttiiiirrrreeee vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss llllooooccccaaaatttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll iiiissss iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhhiiiissss vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee.... 2222.... IIIINNNNDDDDIIIIRRRREEEECCCCTTTT IIIINNNNJJJJEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN ((((IIIIDDDDIIII)))) TTTTYYYYPPPPEEEE:::: iiiinnnn tttthhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss,,,, tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee iiiissss ddddiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo ttttwwwwoooo ppppaaaarrrrttttssss,,,, oooonnnneeee ppppaaaarrrrtttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ppppaaaarrrrtttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd.... TTTThhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll –iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn iiiissss eeeeffffffffeeeecccctttteeeedddd uuuussssuuuuaaaallllllllyyyy iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhheeee ppppaaaarrrrtttt ooooffff cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr llllooooccccaaaatttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd.... TTTThhhheeeesssseeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee ccccllllaaaassssssssiiiiffffiiiieeeedddd ffffuuuurrrrtttthhhheeeerrrr iiiinnnnttttoooo :::: aaaa)))) SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaatttteeeedddd bbbb)))) PPPPrrrreeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss iiiinnnndddduuuucccceeeedddd c) AAAAiiiirrrr cccceeeellllllll iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh bbbbooootttthhhh ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll aaaarrrreeee iiiinnnndddduuuucccceeeedddd.... DDDDIIIIRRRREEEECCCCTTTT IIIINNNNJJJJEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRRSSSS – OOOOPPPPEEEENNNN CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRRSSSS AAAAnnnn ooooppppeeeennnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeeedddd aaaassss oooonnnneeee iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee iiiissss eeeesssssssseeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallllllllyyyy aaaa ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee ccccaaaavvvviiiittttyyyy wwwwiiiitttthhhh lllliiiittttttttlllleeee rrrreeeessssttttrrrriiiiccccttttiiiioooonnnn ffffrrrroooommmm oooonnnneeee ppppaaaarrrrtttt ooooffff tttthhhheeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ttttoooo tttthhhheeee ooootttthhhheeeerrrr aaaannnndddd hhhheeeennnncccceeee wwwwiiiitttthhhh nnnnoooo llllaaaarrrrggggeeee ddddiiiiffffffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee iiiinnnn pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn ppppaaaarrrrttttssss ooooffff tttthhhheeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssss.... TTTThhhheeeerrrreeee aaaarrrreeee mmmmaaaannnnyyyy ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnnssss ooooffff ooooppppeeeennnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ssssoooommmmeeee ooooffff wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh aaaarrrreeee sssshhhhoooowwwwnnnn bbbbeeeelllloooowwww :::: IIIInnnn ffffoooouuuurrrr-ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh ooooppppeeeennnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss,,,, iiiinnnndddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll iiiissss oooobbbbttttaaaaiiiinnnneeeedddd eeeeiiiitttthhhheeeerrrr bbbbyyyy ccccaaaarrrreeeeffffuuuullll ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr iiiinnnnttttaaaakkkkeeee ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeeessss oooorrrr bbbbyyyy mmmmaaaasssskkkkiiiinnnngggg aaaa ppppoooorrrrttttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 16. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR cccciiiirrrrccccuuuummmmffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee wwwwhhhheeeerrrreeeeaaaassss iiiinnnn ttttwwwwoooo-ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss iiiitttt iiiissss ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy ssssuuuuiiiittttaaaabbbblllleeee ffffoooorrrrmmmm ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt ppppoooorrrrttttssss.... TTTThhhheeeesssseeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss mmmmaaaaiiiinnnnllllyyyy ccccoooonnnnssssiiiisssst ooooffff ssssppppaaaacccceeee ffffoooorrrrmmmmeeeedddd bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn aaaa ffffllllaaaatttt ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd aaaannnndddd aaaa ccccaaaavvvviiiittttyyyy iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn ccccrrrroooowwwwnnnn iiiinnnn ddddiiiiffffffffeeeerrrreeeennnntttt sssshhhhaaaappppeeeessss.... TTTThhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll iiiissss iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttllllyyyy iiiinnnnttttoooo ssssppppaaaacccceeee.... TTTThhhheeee iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn nnnnoooozzzzzzzzlllleeeessss uuuusssseeeedddd ffffoooorrrr tttthhhhiiiissss cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaarrrreeee ggggeeeennnneeeerrrraaaallllllllyyyy ooooffff mmmmuuuullllttttiiii hhhhoooolllleeee ttttyyyyppppeeee wwwwoooorrrrkkkkiiiinnnngggg aaaatttt aaaa rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiivvvveeeellllyyyy hhhhiiiigggghhhh pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee (((( aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 222200000000 bbbbaaaarrrr)))) TTTThhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn aaaaddddvvvvaaaannnnttttaaaaggggeeeessss ooooffff tttthhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee:::: o MMMMiiiinnnniiiimmmmuuuummmm hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooossssssss dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee ooooffff lllloooowwwweeeerrrr ssssuuuurrrrffffaaaacccceeee aaaarrrreeeeaaaa ttttoooo vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee rrrraaaattttiiiioooo aaaannnndddd hhhheeeennnncccceeee,,,, bbbbeeeetttttttteeeerrrr eeeeffffffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy.... o NNNNoooo ccccoooolllldddd ssssttttaaaarrrrttttiiiinnnngggg pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss.... o FFFFiiiinnnneeee aaaattttoooommmmiiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee ooooffff mmmmuuuullllttttiiii hhhhoooolllleeee nnnnoooozzzzzzzzlllleeee.... TTTThhhheeee ddddrrrraaaawwwwbbbbaaaacccckkkkssss ooooffff tttthhhheeeesssseeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrrssss aaaarrrreeee:::: o HHHHiiiigggghhhh ffffuuuueeeellll-iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrreeeeqqqquuuuiiiirrrreeeedddd aaaannnndddd hhhheeeennnncccceeee ccccoooommmmpppplllleeeexxxx ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll-iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ppppuuuummmmpppp.... o NNNNeeeecccceeeessssssssiiiittttyyyy ooooffff aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee mmmmeeeetttteeeerrrriiiinnnngggg ooooffff ffffuuuueeeellll bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmm,,,, ppppaaaarrrrttttiiiiccccuuuullllaaaarrrrllllyyyy ffffoooorrrr ssssmmmmaaaallllllll eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss.... SSSShhhhaaaalllllllloooowwww DDDDeeeepppptttthhhh CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr:::: IIIInnnn sssshhhhaaaalllllllloooowwww ddddeeeepppptttthhhh cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr tttthhhheeee ddddeeeepppptttthhhh ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccaaaavvvviiiittttyyyy pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn iiiissss qqqquuuuiiiitttteeee ssssmmmmaaaallllllll.... TTTThhhhiiiissss cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss uuuussssuuuuaaaallllllllyyyy aaaaddddoooopppptttteeeedddd ffffoooorrrr llllaaaarrrrggggeeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss rrrruuuunnnnnnnniiiinnnngggg aaaatttt lllloooowwww ssssppppeeeeeeeeddddssss.... SSSSiiiinnnncccceeee tttthhhheeee ccccaaaavvvviiiittttyyyy ddddiiiiaaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrr iiiissss vvvveeeerrrryyyy llllaaaarrrrggggeeee,,,, tttthhhheeee ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh iiiissss nnnneeeegggglllliiiiggggiiiibbbblllleeee.... HHHHeeeemmmmiiiisssspppphhhheeeerrrriiiiccccaaaallll CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr:::: TTTThhhhiiiissss cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaallllssssoooo ggggiiiivvvveeeessss ssssmmmmaaaallllllll ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh.... HHHHoooowwwweeeevvvveeeerrrr,,,, tttthhhheeee ddddeeeepppptttthhhh ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrr rrrraaaattttiiiioooo ffffoooorrrr aaaa ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddrrrriiiiccccaaaallll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ccccaaaannnn bbbbeeee vvvvaaaarrrriiiieeeedddd ttttoooo ggggiiiivvvveeee aaaannnnyyyy ddddeeeessssiiiirrrreeeedddd ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh ttttoooo ggggiiiivvvveeee bbbbeeeetttttttteeeerrrr ppppeeeerrrrffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaannnncccceeee.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 17. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR CCCCyyyylllliiiinnnnddddrrrriiiiccccaaaallll CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr:::: TTTThhhhiiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn wwwwaaaassss aaaatttttttteeeemmmmpppptttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeecccceeeennnntttt ddddiiiieeeesssseeeellll eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeeessss.... TTTThhhhiiiissss iiiissss aaaa mmmmooooddddiiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddrrrriiiiccccaaaallll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ffffoooorrrrmmmm ooooffff aaaa ttttrrrruuuunnnnccccaaaatttteeeedddd ccccoooonnnneeee wwwwiiiitttthhhh bbbbaaaasssseeee aaaannnngggglllleeee ooooffff 33330000°°°°.... TTTThhhheeee sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll wwwwaaaassss pppprrrroooodddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy mmmmaaaasssskkkkiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee ffffoooorrrr nnnneeeeaaaarrrrllllyyyy 1111888800000 ooooffff cccciiiirrrrccccuuuummmmffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeee.... SSSSqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh ccccaaaannnn aaaallllssssoooo bbbbeeee vvvvaaaarrrriiiieeeedddd bbbbyyyy vvvvaaaarrrryyyyiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ddddeeeepppptttthhhh.... TTTToooorrrrooooiiiiddddaaaallll CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr:::: TTTThhhheeee iiiiddddeeeeaaaa bbbbeeeehhhhiiiinnnndddd tttthhhhiiiissss sssshhhhaaaappppeeee iiiissss ttttoooo pppprrrroooovvvviiiiddddeeee aaaa ppppoooowwwweeeerrrrffffuuuullll ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh aaaalllloooonnnngggg wwwwiiiitttthhhh tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr mmmmoooovvvveeeemmmmeeeennnntttt,,,, ssssiiiimmmmiiiillllaaaarrrr ttttoooo tttthhhhaaaatttt ooooffff tttthhhheeee ffffaaaammmmiiiilllliiiiaaaarrrr ssssmmmmooookkkkeeee rrrriiiinnnngggg,,,, wwwwiiiitttthhhhiiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ttttoooorrrrooooiiiiddddaaaallll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... DDDDuuuueeee ttttoooo ppppoooowwwweeeerrrrffffuuuullll ssssqqqquuuuiiiisssshhhh tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaasssskkkk nnnneeeeeeeeddddeeeedddd oooonnnn iiiinnnnlllleeeetttt vvvvaaaallllvvvveeee iiiissss ssssmmmmaaaallllllll aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeeerrrreeee iiiissss bbbbeeeetttttttteeeerrrr uuuuttttiiiilllliiiissssaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff ooooxxxxyyyyggggeeeennnn.... TTTThhhheeee ccccoooonnnneeee aaaannnngggglllleeee ooooffff sssspppprrrraaaayyyy ffffoooorrrr tttthhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss 111155550000°°°° ttttoooo 111166660000°°°°.... IIIINNNN DDDDIIIIRRRREEEECCCCTTTT IIIINNNNJJJJEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRRSSSS (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU DDDDeeeecccc 00006666////JJJJaaaannnn 00007777)))) AAAA ddddiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeeedddd aaaassss oooonnnneeee iiiinnnn wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ssssppppaaaacccceeee iiiissss ddddiiiivvvviiiiddddeeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo ttttwwwwoooo oooorrrr mmmmoooorrrreeee ddddiiiissssttttiiiinnnncccctttt ccccoooommmmppppaaaarrrrttttmmmmeeeennnnttttssss ccccoooonnnnnnnneeeecccctttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy rrrreeeessssttttrrrriiiicccctttteeeedddd ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeeessss.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeessss ccccoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaabbbblllleeee pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee ddddiiiiffffffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeeessss bbbbeeeettttwwwweeeeeeeennnn tttthhhheeeemmmm dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssss.... (((( VVVVTTTTUUUU DDDDeeeecccc 00006666////JJJJaaaannnn 00007777)))) RRRRiiiiccccaaaarrrrddddoooo’’’’ssss SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll CCCChhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr:::: SSSSwwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ccccoooonnnnssssiiiissssttttssss ooooffff aaaa sssspppphhhheeeerrrriiiiccccaaaallll-sssshhhhaaaappppeeeedddd cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr sssseeeeppppaaaarrrraaaatttteeeedddd ffffrrrroooommmm tttthhhheeee eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd llllooooccccaaaatttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd.... IIIInnnnttttoooo tttthhhhiiiissss cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr,,,, aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 55550000%%%% ooooffff tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr iiiissss ttttrrrraaaannnnssssffffeeeerrrrrrrreeeedddd dddduuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee.... AAAA tttthhhhrrrrooooaaaatttt ccccoooonnnnnnnneeeeccccttttssss tttthhhheeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ttttoooo tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh eeeennnntttteeeerrrrssss tttthhhheeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiinnnn aaaa ttttaaaannnnggggeeeennnnttttiiiiaaaallll ddddiiiirrrreeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ssssoooo tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr ccccoooommmmiiiinnnngggg iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhhiiiissss cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss ggggiiiivvvveeeennnn aaaa ssssttttrrrroooonnnngggg rrrroooottttaaaarrrryyyy mmmmoooovvvveeeemmmmeeeennnntttt iiiinnnnssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeee sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd aaaafffftttteeeerrrr ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn,,,, tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooodddduuuuccccttttssss rrrruuuusssshhhh bbbbaaaacccckkkk iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh ssssaaaammmmeeee tttthhhhrrrrooooaaaatttt aaaatttt mmmmuuuucccchhhh hhhhiiiigggghhhheeeerrrr vvvveeeelllloooocccciiiittttyyyy.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ccccaaaauuuusssseeeessss ccccoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaabbbblllleeee hhhheeeeaaaatttt lllloooossssssss ttttoooo wwwwaaaallllllllssss ooooffff tttthhhheeee ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee wwwwhhhhiiiicccchhhh ccccaaaannnn Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur
  • 18. INTERNAL IIINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAALLL CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN EEEENNNNGGGGIIIINNNNEEEESSSS ((((EEEELLLLEEEECCCCTTTTIIIIVVVVEEEE)))) ((((MMMMEEEE666666667777)))) SSSSIIIIXXXXTTTTHHHH SSSSEEEEMMMMEEEESSSSTTTTEEEERRRR bbbbeeee rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd bbbbyyyy eeeemmmmppppllllooooyyyyiiiinnnngggg aaaa hhhheeeeaaaatttt iiiinnnnssssuuuullllaaaatttteeeedddd ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee.... TTTThhhhiiiissss ttttyyyyppppeeee ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ffffiiiinnnnddddssss iiiittttssss aaaapppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn wwwwhhhheeeerrrreeee ffffuuuueeeellll qqqquuuuaaaalllliiiittttyyyy iiiissss ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuulllltttt ttttoooo ccccoooonnnnttttrrrroooollll,,,, wwwwhhhheeeerrrreeee rrrreeeelllliiiiaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaaddddvvvveeeerrrrsssseeee ccccoooonnnnddddiiiittttiiiioooonnnnssss iiiissss mmmmoooorrrreeee iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt tttthhhhaaaannnn ffffuuuueeeellll eeeeccccoooonnnnoooommmmyyyy.... TTTThhhheeee uuuusssseeee ooooffff ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee hhhhoooolllleeee ooooffff llllaaaarrrrggggeeeerrrr ddddiiiiaaaammmmeeeetttteeeerrrr ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll sssspppprrrraaaayyyy nnnnoooozzzzzzzzlllleeee iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn iiiimmmmppppoooorrrrttttaaaannnntttt ccccoooonnnnssssiiiiddddeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn ffffoooorrrr tttthhhheeee cccchhhhooooiiiicccceeee ooooffff sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr eeeennnnggggiiiinnnneeee.... PPPPRRRREEEE CCCCOOOOMMMMBBBBUUUUSSSSTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN CCCCHHHHAAAAMMMMBBBBEEEERRRRTTTT TTTTyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallll pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ccccoooonnnnssssiiiissssttttssss ooooffff aaaannnn aaaannnnttttiiii cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ccccoooonnnnnnnneeeecccctttteeeedddd ttttoooo tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh aaaa nnnnuuuummmmbbbbeeeerrrr ooooffff ssssmmmmaaaallllllll hhhhoooolllleeeessss ((((ccccoooommmmppppaaaarrrreeeedddd ttttoooo aaaa rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiivvvveeeellllyyyy llllaaaarrrrggggeeee ppppaaaassssssssaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee sssswwwwiiiirrrrllll cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr)))).... TTTThhhheeee pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiissss llllooooccccaaaatttteeeedddd iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr hhhheeeeaaaadddd aaaannnndddd iiiittttssss vvvvoooolllluuuummmmeeee aaaaccccccccoooouuuunnnnttttssss ffffoooorrrr aaaabbbboooouuuutttt 44440000%%%% ooooffff tttthhhheeee ttttoooottttaaaallll ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn,,,, ssssppppaaaacccceeee.... DDDDuuuurrrriiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn ssssttttrrrrooookkkkeeee tttthhhheeee ppppiiiissssttttoooonnnn ffffoooorrrrcccceeeessss tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhheeee pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhheeee ffffuuuueeeellll iiiissss iiiinnnnjjjjeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhheeee pppprrrreeee-cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn iiiissss iiiinnnniiiittttiiiiaaaatttteeeedddd.... TTTThhhheeee rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttiiiinnnngggg pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeee ffffoooorrrrcccceeeessss tttthhhheeee ffffllllaaaammmmiiiinnnngggg ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeettttssss ttttooooggggeeeetttthhhheeeerrrr wwwwiiiitttthhhh ssssoooommmmeeee aaaaiiiirrrr aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeeeiiiirrrr ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn pppprrrroooodddduuuuccccttttssss ttttoooo rrrruuuusssshhhh oooouuuutttt iiiinnnnttttoooo tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ccccyyyylllliiiinnnnddddeeeerrrr aaaatttt hhhhiiiigggghhhh vvvveeeelllloooocccciiiittttyyyy tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhh tttthhhheeee ssssmmmmaaaallllllll hhhhoooolllleeeessss.... TTTThhhhuuuussss iiiitttt ccccrrrreeeeaaaatttteeeessss bbbbooootttthhhh ssssttttrrrroooonnnngggg sssseeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ttttuuuurrrrbbbbuuuulllleeeennnncccceeee aaaannnndddd ddddiiiissssttttrrrriiiibbbbuuuutttteeeessss tttthhhheeee ffffllllaaaammmmiiiinnnngggg ffffuuuueeeellll ddddrrrroooopppplllleeeettttssss tttthhhhrrrroooouuuugggghhhhoooouuuutttt tttthhhheeee aaaaiiiirrrr iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr wwwwhhhheeeerrrreeee bbbbuuuullllkkkk ooooffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn ttttaaaakkkkeeeessss ppppllllaaaacccceeee.... AAAAbbbboooouuuutttt 88880000%%%% ooooffff eeeennnneeeerrrrggggyyyy iiiissss rrrreeeelllleeeeaaaasssseeeedddd iiiinnnn mmmmaaaaiiiinnnn ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhheeee rrrraaaatttteeee ooooffff pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee rrrriiiisssseeee aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee mmmmaaaaxxxxiiiimmmmuuuummmm pppprrrreeeessssssssuuuurrrreeee iiiissss lllloooowwwweeeerrrr ccccoooommmmppppaaaarrrreeeedddd ttttoooo tttthhhhoooosssseeee iiiinnnn ooooppppeeeennnn ttttyyyyppppeeee cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhheeee iiiinnnniiiittttiiiiaaaallll sssshhhhoooocccckkkk iiiiffff ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn iiiissss lllliiiimmmmiiiitttteeeedddd ttttoooo pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr oooonnnnllllyyyy.... TTTThhhheeee pppprrrreeee-ccccoooommmmbbbbuuuussssttttiiiioooonnnn cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr hhhhaaaassss mmmmuuuullllttttiiii ffffuuuueeeellll ccccaaaappppaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy wwwwiiiitttthhhhoooouuuutttt aaaannnnyyyy mmmmooooddddiiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmm bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee tttthhhheeee tttteeeemmmmppppeeeerrrraaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff pppprrrreeee-cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr.... TTTThhhheeee vvvvaaaarrrriiiiaaaattttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ooooppppttttiiiimmmmuuuummmm iiiinnnnjjjjeeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ttttiiiimmmmiiiinnnngggg ffffoooorrrr ppppeeeettttrrrroooollll aaaannnndddd ddddiiiieeeesssseeeellll ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss iiiissss oooonnnnllllyyyy 2222 ddddeeeegggg.... ffffoooorrrr tttthhhhiiiissss cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ccccoooommmmppppaaaarrrreeeedddd ttttoooo 8888 ttttoooo 11110000 ddddeeeegggg iiiinnnn ooootttthhhheeeerrrr cccchhhhaaaammmmbbbbeeeerrrr ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnn.... Jagadeesha T, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagalur