The document discusses beautification and rehabilitation projects. It provides details on: - The process of beautification, which involves planting greenery, adding decorative elements, and replacing broken infrastructure to upgrade areas. - How beautification projects are undertaken by local governments and organizations to boost tourism and commerce. - The planning process for beautification projects, which involves obtaining permissions, organizing volunteers, and scheduling work. - Examples of beautification projects in Swat, like painting over graffiti, constructing gazebos and lights, and beautifying roads. - The process of rehabilitation to repair historic buildings and structures using traditional materials to preserve their character while extending their useful life.

1. Chapter #01
INTRODUCTION
1.1) Beautification:
Beautification is the process of making upgrade or civilized to a person,
place. This most often involves planting trees, flowers, and other greenery like grass and
green belts, but frequently also includes adding decorative or historic-style street or roads
side, boundary walls of government offices, schools and college walls lights and replacing
broken pavement, often with brick or other materials like tuff tiles, concrete pavement.
Old-fashioned cobblestones are sometimes used for pedestrian walks like walking tracks
and jogging track; they provide walking and jogging facilities and the additional benefit of
slowing motorists.
Beautification projects are often undertaken by city councils as well as
works department like Communication and Works, Public Health Engineer Department,
Tehsil Municipal Administration, Irrigation and WAPDA to refurnish their downtown areas,
in order to boost tourism, hoteling or other commerce. This is also spurred by broken
sidewalks, which make a safety hazard for pedestrians and potentially objectionable
obstacles for wheelchair users as well as for disable person and children’s. These projects
are frequently part of other special projects such as construction, especially in city area
with ones for transit, such as streets and roads and mass transit.
Community beautification should be high on government agenda as a
neighborhood or local organization. Simple projects range from planting some pretty
flowers, trees, grass as well as plantation of fruits trees or shrubs to painting planters,
benches, sign posts, picnic spot, advertisement screen, bus stop or whatever is beginning to
look a bit tired. Volunteer-led projects such as these are one of the quickest ways to inspire
and attract more community spirit, socializing, and action & visitor to the city.
1.1.1) Planning of Beautification Project:
a) Mostly Beautification is planned by the local MPAs with the help of
provisional government and they contact local authorities to determine
whether you have permission to beautify the selected area in this the district
governments or other works department can help you.
The part land which he/she want to beautify may have an
owner who is either appreciate or receptive to your idea. You need to know
before planning on private property, no matter how it make from

2. unattractive to how attractive it may be. In the case of private owned land,
permission is also needed.
b) While launching a beautification project within a city you first find out if
there is community help for your project. Your city may welcome your
picking up trash on the banks of river. If you, find out whether the Public
Works Department can help you with trash containers or not and find out
how your community handles a volunteer being in case of emergency.
c) While launching a beautification project within a city you first organize
volunteers group from the locals of the area. Volunteers work best when
routine tasks are clearly outlined ahead of time and the supplies they need
are ready at hand and schedule work shifts, purchase supplies, publicize the
event, offer refreshments, and thank those who helped.
d) While selected the volunteer groups for community beautification, be sure to
the selected volunteers should contact like the local garden club, scout troops
and youth service organizations.
e) Schedule your event to in such a way that there have maximized volunteer
participation: in a busy community, this may mean doing sports and other
community events. Since beautification projects are often weather-
dependent, plan a rain date or reschedule the rainy day.
f) Make a good deal of time in the last few days before closing an event
answering questions, making sure of supplies martials or man power, and
reminding volunteers of their routine tasks.
g) Preparations for any necessary work first, make certain ideas or plans that
all participating volunteers are thanked, whether by note, phone call, emails
or other means. (Sending pictures of volunteers to local papers with a
caption describing the project sometimes works.) Second, coordinate with
the team of volunteers for follow-up. Consider review back on your project
on a seasonal or semi-annual basis.
1.1.2) Planning of Beautification Project Swat:
The Department of Public Works (i.e Communication & Works
Department, Public Health Engineering Department & Irrigation Department), Office of
Community Beautification provides support to individuals and groups developing
beautification projects in their communities & Cities;
a) Paint-Out Graffiti:
In Beautification of a city it a new idea to paint out the graffiti in the
famous buildings, points, cross over & Chowks within the city. The Office of
Community Beautification (OCB) is to provide & support supplies to eliminate
recurrent graffiti on private property to the community members. In this regard the
volunteer provide a 5-gallon container of paint and in generic colors.

3. b) Construction of Gazeebo Solar Garden Lights:
In Beautification project of a city installation of
Gazebos, Horticulture maps on existing walls at main area of a city, Group lavatories
at different places of a city, construction of street i.e (tuff tiles, installation of rubber
tile & walking tracks), waiting Sheds & installation of Solar garden lights on streets
& road of city will enhance the beauty of a city.
c) Beautification of Existing Walls:
In Beautification project of a city the existing old
walls of the government properties which complete his life period can be reconstruct
or rectify ta a new design walls. The result of this when the resident of the city as
well as the visitor to the city will be much impressed from this new design walls &
we will also provide a historical touch to the design which provide a idea to people to

4. seek about his history.
d) Beautification of Sports Ground:
In the Beautification project of swat we

5. provide an idea about to develop the only cricket & football ground of swat which is
famous on “Grassy Ground”. In the scope of work of this project “Leveling of ground
& turf marking, logging of tube well, construction of changing room & mosque,
seating & shed, flags, flood lights, car parking , boundary walls, fencing & gates”.
e) Beautification of Roads
intersections:
In the Beautification project of swat
we will provide an idea about to
construct a monument at different
intersection of roads.

6. 1.2) Rehabilitation:
Rehabilitation is the act or process of making possible a compatible or
serviceable use for a property through repair and maintenance, alterations, and additions
while preserving those part, portions or features which convey its ordinary use, historical,
cultural, or architectural values of a building.
Rehabilitation is branch of engineering in which the systematic process
or application of engineering sciences to design, develop, adaption of techniques, test,
evaluate, apply, and distribute technological solutions for problems controlled by
individuals with disabilities. The basic aims of rehabilitation to promote the theory and
practice of civil engineering science and technology, innovation of new idea, engineering
and management.
In Rehabilitation, historic building like mosque, museum, places and
materials and character-defining features are protected and maintained as they are in the
key Preservation; however, the techniques is made prior to work that existing historic
fabric has become damaged or crack to deteriorated with over time and, as a result, special
repair and replacement will be required. Thus, latitude is given in the Standards for
Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitation to replace highly deteriorated, damaged, or
missing features or items using either traditional, new develop or substitute materials.
Rehabilitation takes as a very key role for the safe preservation of our
historical places, religious places, and archeological resume. Without rehabilitation the
resume in the world will be disappear from the world in very less time.
1.2.1) Why Rehabilitation is Necessary:
Rehabilitation or Repair is the technical aspect which refers
to the identification of a structure partly or wholly which is damaged or dismantled in
appearance and serviceability. Rehabilitation process consists of restoring the structure to
serviceable and comfortable level, it once had and that too at with low cost. The
rehabilitation makes restoration of structural system as close to the original configurations
as same as possible. The structures in distress are to be brought in line and require
strength and durability so that they could be put back in serviceable without endangering
losses in their safety and utility of structure like building, road, bridge etc.
The basic aims of rehabilitation work would be as under:
• To prevent harmful development and to restore the integrity of the structure and
to provide effective protection to the structure.
• To improve or enhance functional utility and service life of the structure.
• To reduce distress and remove or reduce defects which make hazards to life and
affect in losing in durability of a structure.

7. • To improve the aesthetic appearance of the structure.
The following are some small techniques for rehabilitation of structural damaged
portion to repair it;
• Use of steel reinforcement in the damaged or crack regions to increase the load
carrying capacity of the structure.
• Removal of the corroded steel bars or section and damaged cement concrete and
their substitution by fresh materials of the same type with rich ratio of cement.
• Use of epoxy and extra rich mortar along or in combination with the above
mentioned two methods.
• Use of ferrocement in the damaged portion to restore and enhance the
performance & durability of the structure.
1.2.2) Standard for Rehabilitation:
a. A property will be used as it was historically, culturally, architecturally or be given a
new use that requires nominal change to its distinctive materials, features, spaces,
and mutual relationships.
b. The historic character of a property or building will be retained or maintained and
preserved. The removal of old or distinctive materials or alteration of features,
spaces, and mutual relationships that characterize a property will be avoided or
minimized as same as possible.
c. Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use.
Changes that create a false sense of historical or religious development, such as
adding conjectural features or elements and new technological feature from other
historic properties, is not be undertaken.
d. Every property has its own historical religious value in mind of people. Its own right
will be preserved and maintained as they have in original status.
e. Distinctive materials like bricks, design wall, features like graffiti, finishes, and
construction techniques or examples of draftsmanship that characterize of a
property will be preserved.
f. Deteriorated historic features are to be repaired rather than replaced. If design of
the building is disturbed by old item which cannot be in same size, color, design,
texture, as same as possible and where possible, materials. Replacement of missing
features will be replaced or maintained from picture, documentary and physical
evidence.
g. Chemical or physical treatments, if necessary, will be undertaken using the easiest,
gentlest or safest means possible. Treatments that cause damage to distinctive
materials will not be allowed.

8. h. Archeological resources will be protected firstly and preserved in safe place. If such
resources must be disturbed, preventive measures will be undertaken.
i. New additions, exterior alterations, or related new construction will not destroy
historic value of materials, features, and spatial relationships that characterize the
property. The new work will be differentiated from the old and will be compatible
or same with the historic materials, features, size, color, scale and proportion, and
massing to protect the integrity of the property and its environment.
1.2.3) Rehabilitation Techniques:
The success of repair activity depends on the identification of
the root cause of the deterioration of the damaged structures. If this cause is properly
identified, satisfactory repairs can be done for the improvement of enhancing the strength
and durability of the structure, to increase the life of the structure, is not difficult to
achieve. General procedure in the repair of distressed structure is follow:
• Support the structural members properly as required by different method like
shoring.
• Remove all cracked, loose and spelled material.
• Clean the exposed damaged surfaces and steel reinforcement.
• Provide additional or extra reinforcing bars, if the loss in corroded reinforcement is
more than 10% as original reinforcement.
• Apply shortcrete, cement plaster, cement grout on the damaged portion of the
structure with proper proportion of concrete, mortar etc.
• Apply protective coatings like paint, asphalt and polythene sheets over the exposed
surface repaired structure.
The following are some rehabilitation techniques:
1.2.3.1) Gunite & Shot Crete:
Guniting is mechanically applied sprayed material consisting of cement,
aggregates (fine and aggregate) generally fine aggregate and water. The cement and sand
are batched and mixed in the usual way and conveyed through a hose pipe with the help of
hot compressed air. Separate pipe line supply water under pressure and the water and
cement aggregate mixed and passed through and intimately mixed in a special ratio and
then projected at very high velocity to the surface being repaired.
In good quality work, a density around 1850 to 2100kg/m3 will be achieved.
For effective shotcrete or guniting, the nozzle should be kept at 60cm to 150cm from the
work normal to the surface. Before shotcreting / guniting is applied, the old concrete
surface is prepared properly, all the cracks or patches treated and the new steel
reinforcement fixed in position. Cracks wider than about 0.5 mm should be cut out and will
be filled with hand-applied mortar or with gunite.

9. 1.2.3.2) Muting and Sealing:
This is the simplest and most common method of crack points and repair. It
can be applied or executed with relatively unskilled labor and can be used to seal both
small pattern cracks and larger isolated cracks. This involves enlarging the crack along its
shiner face and sealing it with crack fillers. Intensive care should be observed to ensure
that the entire crack is routed and sealed with filler materials.
1.2.3.3) Resin Injection:
Epoxy resins are usually selected for crack injection because of their high
mechanical strength and resistance to most chemical environments like acidic rain, waste
water from marble factories and septic water encountered by concrete. Epoxies are rigid
like concrete and not suitable for active large cracks. This method is used to restore its
structural soundness of members like beam, column and slab where cracks are small or can
be prevented from further movements.
1.2.3.4) Underpinning:
Underpinning is the process or method of strengthening and stabilizing the
failed foundation of an existing building or other structure. Foundation underpinning is a
means of transferring loads from soil to deeper bedrock. Firstly from underpinning the
structural member of building should be supported with help of shoring to maintain safety
of people or residence of buildings.
1.3) Reconstruction:
Reconstruction is the process making a country back into
a good condition after a war, flood, earthquake or other natural or war activity takes place.
Reconstruction is very necessary after the any disaster or emergency activity in the area.
Reconstruction has always been one of the most important issues
for those with an interest in the material confirmation of the past. The need to make whole
again a valued building or work of art that is incomplete is a very strong one, similar in
some ways to the desire to improve or correct someone. Both involve a strong desire to see
an object that is complete and essential to one’s own satisfaction, rather than tolerate a
creative work that has been dismissed in its intelligibility.
1.3.1) Guidelines for Reconstruction:
a. A good reconstruction policy helps to make good communities, communications and
empowers people to rebuild their housing.
b. Reconstruction starts the after the day of any natural disaster.
c. Community members should be partners in policy making within the local elected
MPA and local administration.
d. Reconstruction policy and plans should be financially realistic to decrease the
chances of disaster risk reduction.

10. e. Reconstruction reduces institutions matter and coordination among the people and
improves outcomes.
f. Reconstruction creates opportunity to plan for the future and to improve the past.
g. Assessment and monitoring may improve reconstruction outcomes.
h. Reconstruction must be planned for the long term development.
1.3.2) Justification for Reconstruction:
For justification a number have been given for the reconstruction of buildings
that are known primarily from excavated evidence:
1.3.2.1) National symbolic value:
Reconstruction played an important role in the country’s history, or
was associated with an outstanding figure and make sure that safety of historical places
like monuments etc to make attract the old buildings especially in city area.
1.3.2.2) Continuing function or Re-use of Structure:
The reconstructed building can make possible for different as its
previous function as well as new different function. Rarely damaged are excavated
buildings reconstructed to possible their previous or original function. Buildings that have
been extensively reconstructed from archaeological evidence and make it for tourist
purpose use.
1.3.2.3) Education and Research:
The process of reconstruction may be a rewarding research project, and
the resulting building is an important didactic activity for tourist. ‘Tourist loves them’. If
interpreted broadly, this justification holds true for the great majority of reconstructed
sites. Whatever the early motivation for it, a reconstructed building has the potential to
have a high educational and research value. The process of researching, testing and
building unfailingly leads to a good understanding of the past by specialists. Non-specialists
benefit from the new knowledge gain during the process and from viewing the built
embodiment of it.
1.3.2.4) Tourism Promotion:
A reconstructed building can attract tourism and thus generate income
for the public or private authorities that manage it. With the help of tourism the job
opportunity may be increase in the area.

11. 1.3.2.5) Site preservation:
Reconstruction, by showing that the site is being actively used in
operation, helps protect it from development pressures; alternatively, it may serve to
stabilize precarious ruined structures. If a salvage excavation has takes place in advance of
commercial development, rehabilitation, reconstructing the building whose foundations
have been excavated can prevent the alternative development going ahead in the city.