Chapter 8
Organizational Ethics And The Law
There are lots of important concepts in this chapter, be sure to read it and take notes, as some are sure to be on the final exam.
Learning Objectives
Describe corporate structure.
Describe a code of ethics for organizations.
Discuss organizational misconduct.
Explain respondeat superior and corporate negligence.
Describe corporate duties and responsibilities.
Describe strategies to restore organizational trust.
Corporate Authority
Healthcare organizations are incorporated under state law.
Governing body.
Duties and responsibilities:
Described in a corporation’s articles of incorporation.
Day-to-day operations are delegated to the CEO.
Fiduciary Responsibility
Express corporate authority
Delegated by statute
Implied corporate authority
Corporate powers not specifically granted in articles of incorporation
Ultra vires acts
Acting beyond scope of authority
Corporate Ethics
Promote responsible behavior
Mission, vision, and values
Build trust
Increase awareness of ethical issues
Provide staff
Code of ethics
Training and education
Commitment by organization’s leadership
Corporate Compliance Program (1 of 2)
Appoint compliance officer.
Develop standards of conduct.
Assign duties, authority, and responsibility.
Communication and education.
Implement monitoring and auditing systems.
Corporate Compliance Program (2 of 2)
Consistency in enforcement of policies and procedures.
Reasonable steps in response to offenses.
Annual audit of compliance program.
Integrity and effectiveness.
Maintain management trust on all levels.
Unprofessional Conduct
Trust and integrity lacking
False advertisements
Concealing mistakes
Surgical procedure cover-up
Appearance may not be reality
Truthfulness in Advertising
Hospitals advertise their quality by how well a third party evaluates them.
Often a brief and cursory 3- to 5-day visit
Scores as high as 100 were often posted on billboards and/or in local newspapers.
One young lady told me, “This hospital [in a small rural town] scored 100. they have the nerve to publish this. They killed my mom. I wouldn’t take my dog there.”
Corporate Negligence
Occurs when a corporation fails to perform duties and responsibilities it owes directly patients, visitors, and staff.
If a duty is breached and a patient is injured as a result of that breach, the corporation can be liable for a patient’s injuries under the theory of corporate negligence.
Benchmark Darling Case
In Darling v. Charleston Community Memorial Hospital, the court enunciated a “corporate negligence doctrine” under which hospitals have a duty, for example, to provide adequately trained medical and nursing staff.
Respondeat Superior
Legal doctrine holding employers liable for wrongful acts of their employees.
Doctrine also referred to as vicarious liability.
For liability to be imputed to the employer:
A master–servant relationship must exist between the employer and the employee. ...
CORPORATE NEGLIGENCE There are duties that the corporation.docxvanesaburnand
CORPORATE NEGLIGENCE
There are duties that the corporation itself owes to the general public and to its patients.
These duties arise from statutes, regulations, principles of law developed by the courts,
and the internal operating rules of the organization. If a corporation has a duty and fails
in the exercise of that duty, it has the same liability to the injured party as an individual
would have.
Corporate negligence is a doctrine under which the hospital is liable if it fails to uphold the
proper standard of care owed the patient, which is to ensure the patient’s safety and well-
being while at the hospital. This theory of liability creates a nondelegable duty which the
hospital owes directly to a patient. Therefore, an injured party does not have to rely on and
establish the negligence of a third party.6
Corporate negligence occurs when a health care corporation fails to perform those
duties it owes directly to a patient or to anyone else to whom a duty may extend. If such
a duty is breached and a patient is injured as a result of that breach, the organization
can be held culpable under the theory of corporate negligence.
Liability extends to nonemployees who act as a hospital’s ostensible agents. For
example, inThompson v. Nason Hospital,7 a Pennsylvania court recognized that
hospitals are more than mere conduits through which health care professionals are
brought into contact with patients. Hospitals owe some nondelegable duties directly to
their patients independent of the negligence of their employees, such as duties to use
reasonable care in the maintenance of safe and adequate facilities and equipment; select
and retain only competent physicians; oversee all persons who practice medicine within
their walls as to patient care; and formulate, adopt, and enforce adequate rules and
policies to ensure quality care for their patients.
CASE: DARLING—
HEALTH CARE’S BENCHMARK CASE
https://jigsaw.vitalsource.com/books/9781449685065/content/id/ch08fn06
https://jigsaw.vitalsource.com/books/9781449685065/content/id/ch08fn07
In 1965, the landmark case Darling v. Charleston Community Memorial Hospital had a
major impact on the liability of health care organizations.8 The court enunciated a
“corporate negligence doctrine” under which hospitals have a duty to provide adequately
trained medical and nursing staff. A hospital is responsible, in conjunction with its
medical staff, for establishing policies and procedures for monitoring the quality of
medicine practiced within the hospital.
Darling involved an 18-year-old college football player who was preparing for a career
as a teacher and coach. The patient, a defensive halfback for his college football team,
was injured during a play. He was rushed to the emergency department of a small,
accredited community hospital where the only physician on emergency duty that day
was Dr. Alexander, a general practitioner. Alexander had no.
this is the scenaro this is a discussion not a paperHSA515 Wee.docxshandicollingwood
this is the scenaro this is a discussion not a paper
HSA515 Week 4 Scenario Script:
Health Care Policy, Law, and Ethics -
Civil Procedures, Practices and Corporate Structure
Slide #
Scene/Interaction
Narration
Slide 1
Scene 1: Exterior Strayer University Building/Classroom
Slide 2
Scene 2
Professor Charles enters classroom and introduces the topics for today’s lesson and begins the lecture.
Prof Charles
: Hello everyone….welcome back to class. Today, we are going to discuss civil procedures, practices, and corporate structure.
Trials, especially jury trials, are vital to fostering the respect of the public in the civil justice system. Trials do not represent the failure of the system. This class is important in understanding the law as it applies to the courtroom. Although many of the procedures leading up to and followed during a trial will be discussed, civil procedures and trial practice are governed by each state’s statutory requirements. Cases on a federal level are governed by federal statutory requirements.
The pleadings of a case are the written statements of fact and law filed with a court by the parties to a lawsuit. The
complaint
is the first pleading in a lawsuit that is filed by the plaintiff. A
demurrer
is a pleading filed by a defendant challenging the legal sufficiency of a complaint. An
answer
to a complaint is a pleading, which admits or denies the specific allegations set forth in the complaint and constitutes a general appearance by a defendant. A
bill of particulars
is a request for a written itemization of the claims, which a defendant can demand from the plaintiff to determine what the details of a claim are. A defendant may also file a cross-compliant and bring other parties into a law suit by the process.
Let’s first discuss the summons and complaint. Who can tell us what a summons and a complaint are?
Casey:
A summon is a service of process on a defendant and a return to the court of that process by the person who served it. In other words, it is when an issue has been called in the courts to come back together. And, Wow, a complaint
is any formal legal document that is issued by the plantiff to hopefully supports a claim against someone or a group.
Donald
: A first pleading filed with the court in a negligence action is the complaint. The complaint identifies the parties to a suit, states a cause of action, and includes a demand for damages. The complaint is filed by the plaintiff and is the first statement of a case by the plaintiff against the defendant.
Prof. Charles
: Absolutely… What specific formalities must be observed in the service of a summons for proper jurisdiction?
Casey
: The formalities dictate the manner in which a summons is to be delivered, the period within which service must be effected, and the geographical limitations which service must be made. Where the service cannot be possible, the action may have to be brought into a different court.
Prof. Charles
: What may the.
Chapter 3
Tort Law−Negligence
Learning Objectives
Describe what a tort is and the objectives of tort law.
Define negligence and explain the distinction between negligence and malpractice.
Explain how the commission and omission of an act differ.
Explain the elements necessary to prove a negligence case.
Describe the importance of foreseeability in a negligence case.
Tort Law
Definition
A tort is a civil wrong, other than a breach of contract, committed against a person or property (real or personal) for which a court provides a remedy in the form of an action for damages.
What are the objectives of tort law?
Objectives of Tort Law
Preservation: Of peace between individuals
Culpability: Find fault for wrongdoing
Deterrence: To discourage the wrongdoer (tort-feasor) from committing future wrongful acts
Compensation: To indemnify injured person(s)
What are the three basic categories of tort law?
Negligence
Negligence is a tort.
It is the “unintentional” commission or omission of an act that a reasonably prudent person would or would not do under given circumstances.
What is commission of an act?
Commission of an Act
Administering the wrong medication
Administering the wrong dosage of a medication
Administering medication to the wrong patient
Performing a surgical procedure without patient consent
Performing a surgical procedure on the wrong patient or body part
Performing the wrong surgical procedure
What is omission of an act?
Omission of an Act
Failing to conduct a thorough history and physical examination
Failing to assess and reassess a patient’s nutritional needs
Failing to administer medications
Failing to order diagnostic tests
Failing to follow up on abnormal test results
Failing to conduct a time-out prior to surgery
What is malpractice?
Malpractice
Negligence or carelessness of a professional person
Nurse practitioner, pharmacist, physician, physician’s assistant
For example: A surgeon who conducts a surgical procedure on the wrong body part
What is criminal negligence?
Criminal Negligence
“Reckless disregard” for the safety of another
Willful indifference to injury that could follow an act
What are three forms of negligence?
Forms of Negligence
Malfeasance
Misfeasance
Nonfeasance
What is malfeasance?
Malfeasance
Execution of an unlawful or improper act
For example: Performing a partial birth abortion in the third trimester when prohibited by law
What is misfeasance?
Misfeasance
Improper performance of an act
For example: Wrong-sided surgery, such as the removal of a healthy kidney instead of the diseased right kidney
What is nonfeasance?
Nonfeasance
Failure to act when there is a duty to act
For example: Failing to order diagnostic tests or prescribe medications that should have been ordered or prescribed under the circumstances
What are two degrees of negligence?
Degrees of Negligence
Slight: Minor ...
CORPORATE NEGLIGENCE There are duties that the corporation.docxvanesaburnand
CORPORATE NEGLIGENCE
There are duties that the corporation itself owes to the general public and to its patients.
These duties arise from statutes, regulations, principles of law developed by the courts,
and the internal operating rules of the organization. If a corporation has a duty and fails
in the exercise of that duty, it has the same liability to the injured party as an individual
would have.
Corporate negligence is a doctrine under which the hospital is liable if it fails to uphold the
proper standard of care owed the patient, which is to ensure the patient’s safety and well-
being while at the hospital. This theory of liability creates a nondelegable duty which the
hospital owes directly to a patient. Therefore, an injured party does not have to rely on and
establish the negligence of a third party.6
Corporate negligence occurs when a health care corporation fails to perform those
duties it owes directly to a patient or to anyone else to whom a duty may extend. If such
a duty is breached and a patient is injured as a result of that breach, the organization
can be held culpable under the theory of corporate negligence.
Liability extends to nonemployees who act as a hospital’s ostensible agents. For
example, inThompson v. Nason Hospital,7 a Pennsylvania court recognized that
hospitals are more than mere conduits through which health care professionals are
brought into contact with patients. Hospitals owe some nondelegable duties directly to
their patients independent of the negligence of their employees, such as duties to use
reasonable care in the maintenance of safe and adequate facilities and equipment; select
and retain only competent physicians; oversee all persons who practice medicine within
their walls as to patient care; and formulate, adopt, and enforce adequate rules and
policies to ensure quality care for their patients.
CASE: DARLING—
HEALTH CARE’S BENCHMARK CASE
https://jigsaw.vitalsource.com/books/9781449685065/content/id/ch08fn06
https://jigsaw.vitalsource.com/books/9781449685065/content/id/ch08fn07
In 1965, the landmark case Darling v. Charleston Community Memorial Hospital had a
major impact on the liability of health care organizations.8 The court enunciated a
“corporate negligence doctrine” under which hospitals have a duty to provide adequately
trained medical and nursing staff. A hospital is responsible, in conjunction with its
medical staff, for establishing policies and procedures for monitoring the quality of
medicine practiced within the hospital.
Darling involved an 18-year-old college football player who was preparing for a career
as a teacher and coach. The patient, a defensive halfback for his college football team,
was injured during a play. He was rushed to the emergency department of a small,
accredited community hospital where the only physician on emergency duty that day
was Dr. Alexander, a general practitioner. Alexander had no.
this is the scenaro this is a discussion not a paperHSA515 Wee.docxshandicollingwood
this is the scenaro this is a discussion not a paper
HSA515 Week 4 Scenario Script:
Health Care Policy, Law, and Ethics -
Civil Procedures, Practices and Corporate Structure
Slide #
Scene/Interaction
Narration
Slide 1
Scene 1: Exterior Strayer University Building/Classroom
Slide 2
Scene 2
Professor Charles enters classroom and introduces the topics for today’s lesson and begins the lecture.
Prof Charles
: Hello everyone….welcome back to class. Today, we are going to discuss civil procedures, practices, and corporate structure.
Trials, especially jury trials, are vital to fostering the respect of the public in the civil justice system. Trials do not represent the failure of the system. This class is important in understanding the law as it applies to the courtroom. Although many of the procedures leading up to and followed during a trial will be discussed, civil procedures and trial practice are governed by each state’s statutory requirements. Cases on a federal level are governed by federal statutory requirements.
The pleadings of a case are the written statements of fact and law filed with a court by the parties to a lawsuit. The
complaint
is the first pleading in a lawsuit that is filed by the plaintiff. A
demurrer
is a pleading filed by a defendant challenging the legal sufficiency of a complaint. An
answer
to a complaint is a pleading, which admits or denies the specific allegations set forth in the complaint and constitutes a general appearance by a defendant. A
bill of particulars
is a request for a written itemization of the claims, which a defendant can demand from the plaintiff to determine what the details of a claim are. A defendant may also file a cross-compliant and bring other parties into a law suit by the process.
Let’s first discuss the summons and complaint. Who can tell us what a summons and a complaint are?
Casey:
A summon is a service of process on a defendant and a return to the court of that process by the person who served it. In other words, it is when an issue has been called in the courts to come back together. And, Wow, a complaint
is any formal legal document that is issued by the plantiff to hopefully supports a claim against someone or a group.
Donald
: A first pleading filed with the court in a negligence action is the complaint. The complaint identifies the parties to a suit, states a cause of action, and includes a demand for damages. The complaint is filed by the plaintiff and is the first statement of a case by the plaintiff against the defendant.
Prof. Charles
: Absolutely… What specific formalities must be observed in the service of a summons for proper jurisdiction?
Casey
: The formalities dictate the manner in which a summons is to be delivered, the period within which service must be effected, and the geographical limitations which service must be made. Where the service cannot be possible, the action may have to be brought into a different court.
Prof. Charles
: What may the.
Chapter 3
Tort Law−Negligence
Learning Objectives
Describe what a tort is and the objectives of tort law.
Define negligence and explain the distinction between negligence and malpractice.
Explain how the commission and omission of an act differ.
Explain the elements necessary to prove a negligence case.
Describe the importance of foreseeability in a negligence case.
Tort Law
Definition
A tort is a civil wrong, other than a breach of contract, committed against a person or property (real or personal) for which a court provides a remedy in the form of an action for damages.
What are the objectives of tort law?
Objectives of Tort Law
Preservation: Of peace between individuals
Culpability: Find fault for wrongdoing
Deterrence: To discourage the wrongdoer (tort-feasor) from committing future wrongful acts
Compensation: To indemnify injured person(s)
What are the three basic categories of tort law?
Negligence
Negligence is a tort.
It is the “unintentional” commission or omission of an act that a reasonably prudent person would or would not do under given circumstances.
What is commission of an act?
Commission of an Act
Administering the wrong medication
Administering the wrong dosage of a medication
Administering medication to the wrong patient
Performing a surgical procedure without patient consent
Performing a surgical procedure on the wrong patient or body part
Performing the wrong surgical procedure
What is omission of an act?
Omission of an Act
Failing to conduct a thorough history and physical examination
Failing to assess and reassess a patient’s nutritional needs
Failing to administer medications
Failing to order diagnostic tests
Failing to follow up on abnormal test results
Failing to conduct a time-out prior to surgery
What is malpractice?
Malpractice
Negligence or carelessness of a professional person
Nurse practitioner, pharmacist, physician, physician’s assistant
For example: A surgeon who conducts a surgical procedure on the wrong body part
What is criminal negligence?
Criminal Negligence
“Reckless disregard” for the safety of another
Willful indifference to injury that could follow an act
What are three forms of negligence?
Forms of Negligence
Malfeasance
Misfeasance
Nonfeasance
What is malfeasance?
Malfeasance
Execution of an unlawful or improper act
For example: Performing a partial birth abortion in the third trimester when prohibited by law
What is misfeasance?
Misfeasance
Improper performance of an act
For example: Wrong-sided surgery, such as the removal of a healthy kidney instead of the diseased right kidney
What is nonfeasance?
Nonfeasance
Failure to act when there is a duty to act
For example: Failing to order diagnostic tests or prescribe medications that should have been ordered or prescribed under the circumstances
What are two degrees of negligence?
Degrees of Negligence
Slight: Minor ...
Module 3 Code of Ethics (Professional Ethics)Nancy Girdhar
Principle of Ethics
Compliance based and values based code of ethics
Professional obligation
Role of regulatory authority
Respect for Privacy
Confidentiality
Inform Consent and debriefing
You have been working on this project for weeks, and now it is twalthamcoretta
You have been working on this project for weeks, and now it is time to submit your final version. This should be a complete, polished artifact that contains all of the required critical elements and incorporates the feedback you received from your instructor on Milestones One and Two. This is your opportunity to shine!
To complete this assignment, review the
Final Project I Guidelines and Rubric
document.
Note:
This activity is one of many that will contribute to the completion of the final projects. See the
Final Project Assignment Table
for more information.
Healthcare professionals must have a strong working knowledge of ethics and law to be competent and successful. A qualified professional knows how to provide safe, quality healthcare to a population of culturally diverse consumers. To address the needs of all patients, you can apply models such as shared decision making, where patients are encouraged to share their preferences and needs. The application of this model requires that healthcare professionals know how to apply ethical theories such as patient autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and fidelity when caring for patients. On a daily basis, healthcare professionals face ethical dilemmas involving patients and colleagues. Understanding how to effectively apply the code of ethics in your field, and various other codes of professional conduct, is an important skill required of all healthcare professionals. By applying ethical decision making, you positively impact the delivery of safe, quality healthcare. Under certain circumstances, healthcare professionals can be sued by patients for malpractice; it is more common for physicians to be sued when patients are injured or die as a result of their medical care. Healthcare professionals need a clear understanding of the elements of medical malpractice (standard of care, breach, causation, and damages) and how they are applied by a judge in a court of law. Healthcare professionals play a critical role due to the nature of their relationship with both patients and physicians. To remain competent and grow in the field, healthcare professionals are expected to understand how their professional responsibility includes a wide-ranging accountability to self, their profession, their patients, and the public. Your final case study for this course will require you to analyze a court decision in which a physician was found liable for medical malpractice. You will focus on facts pertaining to the medical standard of care, breach of care, and causation, and explain how they were applied to law. You will then use the facts of the case to identify an ethics issue and determine an ethical theory that would help provide a safe, quality healthcare experience for the patient. Next, you will apply a clinician–patient shared decision-making model to describe how the ethics issue could be resolved. You will also include a discussion about possible violations of the code of ethics in you ...
You are a corporate compliance officer for a hospital. You are al.docxmaryettamckinnel
You are a corporate compliance officer for a hospital. You are also a feature writer for
The Medical Reporter
, an online health magazine. The editor asks you to write an 8-10 page feature story about the steps you should take when fraud and abuse cases are reported to a facility. This is very timely as you recently received a call on your “hotline” regarding a potential fraud and abuse issue. The caller indicated that Dr. Greedy was billing for services that had not been provided. You are in danger of losing reimbursement for Medicare and Medicaid programs if this behavior is not stopped. Your feature should address the ethical and moral components that healthcare providers and healthcare facilities face with fraud and abuse issues. Your research should include the following aspects:
How to conduct an investigation. It should include the following elements:
Reviewing the initial complaint: What are the items you should look for in a compliant to determine validity?
Notifying the appropriate upper management of the complaint unless they are implicated in the complaint: What are the steps to take to determine who is involved?
Obtaining additional information as necessary and developing a plan for the investigation: What other items are important to the investigation?
Conducting interviews with staff, residents and/or management: Delineate the types of questions to ask in the interview.
Determining if the allegations are substantiated or unsubstantiated: Identify criteria to determine if substantiated or unsubstantiated.
How to develop a correction action plan. The plan may suggest:
A recommendation for a subsequent audit or follow-up to the complaint and determination of when this is necessary.
A recommendation to refund any overpayments to federal government, insurance company or individual payer and when that may be the best course of action.
Assignment 1 Grading Criteria
Discussed the process for reviewing the initial healthcare fraud and abuse complaint and the items to look for to determine validity.
Explained the steps to take to determine who is involved in the complaint.
Discussed how to obtain additional information to develop a plan for the investigation and the items, which would be important to the investigation.
Explained how to conduct interviews with staff, residents and/or management and the types of questions to ask in the interview.
Identified the criteria to determine if the allegations are substantiated or unsubstantiated.
Explained how to determine when a recommendation for a subsequent audit or follow-up to the complaint is necessary.
Discussed the best course of action when a recommendation to refund any overpayments to federal government, insurance company or individual payer is warranted.
Written Components:
Style:
Tone, audience, and word choice
Organization:
Introduction, transitions, and conclusion
Usage and Mechanics:
Grammar, spelling, and sentence structure
APA Elements:
I.
this is the scenariothis is a discussion I need a paragraph under .docxshandicollingwood
this is the scenario
this is a discussion I need a paragraph under each topic; about 300 words for each paragraph
HSA515 Week 3 Scenario Script:
Health Care Policy, Law, and Ethics -
Criminal Aspects of Health Care and Antitrust
Slide #
Scene/Interaction
Narration
Slide 1
Scene 1
Professor Charles enters classroom and introduces the topics for today’s lesson and begins the lecture.
Prof Charles
: Hello everyone….welcome back to class. Today, we are going to discuss criminal law, antitrust, and health care….
In an effort to provide you a review of criminal law as it relates to the healthcare industry, I will begin with the procedural aspects of criminal law as well as a an overview of cases that have occurred in health care facilities.
A
crime
is any social harm defined and made punishable by law. The objectives of criminal law are to maintain public order and safety. Crimes are generally classified as misdemeanors or felonies. A misdemeanor is an offense punishable by less than one year in jail and/or a fine ( for example, petty larceny). A felony is a much more serious crime (for example, rape and murder) and is generally punishable by imprisonment.
Let’s first discuss criminal procedure which regulates the process for addressing violations of criminal law. Who can describe the process of arrest and arraignment?
Casey:
Prosecution usually begins with a police arrest or a warrant for an arrest. The arraignment is a formal reading of the
accusatory instrument,
a document which accuses the defendant of an offense and includes the setting of bail.
Donald
: I would agree, but I would add that after the charges are read the defendant pleads
guilty
or
not guilty
. Then the court sets bail, if any, and the judge sets a date for the defendant to return to court.
Prof. Charles
: Absolutely.
What happens after the arraignment?
Casey
: I would say there is a
conference
and then the
criminal trial.
Prof. Charles
: Excellent Casey. What occurs in the
conference
?
Donald:
The
conference
occurs if the defendant does not plead guilty. Plea bargaining commences with the goal of an agreed-upon disposition. If no disposition can be reached, the case is adjourned, motions are made, and further plea bargaining takes place. After several adjournments, a case may be assigned to a trial court.
Prof. Charles
: Great job, Donald! Now let’s take a look at the criminal trial.
Slide 2
Check Your Understanding
Which of the following best represents the defense attorney?
A. Defends the rights of the prosecutor.
B. Protects the rights of the defendant.
C. Represents the interests of the law
Correct Feedback:
B. In protecting the rights of the defendant, the defense attorney is often not very popular and usually sits in the proverbial “hot seat.”
Incorrect Feedback:
A. Defends the rights of the prosecutor.
C. Represents the interest of the law.
Slide 3
Scene 2
Discussion between Prof Charles and students.
Prof. Charles
: Let’s discuss the
.
my professor ask me this question what should be answer(your resea.docxJinElias52
my professor ask me this question what should be answer(
your research does a very good job of explaining the topic and the changes in FASB. How did you plan to incorporate your reading from the Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan text?
Daniels, J., Radebaugh, L., and Sullivan, D. (2015). International Business: Environments and Operations 15e. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 13:978-0-13-345723-0.
i want only answer this question
.
My assignment is to create a 12-page argumentativepersuasive rese.docxJinElias52
My assignment is to create a 12-page argumentative/persuasive research paper given one of the following option:
Argue for or against a business decision, organizational plan, business philosophy, policy decision, or concept related to the class. On Corporate Social Responsibility
.
Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the Globe Please respond to th.docxJinElias52
Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the Globe"
Please respond to the following,
using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response
:
Describe the functions of ancient myths, using examples from two (2) different neolithic cultures, and comment on whether myth is inherently fictional. Using modern examples, discuss ways modern belief systems, secular or religious, function for modern cultures in a similar fashion.
Explore
Neolithic societies and myths
Chapter 1 (pp. 6-8. 18-23, 29), myths in prehistory and early cultures
Ancient myths in regions around the globe at
http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/worldmap_new.html
and
http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/
.
.
Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the GlobePlease respond to .docxJinElias52
"Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the Globe"
Please respond to the following,
using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response
:
Describe the functions of ancient myths, using examples from two (2) different neolithic cultures, and comment on whether myth is inherently fictional. Using modern examples, discuss ways modern belief systems, secular or religious, function for modern cultures in a similar fashion.
Explore
Neolithic societies and myths
Ancient myths in regions around the globe at
http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/worldmap_new.html
and
http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/
.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Chapter 8Organizational Ethics And The LawThere are lots of
Module 3 Code of Ethics (Professional Ethics)Nancy Girdhar
Principle of Ethics
Compliance based and values based code of ethics
Professional obligation
Role of regulatory authority
Respect for Privacy
Confidentiality
Inform Consent and debriefing
You have been working on this project for weeks, and now it is twalthamcoretta
You have been working on this project for weeks, and now it is time to submit your final version. This should be a complete, polished artifact that contains all of the required critical elements and incorporates the feedback you received from your instructor on Milestones One and Two. This is your opportunity to shine!
To complete this assignment, review the
Final Project I Guidelines and Rubric
document.
Note:
This activity is one of many that will contribute to the completion of the final projects. See the
Final Project Assignment Table
for more information.
Healthcare professionals must have a strong working knowledge of ethics and law to be competent and successful. A qualified professional knows how to provide safe, quality healthcare to a population of culturally diverse consumers. To address the needs of all patients, you can apply models such as shared decision making, where patients are encouraged to share their preferences and needs. The application of this model requires that healthcare professionals know how to apply ethical theories such as patient autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and fidelity when caring for patients. On a daily basis, healthcare professionals face ethical dilemmas involving patients and colleagues. Understanding how to effectively apply the code of ethics in your field, and various other codes of professional conduct, is an important skill required of all healthcare professionals. By applying ethical decision making, you positively impact the delivery of safe, quality healthcare. Under certain circumstances, healthcare professionals can be sued by patients for malpractice; it is more common for physicians to be sued when patients are injured or die as a result of their medical care. Healthcare professionals need a clear understanding of the elements of medical malpractice (standard of care, breach, causation, and damages) and how they are applied by a judge in a court of law. Healthcare professionals play a critical role due to the nature of their relationship with both patients and physicians. To remain competent and grow in the field, healthcare professionals are expected to understand how their professional responsibility includes a wide-ranging accountability to self, their profession, their patients, and the public. Your final case study for this course will require you to analyze a court decision in which a physician was found liable for medical malpractice. You will focus on facts pertaining to the medical standard of care, breach of care, and causation, and explain how they were applied to law. You will then use the facts of the case to identify an ethics issue and determine an ethical theory that would help provide a safe, quality healthcare experience for the patient. Next, you will apply a clinician–patient shared decision-making model to describe how the ethics issue could be resolved. You will also include a discussion about possible violations of the code of ethics in you ...
You are a corporate compliance officer for a hospital. You are al.docxmaryettamckinnel
You are a corporate compliance officer for a hospital. You are also a feature writer for
The Medical Reporter
, an online health magazine. The editor asks you to write an 8-10 page feature story about the steps you should take when fraud and abuse cases are reported to a facility. This is very timely as you recently received a call on your “hotline” regarding a potential fraud and abuse issue. The caller indicated that Dr. Greedy was billing for services that had not been provided. You are in danger of losing reimbursement for Medicare and Medicaid programs if this behavior is not stopped. Your feature should address the ethical and moral components that healthcare providers and healthcare facilities face with fraud and abuse issues. Your research should include the following aspects:
How to conduct an investigation. It should include the following elements:
Reviewing the initial complaint: What are the items you should look for in a compliant to determine validity?
Notifying the appropriate upper management of the complaint unless they are implicated in the complaint: What are the steps to take to determine who is involved?
Obtaining additional information as necessary and developing a plan for the investigation: What other items are important to the investigation?
Conducting interviews with staff, residents and/or management: Delineate the types of questions to ask in the interview.
Determining if the allegations are substantiated or unsubstantiated: Identify criteria to determine if substantiated or unsubstantiated.
How to develop a correction action plan. The plan may suggest:
A recommendation for a subsequent audit or follow-up to the complaint and determination of when this is necessary.
A recommendation to refund any overpayments to federal government, insurance company or individual payer and when that may be the best course of action.
Assignment 1 Grading Criteria
Discussed the process for reviewing the initial healthcare fraud and abuse complaint and the items to look for to determine validity.
Explained the steps to take to determine who is involved in the complaint.
Discussed how to obtain additional information to develop a plan for the investigation and the items, which would be important to the investigation.
Explained how to conduct interviews with staff, residents and/or management and the types of questions to ask in the interview.
Identified the criteria to determine if the allegations are substantiated or unsubstantiated.
Explained how to determine when a recommendation for a subsequent audit or follow-up to the complaint is necessary.
Discussed the best course of action when a recommendation to refund any overpayments to federal government, insurance company or individual payer is warranted.
Written Components:
Style:
Tone, audience, and word choice
Organization:
Introduction, transitions, and conclusion
Usage and Mechanics:
Grammar, spelling, and sentence structure
APA Elements:
I.
this is the scenariothis is a discussion I need a paragraph under .docxshandicollingwood
this is the scenario
this is a discussion I need a paragraph under each topic; about 300 words for each paragraph
HSA515 Week 3 Scenario Script:
Health Care Policy, Law, and Ethics -
Criminal Aspects of Health Care and Antitrust
Slide #
Scene/Interaction
Narration
Slide 1
Scene 1
Professor Charles enters classroom and introduces the topics for today’s lesson and begins the lecture.
Prof Charles
: Hello everyone….welcome back to class. Today, we are going to discuss criminal law, antitrust, and health care….
In an effort to provide you a review of criminal law as it relates to the healthcare industry, I will begin with the procedural aspects of criminal law as well as a an overview of cases that have occurred in health care facilities.
A
crime
is any social harm defined and made punishable by law. The objectives of criminal law are to maintain public order and safety. Crimes are generally classified as misdemeanors or felonies. A misdemeanor is an offense punishable by less than one year in jail and/or a fine ( for example, petty larceny). A felony is a much more serious crime (for example, rape and murder) and is generally punishable by imprisonment.
Let’s first discuss criminal procedure which regulates the process for addressing violations of criminal law. Who can describe the process of arrest and arraignment?
Casey:
Prosecution usually begins with a police arrest or a warrant for an arrest. The arraignment is a formal reading of the
accusatory instrument,
a document which accuses the defendant of an offense and includes the setting of bail.
Donald
: I would agree, but I would add that after the charges are read the defendant pleads
guilty
or
not guilty
. Then the court sets bail, if any, and the judge sets a date for the defendant to return to court.
Prof. Charles
: Absolutely.
What happens after the arraignment?
Casey
: I would say there is a
conference
and then the
criminal trial.
Prof. Charles
: Excellent Casey. What occurs in the
conference
?
Donald:
The
conference
occurs if the defendant does not plead guilty. Plea bargaining commences with the goal of an agreed-upon disposition. If no disposition can be reached, the case is adjourned, motions are made, and further plea bargaining takes place. After several adjournments, a case may be assigned to a trial court.
Prof. Charles
: Great job, Donald! Now let’s take a look at the criminal trial.
Slide 2
Check Your Understanding
Which of the following best represents the defense attorney?
A. Defends the rights of the prosecutor.
B. Protects the rights of the defendant.
C. Represents the interests of the law
Correct Feedback:
B. In protecting the rights of the defendant, the defense attorney is often not very popular and usually sits in the proverbial “hot seat.”
Incorrect Feedback:
A. Defends the rights of the prosecutor.
C. Represents the interest of the law.
Slide 3
Scene 2
Discussion between Prof Charles and students.
Prof. Charles
: Let’s discuss the
.
my professor ask me this question what should be answer(your resea.docxJinElias52
my professor ask me this question what should be answer(
your research does a very good job of explaining the topic and the changes in FASB. How did you plan to incorporate your reading from the Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan text?
Daniels, J., Radebaugh, L., and Sullivan, D. (2015). International Business: Environments and Operations 15e. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 13:978-0-13-345723-0.
i want only answer this question
.
My assignment is to create a 12-page argumentativepersuasive rese.docxJinElias52
My assignment is to create a 12-page argumentative/persuasive research paper given one of the following option:
Argue for or against a business decision, organizational plan, business philosophy, policy decision, or concept related to the class. On Corporate Social Responsibility
.
Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the Globe Please respond to th.docxJinElias52
Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the Globe"
Please respond to the following,
using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response
:
Describe the functions of ancient myths, using examples from two (2) different neolithic cultures, and comment on whether myth is inherently fictional. Using modern examples, discuss ways modern belief systems, secular or religious, function for modern cultures in a similar fashion.
Explore
Neolithic societies and myths
Chapter 1 (pp. 6-8. 18-23, 29), myths in prehistory and early cultures
Ancient myths in regions around the globe at
http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/worldmap_new.html
and
http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/
.
.
Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the GlobePlease respond to .docxJinElias52
"Myths in Neolithic Cultures Around the Globe"
Please respond to the following,
using sources under the Explore heading as the basis of your response
:
Describe the functions of ancient myths, using examples from two (2) different neolithic cultures, and comment on whether myth is inherently fictional. Using modern examples, discuss ways modern belief systems, secular or religious, function for modern cultures in a similar fashion.
Explore
Neolithic societies and myths
Ancient myths in regions around the globe at
http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/worldmap_new.html
and
http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/
.
.
Mycobacterium tuberculosisYou must review the contents of your n.docxJinElias52
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
You must review the contents of your news article and discuss what type of microorganism it is, if the organism is in nature or is used in industry or causes disease. If it causes disease you must discuss transmission, increasing incidence, factors contributing to the spread of the organism, lab culturing, etc.
300-400 words
.
My TopicI would like to do my case application on Helen Keller’s.docxJinElias52
My Topic:
"I would like to do my case application on Helen Keller’s fight with learning disability. I chose Helen Keller because she is one of the most important personality and the first person without hearing or sight to earn a BA. Her story is narrated in the movie “The Miracle Worker.”
For additional details, please refer to the Milestone Two Rubric document and the Final Project Document in the Assignment Guidelines and Rubrics section of the course.
.
My topic is the terms a Congress person serves and debate on adding .docxJinElias52
My topic is the terms a Congress person serves and debate on adding limitations to how long a person can be in Congress.
The Pros and Cons of the unlimited terms in congress
Do members of congress to support position people of the state they represent therefore should be able to change and if it will benefit.
How to Add limitations on the term served by congress
Follow the directions below for the completion of the Annotated Bibliography assignment for Unit II.
Purpose: The purpose of the annotated bibliography is to summarize the sources that you have gathered to support your research proposal project. These summaries help you to think about the complex arguments presented in your sources. Description: In this assignment, you will create an annotated bibliography consisting of seven sources. Each entry will consist of a reference list citation, a summary of the source’s information, and a one-sentence assessment. Each annotation should be between 150 to 200 words. If an entry is shorter than 150 words, it is likely you have not fully developed your summary, and this lack of development can severely impact your grade for this assignment.
.
My topic is anywhere, anytime information work, which means tele-wor.docxJinElias52
My topic is anywhere, anytime information work, which means tele-work, and we choose ( AT&T toggle)
I've done all the questions but i need more detail , deep answers .
1- write an introduction about ( anywhere, anytime information work) in details and conclusion about the company and application
2-write a brief explanation about the company it self ( AT&T)
3- plagiarism not accepted
4- use simple words
5- make it 12 or 11 pages
.
My topic for module-2 reaction paper was on news, data, and other me.docxJinElias52
My topic for module-2 reaction paper was on news, data, and other media means of delivering information to the public. When gathering all the information and reflecting on my personal experience when watching, reading or listening to the news outlets was very addicting. To see news clips from the wars past or deployments after the fact was real-time history for most of us (me), yet our families, friends and other members not physically at that location waiting to hear something can be very overwhelming. My question is the methods and absorbing of news
: Are citizens informed about terrorism and is it overwhelming?
.
My Topic for the paper I would like to do my case application on He.docxJinElias52
My Topic for the paper: I would like to do my case application on Helen Keller’s fight with learning disability. I chose Helen Keller because she is one of the most important personality and the first person without hearing or sight to earn a BA. Her story is narrated in the movie “The Miracle Worker.”
.
n a 2 page paper, written in APA format using proper spellinggramma.docxJinElias52
n a 2 page paper, written in APA format using proper spelling/grammar, address the following:
Briefly explain Piaget's and Erikson's theories of development. Who had a better theory of human development: Erikson or Piaget? Please offer detail to explain your choice.
What tips would you give to someone who has just suffered a major loss, now that you know the stages of grief?
.
My research proposal is on fall prevention WRTG 394 s.docxJinElias52
My research proposal is on fall prevention
WRTG 394 students,
Your next writing assignment will be a
memo to your instructor for the final report.
Steps to Take in Completing this Assignment:
•
Identify the decision-maker or group of decision-makers to whom you will write your final report
• Describe the specific problem you are attempting to address.
• Prepare some primary research for your report.
• Write a memo to your instructor using the template provided below.
The Role of this Assignment for your Research Report:
This assignment is designed to help you put together the final paper in WRTG 394.
Remember, your final paper in WRTG 394 will be a report in which you do the following:
•
define a problem in your workplace or community persuasively and accurately
•
propose a solution or solutions to the problem or issue
Previous assignments in the class pointed out some sample topics for the report:
• a report to your manager at work suggesting that more teleworking options be given to employees at your workplace
• a report to your supervisor at work suggesting that email be used less frequently for communication and that another application be used to improve communication.
• a report to your manager at work suggesting that your office become paperless
• a report to the board of directors at your townhouse community to argue that the playground area in your community should be renovated
• a report to the manager of your unit at work noting that recycling facilities in the workplace should be improved
For writing assignment #2, you completed a background and synthesis of the literature on your topic.
For this writing assignment, you are going to identify the specific needs in your workplace or community that will be identified for your final report.
Examples of Primary Research for Specific Topics:
•
If you write a report to your manager at work suggesting that more teleworking options be given to employees at your workplace, you cannot simply prepare a report on teleworking. You must show that teleworking will
solve a specific problem or problems in your organization
.
•
If you write a a report to your supervisor at work suggesting that email be used less frequently for communication and that another application be used to improve communication, you cannot simply prepare a report on the benefits of social media in the workplace. You must
show that your specific office has problems in communicating by email and indicate the benefits of using alternative communication systems for your workplace environment
.
•
If you write a report to your manager at work suggesting that your office become paperless, you cannot simply prepare a report on the benefits of a paperless office. You must
show that your specific office can go paperless and indicate the benefits of your specific office going paperless
.
•
If you write a report to the board of directo.
My portion of the group assignment Must be done by Wednesday even.docxJinElias52
My portion of the group assignment:
Must be done by Wednesday evening
•
EFE Matrix; -
•
SWOT (TOWS) analysis; -
•
IFE Matrix; -
•
A list of alternative strategies, giving advantages and disadvantages for each; -
Walt Disney Company, p. 441, Case 8 (photos of pages upladed)
.
my project is about construcation houses for poor poeple in Denver .docxJinElias52
my project is about construcation houses for poor poeple in Denver
It is 30 pages
produce a 10 knowledge area project notebook enhancing one team members individual project. Assign different team members individual knowledge areas and refine the notebook to demonstrate synergy.
.
my name is abdullah aljedanii am from saudi arabia i graduate fr.docxJinElias52
my name is abdullah aljedani
i am from saudi arabia
i graduate from DHBAN high school 2013
i went to USA to ST
UDY ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND APLLLAY FOR UNIVERSITY
I WANT TO APLLY IN CIVIL ENIGINEERING
I NEED LETTER FOR THE UNIVERSITY EXPLAIN EHAT I DID AFTER HIGH SCHOOL
500 WORD
24 HOURS
.
My hypothesis Being disconnected from social media (texting, Facebo.docxJinElias52
My hypothesis: Being disconnected from social media (texting, Facebook, cell phone use, etc) causes stress in teenagers.
It is my belief partly based on observation (I teach HS students) that we have created a society where even the slightest communication is cause for a teenager’s engagement with his/her electronic device. Being constantly connected to others, or at least knowing that is an option appears to give them some peace of mind and perhaps helps them feel less alone. This worries me because I fear they will be unable to engage in experiences on their own without that constant connection to others. This behavior doesn’t allow for self-reflection, meditation, or other important moments designed to focus the attention inward. In other words, a fear of being alone. On the other hand, teenagers can reach out to others as never before, which is great in many cases.
I would choose the Experimental Research method for the following experiment, being careful to adhere to its two components: 1) that there is a random assignment of participants. I would stress that this should be a double-blind experiment so I do not influence its outcome; and 2) a manipulation of an independent variable.
My experiment: After taking a base level of stress indicators (heart rate, blood pressure, brain waves, perspiration levels, etc) I would randomly assign two separate groups of HS students to spend 2 days camping in the wilderness. I would set up several exciting events to take place such as river rafting, hunting, building a shelter for the night, etc. One group would have their cell phones with them (assuming there is a cell phone connection in this remote area), the second group would not. The first group could contact whomever they chose during the events and during a down time say, at night. The second group would not have cell phones to be able to do this. I would somehow monitor both group’s stress levels while out in the wilderness.
Summary: Because I would want to avoid the Correlation/Causation Fallacy, I would need to not know which students were which in this experiment. And I foresee some challenges that might not be avoidable and might skew this idea. There could be variables such as a student who is naturally highly stressed in the wilderness and his anxiety could spike giving my experiment the expected result but for the wrong reason. Not to mention the difficulty of setting up this experiment in the first place.
Personal note: Thinking about this idea has caused me to think in a more scientific way about the results of all experiments I learn about. The Correlation/Causation issue is one I fall victim to a lot. I like to think that I am an objective observer, but so far in this course, I am not so sure of that anymore. At the same time that I hate to have my thinking challenged in this way, I also feel excited that I am thinking on a deeper level than I ever have.
How would you select the groups at random? Would you use a number system? Perha.
My group is the Los Angeles Rams. We are looking to be sponsors with.docxJinElias52
My group is the Los Angeles Rams. We are looking to be sponsors with Dunkin' Donuts.Attached is an example of the Portland Timbers and a sponsorship with Chevrolet. On the bottom of the excel document you can see there are 4 different tabs. The tabs I need done are Research and Activity.
Thank you.
.
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;My father .docxJinElias52
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;
My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;
The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;
From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won;
Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!
But I, with mournful tread,
Walk the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
Examine the imagery in the stanza in bold. What is the significance of the two different images?
The speaker does not feel the joy everyone else is experiencing.
The speaker does not feel the misery everyone else is experiencing.
The speaker does not want anyone to know how unhappy he truly is.
The speaker does not want anyone to know how happy he truly is.
.
My character is Phoenix Jackson from the story A Worn PathMLA Form.docxJinElias52
My character is Phoenix Jackson from the story A Worn Path
MLA Format. 1200 words
Must have
Identify the type of character it is dealing with (A single character could be two or thres types.
Describe the character
Discuss the conflict in the story particularly in regards to the character's place in it.
Due tomorrow by 3pm
.
My assignment is to write an original essay of four to fivr parargra.docxJinElias52
My assignment is to write an original essay of four to fivr parargraphs describing a person I admire. My chocie is Lional Messi he is a famous soccer player. I need a hook in the introduction and three body paragraphs. First paragraphs about his childhoods secound paragraphs about join Barcalona fc third parargraph about change of the soccer history and a conclusion. I needed for secound English language person I don't want to too perfect.
.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Chapter 8Organizational Ethics And The LawThere are lots of
1. Chapter 8
Organizational Ethics And The Law
There are lots of important concepts in this chapter, be sure to
read it and take notes, as some are sure to be on the final exam.
Learning Objectives
Describe corporate structure.
Describe a code of ethics for organizations.
Discuss organizational misconduct.
Explain respondeat superior and corporate negligence.
Describe corporate duties and responsibilities.
Describe strategies to restore organizational trust.
Corporate Authority
Healthcare organizations are incorporated under state law.
Governing body.
Duties and responsibilities:
Described in a corporation’s articles of incorporation.
Day-to-day operations are delegated to the CEO.
Fiduciary Responsibility
Express corporate authority
Delegated by statute
Implied corporate authority
Corporate powers not specifically granted in articles of
incorporation
2. Ultra vires acts
Acting beyond scope of authority
Corporate Ethics
Promote responsible behavior
Mission, vision, and values
Build trust
Increase awareness of ethical issues
Provide staff
Code of ethics
Training and education
Commitment by organization’s leadership
Corporate Compliance Program (1 of 2)
Appoint compliance officer.
Develop standards of conduct.
Assign duties, authority, and responsibility.
Communication and education.
Implement monitoring and auditing systems.
Corporate Compliance Program (2 of 2)
Consistency in enforcement of policies and procedures.
Reasonable steps in response to offenses.
Annual audit of compliance program.
3. Integrity and effectiveness.
Maintain management trust on all levels.
Unprofessional Conduct
Trust and integrity lacking
False advertisements
Concealing mistakes
Surgical procedure cover-up
Appearance may not be reality
Truthfulness in Advertising
Hospitals advertise their quality by how well a third party
evaluates them.
Often a brief and cursory 3- to 5-day visit
Scores as high as 100 were often posted on billboards and/or in
local newspapers.
One young lady told me, “This hospital [in a small rural town]
scored 100. they have the nerve to publish this. They killed my
mom. I wouldn’t take my dog there.”
Corporate Negligence
Occurs when a corporation fails to perform duties and
responsibilities it owes directly patients, visitors, and staff.
If a duty is breached and a patient is injured as a result of that
breach, the corporation can be liable for a patient’s injuries
under the theory of corporate negligence.
4. Benchmark Darling Case
In Darling v. Charleston Community Memorial Hospital, the
court enunciated a “corporate negligence doctrine” under which
hospitals have a duty, for example, to provide adequately
trained medical and nursing staff.
Respondeat Superior
Legal doctrine holding employers liable for wrongful acts of
their employees.
Doctrine also referred to as vicarious liability.
For liability to be imputed to the employer:
A master–servant relationship must exist between the employer
and the employee.
Wrongful act of the employee must have occurred within the
scope of his or her employment.
Independent Contractor
Independent contractor is responsible for his or her own
negligent acts.
Relationship established when principal has no right of control
over manner in which agent’s work is to be performed.
Corporate Duties and
Responsibilities (1 of 5)
Appointment of CEO
CEO licensure
CEO responsibilities and challenges
CEO code of ethics
5. Maintain moral integrity
Screen job applicants
Corporate Duties and
Responsibilities (2 of 5)
Credentialing, appointments, and privileging
Ensure competency
False statements
Masquerading as a physician
Discipline of physicians
Physicians reluctant to discipline physicians
Physician privileges suspended
Don’t Let Hospitals Make You Sick
The problem is not that we have an epidemic of negligent
doctors. Rather, it’s that the health-care system has grown so
complicated that there is a greater chance than ever of things
falling through the cracks. . . .
—Dr. Ranit Mishori, Parade Magazine, 2009
Corporate Duties and
Responsibilities (3 of 5)
Provide adequate staff.
Provide adequate supplies and equipment.
Allocate scarce resources.
Provide quality patient care.
Comply with rules and regulations.
6. Corporate Duties and
Responsibilities (4 of 5)
Comply with accreditation standards.
Accreditation and conflict of interest.
Provide timely treatment.
Avoid conflicts of interest.
Situations where one has opportunity to promote self-interests
that could have a detrimental effect on an organization.
Corporate Duties and
Responsibilities (5 of 5)
Provide a safe environment.
Prevent surgical errors.
Runaway elevator.
Prevent of falls.
Protect patients from sexual assault.
Example: Sexual assault in the recovery room.
Decisions That Collide with
Professional Ethics
The principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice and the
ability to practice what is right according to such principles
often collide when organizations have to, for example, ration
scarce resources. Such rationing may require managers to cut
costs at the expense of quality.
Case 1: Financial Incentive
Scheme (1 of 2)
I am here primarily today to make a public confession. In the
spring of 1987, as a physician, I denied a man a necessary
7. operation that would have saved his life and thus caused his
death. No person and no group has held me accountable for this,
because in fact, what I did was I saved a company a half a
million dollars for this.
—Dr. Linda Peeno, Congressional testimony
Case 1: Financial Incentives
Scheme (2 of 2)
HMO failed to disclose financial incentive system it provided to
its physicians to discourage referrals to specialists.
Discuss the legal and ethical issues.
Case 2: Letter of Recommendation
A former employer who knew that an employee had committed
offensive sexual acts gave a letter of recommendation that
vouched for him without reservation. The employee after being
hired by the new employer injured the student-plaintiff.
Discuss the legal and ethical issues.
Case 2: Legal Issues
Liability may be imposed
Recommendation letter misrepresented truth
Duty to care
Breach of duty
Injury incurred
Causation
Breach of duty was cause of injury
Injury was foreseeable
8. Case 2: Legal Issues (Foreseeability)
Randi W. v. Muroc Joint Unified School Dist., 14 Cal.4th 1066,
929 P.2d 582 (1997):
Defendants could foresee, had they not recommended the
employee, the new employer would not have hired him.
Defendants could foresee that employer would read and rely on
defendant's letters of recommendation and that employee after
being hired by new employer might molest or injure a student
such as the plaintiff in this case.
Case 2: Ethical Issues
First do no harm
Truthfulness
Case 3: Letter of
Recommendation (1 of 2)
Mr. R’s supervisor had received several reports alleging
misconduct between Mr. R and some of the female residents in
the Lee Allan nursing home. The supervisor was unable to
verify them.
Mr. R applied for a supervisory position with Parke County
Nursing Home. Parke County was sent a preprinted reference
form from Lee Allan. Form indicated Mr. R was eligible for
rehire. Form reflected that Mr. R performed his job adequately.
Case 3: Letter of
Recommendation (2 of 2)
Parke County hired Mr. R in part on the basis of a favorable
recommendation from Lee Alan. The claim here is that Mr. R
9. assaulted a patient at Parke County.
The plaintiff asserts that the former employer, Lee Allan,
wrongly gave a favorable recommendation and thus should be
liable for the injury.
Case 3: Legal Issues
Summary judgment was granted in favor of Lee Alan.
The facts did not reflect that Lee Alan had any substantial
information indicating that Mr. R had committed sexual
misconduct with residents at Lee Alan.
Case 3: Human Resources Issues
Passmore v. Multi-Management Svcs., Inc., 810 N.E.2d 1022
(Ind. 2004).
Recommendations should not be filled with rumors and
innuendo instead of facts. Without substantial evidence,
employers would subject themselves to possible defamation
litigation.
Declaring employers liable for negligence in providing
employment references will lead to employer reluctance to
provide information.
Case 3: Ethical Issues
Beneficence
Justice
Fairness
10. Case 4: Surgical Site Infection
Operating room staff observe a 10-inch by 2-inch tear in a
surgical table mattress. It is 2:00 PM and the room has been
prepared for Mrs. Smith’s surgery. A surgical sheet is placed on
the table. The sheet is worn and has several tears in it. Mrs.
Smith is placed on the surgical table.
(Note: Prior to Mrs. Smith’s surgery, a bowel resection was
performed on the same table.)
Discuss the legal and ethical concerns.
Case 4: Legal Issues
Legal issues
Negligence?
Consider the hospital’s responsibility.
Torn mattress is a known infection-control concern.
Body fluids can seep into the mattress.
Recurrent use of the mattress by various patients.
Case 4: Ethical Issues
Ethical Issues
Nonmaleficience (first, do no harm)
Professional codes of ethics
Case 4: Professional Ethics
Operating room staff recognized the mattress should have been
taken out of service but failed to do so. It is common knowledge
that body fluids can seep into a mattress pad and provide a
breeding ground for infections.
Describe how hospital policy should address this issue.
11. Case 5: Defrauding the Government
In States v. Liveoak, 377 F.3d 859 (C.A. 8, Mo. 2004), the
government filed an indictment against 11 individuals and 4
corporations.
In the indictment, the government alleged a healthcare fraud
scheme that involved several residential care facilities and
thousands of claims.
The government alleged that over at least 5 years 15 defendants,
in various conspiracies, defrauded the government by falsely
certifying patients as homebound and submitting false claims to
Medicare and Medicaid.
Case 5: Defrauding the Government
Joinder of Medicare fraud was proper where the charges here
were linked not only by common conspiracy members, but also
by an overall scheme in which each conspiracy member
participated to fraudulently charge the government for
healthcare costs.
Case 5: Legal and Ethical Issues
Legal issues
Fraud
Ethical issues
Trustworthiness
Restoring Trust
12. Effective communication spawns trust and a harmonious
organization.
All the players must work together and understand the role each
plays.
Better the teamwork, better the care.
Results in satisfied patients, families, and staff.
Improving Organizational Performance
Board education
Policies and procedures
Search for best practices
Reduce variation
Ensure continuity of care
Partner with the community
Develop a culture of compassion and kindness
Review Questions
Discuss the governing body’s decision-making authority.
Explain what an ultra varies act is.
Describe the important aspects of a code of ethics for
organizations.
Discuss the various forms of professional misconduct discussed.
Describe corporate negligence, respondeat superior, and
independent contractor.
Describe the duties and responsibilities of healthcare
organizations and how the failure to adhere to those duties and
responsibilities can result in both legal and ethical issues.
Discuss how an organization’s decisions can collide with
13. professional ethics.
Discuss importance of effective communications in building
trust in the healthcare setting.
Review Questions
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome – Russia (07):
Tatarstan
Archive Number 20081002.3106
Published Date 02-Oct-2008
The Republic of Tatarstan in Russia has experienced an
increased incidence in Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
(HFRS) for this year. The current report states the incidence for
2008 is seven times greater than reported for 2007. Between
September 19 and 25, 2008, 29 confirmed or suspected cases
were reported (International Society for Infectious Diseases
[ISID], 2008a). This is in addition to outbreaks reported earlier
this year. According to the Russian Epidemiological
Surveillance System, there were 165 cases reported as of July.
Cases increased from 65 on July 4 to 165 by July 22 (ISID,
2008b). Only one fatality has been reported at this time;
generally, case fatality rates for HFRS range from 1% to 15%.
Approximately 11% of total cases reported so far in 2008 have
occurred in the capital city of Kazan. The majority of other
cases have occurred in rural, forest areas of Tatarstan. The most
recent outbreak of 29 cases has occurred in the following cities:
Kazan (10), Naberezhnye Chenly (8), Nizhnekamiskiy (3),
Almetievskiy (3), Sabinskiy (2), Kukmorshiy (1), and
Bavlinskiy (1) (ISID, 2008a).
14. The Republic of Tatarstan is located in eastern Russia, about
800 kilometers southeast of Moscow (Department of Foreign
Affairs to the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2008). As
of 2002, the population of Tatarstan was 3,779,265, with an
urban/rural population of 2,790,661 and 988,604, respectively.
HFRS is endemic to Tatarstan and surrounding republics in
eastern Russia (ISID, 2008a). Other geographic areas with
endemic HFRS include Scandinavia, Western Europe, and the
Balkans. The Puumala virus spread by the bank vole is the
likely cause of the disease in Russia, Western Europe and
Scandinavia. The Dobrava virus is found in the Balkans and the
Seoul virus may occur worldwide. All viruses are part of the
Hantavirus classification. Hantavirus is transmitted to humans
by vector rodents such as voles and field mice (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2005).
According to research conducted by Alla Bernshtein and
colleagues of the Chunakov Institute in Moscow, natural
increases and decreases of the bank vole population occur every
three to four years. In years of higher vole populations, the
incidence of human HFRS increases (ISID, 2008c).
Experts speculate a number of factors have contributed to the
rise above endemic levels of human HFRS in Tatarstan and
surrounding regions. First, an increase in the bank vole
population may be a result of climate changes. Less harsh
winters and warmer summers allow for better access to food
sources for the rodents. Second, the new capitalistic Russia has
resulted in increased construction of homes in rural forest areas.
Humans have invaded the natural habitat of forest rodents. This
has increased the potential for contact between the habitats of
bank voles and humans. City dwellers tend to visit their
countryside homes during the summer months of June through
August. The majority of HFRS cases are reported during these
summer vacation months (ISID, 2008b).
15. As mentioned previously, Hantavirus is spread to humans by
rodents. As reported by the CDC (2005), infection occurs when
humans encounter “aerosolized urine, droppings, saliva of
infected rodents or after exposure to dust from their
nests.” Infection may also occur through open wounds, mucous
membranes, rodent bites, and in rare cases through person-to-
person contact. Most cases occur in individuals older than 15
years old, as children under the age of 15 often only show
subclinical symptoms of HFRS.
The incubation period of HFRS is one to two weeks. The CDC
(2005) lists the following symptoms: severe headaches, back
and abdominal pain, fever, chills, nausea and blurred vision.
Fever, hemorrhage, and renal insufficiency are hallmarks of
advanced disease. The disease generally progresses through five
stages: 1) fever lasting four to six days, 2) low blood pressure
lasting a few hours to 2 days, 3) decreased production of urine
for three to six days, 4) diuretic stage lasting two to three
weeks, and 5) recovery that may take three to six months. HFRS
infection is confirmed by clinical symptoms, serological testing,
microscopic inspection for Hantavirus antigen, or presence of
Hantavirus RNA in blood and tissue samples. Depending on the
patient’s fluid and electrolyte status, renal dialysis may be
warranted. Patients may be required to follow sodium and fluid
restricted diet during the oliguric stage followed by a liberal
fluid intake during the diuretic stage. In addition, the
administration of the intravenous antiviral drug, Ribavirin,
lessens the disease severity and improves survival (Bhimma,
Sairam, & Travis, 2008).
The Puumula virus carried by the bank vole is implicated in the
current outbreak of HFRS described above. Bhimma et al.
(2008) contend that prevention of HFRS starts with
environmental control of rodent populations near human
housing communities and structures. Recommendations for
16. prevention include taking precautions such as wearing rubber
gloves while cleaning areas contaminated with rodent droppings
or urine, avoid stirring up dust in rodent areas, and using a
bleach solution with disposable cleaning towels. Storing food
and disposing of trash properly may also prevent rodents from
interacting with human habitats. Humans should take
precautions if sleeping outdoors, working on farm areas or
handling hay where rodents may have built nests (Bhimma et
al., 2008).
In summary, the Puumula virus is a vector carried virus that
falls within the Hantavirus family. It is endemic to eastern
Russia where rodent populations thrive in rural forest areas.
Infection leads to HFRS in humans. Symptoms take one to two
weeks to appear, with initial symptoms of headaches and back
pain that may progress to acute renal failure. The survival rate
is high for infected populations although recovery may take
several months. The Puumula virus is recognized as one of the
less severe forms in the Hantavirus family. Controlling rodent
populations and public education of risks are keys to the
prevention of HFRS.
References
Bhimma, R., Sairam, V. K., & Travis, L. (2008). Hemorrhagic
fever with renal failure
syndrome. Retrieved from
http://www.emedicine.com/ped/TOPIC968.HTM
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005).
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.
Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/hfrs.htm
Department of Foreign Affairs to the President of the Republic
of Tatarstan. (2008). Official
web-site republic of Tatarstan: Geographical location. Retrieved
17. from
http://www.tatar.ru/index.php?DNSID=7285d20214ab4a8019cb
26275358e482&node_id
=797
International Society for Infectious Diseases. (2008a).
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
– Russia (07): (Tatarstan).Retrieved from
http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1001:6253137856
52199::NO::F2400_P10
01_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,74203
International Society for Infectious Diseases. (2008b).
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome –
Russia (04): (Tatarstan). Retrieved from
http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1001:6253137856
52199::::F2400_P1001_
BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_ARCHIVE_NUMBER,F2400_P100
1_USE_ARCHIVE:10
01,20080722.2226,Y
International Society for Infectious Diseases. (2008c).
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome –
Russia (05): (Tatarstan, Udmurtia). Retrieved from
http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1001:6253137856
52199::::F2400_P1001_
BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_ARCHIVE_NUMBER,F2400_P100
1_USE_ARCHIVE:10
01,20080730.2337,Y