Chapter 5
The Media
and Claims
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 1
Many claimsmakers seek media attention.
How can they get it?
Why might it be difficult to get?
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 2
Media coverage plays an important role in
how social problems are constructed.
Activists, experts, and other claimsmakers
hope that the media will bring their claims to
wider audiences and policymakers.
However, media coverage usually alters the
original claim.
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 3
There are constraints on media workers.
Deadlines
Space and time limits (the “newshole”)
Audience desires entertainment
As a result, primary claims are transformed
into secondary claims by the media.
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 4
Claimsmakers compete for media attention.
Claimsmakers try to present their claims as
new, fresh material for the media.
The marketplace for social problems can be
thought of as multiple arenas, each with a
limited carrying capacity.
Media workers decide what claims are
presented in the arena they manage.
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 5
News work locates and presents the news.
News work is constrained by economic
factors, deadlines, and cultural limitations
(such as professionalism).
News work seeks claims with an
entertainment value (“brand-new” stories,
easily filmed events, or claims that have
compelling typifying stories).
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 6
News work follows professional standards.
News workers may feel obligated to balance
coverage by reporting views from “both sides”
News workers pay attention to rivals and the
stories they decide to cover.
News workers try to avoid being manipulated
by claimsmakers seeking media coverage.
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 7
Geography influences what claims are heard.
News workers are concentrated in large cities.
Even claimsmakers who begin in distant
places tend to migrate to larger media centers.
Ultimately, the news is a social construction
produced by news workers.
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 8
How do claimsmakers get media attention?
Package claims in ways that help news
workers and parallel their constraints
Give the media advanced notice of events
Choose interesting individuals to represent
their cause (such as celebrity ambassadors)
Make events visually interesting for TV
Seek media that target the intended audience
Changes in the Media
Slide 1
Cable channels, especially 24-hour cable news
networks, which must fill the newshole on a daily
basis, have increased in number.
Much of the media now target particular
audiences (audience segmentation).
Changes in the Media
Slide 2
The Internet has an unlimited carrying
capacity for claims.
Claimsmakers can establish an online
presence at a minimal cost.
T.
SAVIGNAC, J. (2009). Families, youth and delinquency The state of.docxtodd331
SAVIGNAC, J. (2009). Families, youth and delinquency: The state of knowledge, and family-based juvenile delinquency programs (Research Report 2009-1). Ottawa: National Crime Prevention Centre, Public Safety Canada.
Family interactions are most important during early childhood, but they can have long-lasting effects. In early adolescence, relationships with peers take on greater importance. Family structure and family functioning are two general categories under which family effects on delinquency.
Increased risk of delinquency experienced among children of broken homes is related to the family conflict prior to the divorce or separation, rather than to family breakup itself (Rutter et al., 1998).
· 1 Become familiar with the problems of youth in American culture
· 2 Distinguish between ego identity and role diffusion
· 3 Discuss the specific issues facing American youth
· 4 Understand the concept of being “at risk” and discuss why so many kids take risks
· 5 Be familiar with the recent social improvements enjoyed by American youth
· 6 Discuss why the study of delinquency is so important and what this study entails
· 7 Describe the life of children during feudal times
· 8 Discuss the treatment of children in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
· 9 Discuss childhood in the American colonies
· 10 Know about the child savers and the creation of delinquency
· 11 Discuss the elements of juvenile delinquency today
· 12 Know what is meant by the term status offender
chapter features
cyber Delinquency: Catfishing
Case profile: Aaliyah’s Story
Evidence-Based Juvenile Justice—intervention: Family Key Programs
KEAIRA BROWN WAS JUST 13 YEARS OLD when she was charged with murder and became the youngest person in Wyandotte County, Kansas, ever to be tried as an adult. Her family life was close but troubled. Her mother, Cheryl Brown, had three other children, two enrolled in local colleges. Keaira was involved in after-school activities, including playing the violin. But when her mom went to prison on a drug charge, things began to spiral downhill for Keaira, and when she was only 10 she attempted suicide. On July 23, 2008, at about 4:00 PM, Keaira was supposed to be at a summer program at the Boys and Girls Club in Kansas City. Instead, she was involved in the carjacking of Scott Sappington, Jr., a junior at Sumner Academy, who had just dropped his siblings off at their grandmother’s house. When he returned to his car, neighbors heard him yell, “Hey, hey,” then there was a struggle inside the car, and he was shot in the head. An investigation led to a 6-year-old who told police that a young girl told a group of children to get rid of her bloody clothes. Police distributed pictures of the bloody clothes to the media, and soon after, the clothes were traced back to Keaira Brown.
Prosecutors thought the murder was a result of a carjacking that went wrong, while Keaira’s family claimed she was an innocent pawn for area gang members who thought she woul.
SAVIGNAC, J. (2009). Families, youth and delinquency The state of.docxjeffsrosalyn
SAVIGNAC, J. (2009). Families, youth and delinquency: The state of knowledge, and family-based juvenile delinquency programs (Research Report 2009-1). Ottawa: National Crime Prevention Centre, Public Safety Canada.
Family interactions are most important during early childhood, but they can have long-lasting effects. In early adolescence, relationships with peers take on greater importance. Family structure and family functioning are two general categories under which family effects on delinquency.
Increased risk of delinquency experienced among children of broken homes is related to the family conflict prior to the divorce or separation, rather than to family breakup itself (Rutter et al., 1998).
· 1 Become familiar with the problems of youth in American culture
· 2 Distinguish between ego identity and role diffusion
· 3 Discuss the specific issues facing American youth
· 4 Understand the concept of being “at risk” and discuss why so many kids take risks
· 5 Be familiar with the recent social improvements enjoyed by American youth
· 6 Discuss why the study of delinquency is so important and what this study entails
· 7 Describe the life of children during feudal times
· 8 Discuss the treatment of children in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
· 9 Discuss childhood in the American colonies
· 10 Know about the child savers and the creation of delinquency
· 11 Discuss the elements of juvenile delinquency today
· 12 Know what is meant by the term status offender
chapter features
cyber Delinquency: Catfishing
Case profile: Aaliyah’s Story
Evidence-Based Juvenile Justice—intervention: Family Key Programs
KEAIRA BROWN WAS JUST 13 YEARS OLD when she was charged with murder and became the youngest person in Wyandotte County, Kansas, ever to be tried as an adult. Her family life was close but troubled. Her mother, Cheryl Brown, had three other children, two enrolled in local colleges. Keaira was involved in after-school activities, including playing the violin. But when her mom went to prison on a drug charge, things began to spiral downhill for Keaira, and when she was only 10 she attempted suicide. On July 23, 2008, at about 4:00 PM, Keaira was supposed to be at a summer program at the Boys and Girls Club in Kansas City. Instead, she was involved in the carjacking of Scott Sappington, Jr., a junior at Sumner Academy, who had just dropped his siblings off at their grandmother’s house. When he returned to his car, neighbors heard him yell, “Hey, hey,” then there was a struggle inside the car, and he was shot in the head. An investigation led to a 6-year-old who told police that a young girl told a group of children to get rid of her bloody clothes. Police distributed pictures of the bloody clothes to the media, and soon after, the clothes were traced back to Keaira Brown.
Prosecutors thought the murder was a result of a carjacking that went wrong, while Keaira’s family claimed she was an innocent pawn for area gang members who thought she woul.
The document discusses Native American children in 1968 who were frequently removed from their homes by local welfare workers and placed in foster care or adopted by non-Native families without consulting the Native American community or tribal officials. This removal of children amounted to cultural genocide and led to the passage of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 to protect Native American children and ensure they are placed in environments reflecting their culture.
The document discusses different age groups and issues faced at each stage of life, from childhood poverty and prejudice, adolescent risks like substance abuse and violence, challenges during adulthood such as marriage and careers, and stereotypes about the elderly. Risk factors are identified for problems affecting children and youth, and generational differences are outlined between Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y.
What if the next big disruptor isn’t a what but a who?WiseKnow Thailand
This document discusses the characteristics of Generation Z (Gen Z), those born after 1997. It begins by contrasting Gen Z with Millennials and how they were shaped by different world events and parenting styles. Gen Z grew up in a world with constant threats of violence and bullying but also increasing tolerance. They have always had access to technology and the internet. As a result, Gen Z is self-aware, self-reliant, innovative, and entrepreneurial. They are less loyal to brands and retailers than prior generations. The document explores the implications of these characteristics for businesses hoping to connect with Gen Z consumers.
This document provides an overview of Millennials and strategies for capturing their attention. It defines Millennials as those born between 1981-2000, totaling over 92 million in the US. Millennials are highly connected through social media and prefer urban environments. The document outlines Millennials' unique traits like being special, sheltered, team-oriented, and achieving. It recommends meeting Millennials on social media as they get most of their news from television and the internet. The document proposes aligning company messaging and initiatives with what resonates with Millennials and implementing an strategic social media plan to reach this important demographic.
SAVIGNAC, J. (2009). Families, youth and delinquency The state of.docxtodd331
SAVIGNAC, J. (2009). Families, youth and delinquency: The state of knowledge, and family-based juvenile delinquency programs (Research Report 2009-1). Ottawa: National Crime Prevention Centre, Public Safety Canada.
Family interactions are most important during early childhood, but they can have long-lasting effects. In early adolescence, relationships with peers take on greater importance. Family structure and family functioning are two general categories under which family effects on delinquency.
Increased risk of delinquency experienced among children of broken homes is related to the family conflict prior to the divorce or separation, rather than to family breakup itself (Rutter et al., 1998).
· 1 Become familiar with the problems of youth in American culture
· 2 Distinguish between ego identity and role diffusion
· 3 Discuss the specific issues facing American youth
· 4 Understand the concept of being “at risk” and discuss why so many kids take risks
· 5 Be familiar with the recent social improvements enjoyed by American youth
· 6 Discuss why the study of delinquency is so important and what this study entails
· 7 Describe the life of children during feudal times
· 8 Discuss the treatment of children in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
· 9 Discuss childhood in the American colonies
· 10 Know about the child savers and the creation of delinquency
· 11 Discuss the elements of juvenile delinquency today
· 12 Know what is meant by the term status offender
chapter features
cyber Delinquency: Catfishing
Case profile: Aaliyah’s Story
Evidence-Based Juvenile Justice—intervention: Family Key Programs
KEAIRA BROWN WAS JUST 13 YEARS OLD when she was charged with murder and became the youngest person in Wyandotte County, Kansas, ever to be tried as an adult. Her family life was close but troubled. Her mother, Cheryl Brown, had three other children, two enrolled in local colleges. Keaira was involved in after-school activities, including playing the violin. But when her mom went to prison on a drug charge, things began to spiral downhill for Keaira, and when she was only 10 she attempted suicide. On July 23, 2008, at about 4:00 PM, Keaira was supposed to be at a summer program at the Boys and Girls Club in Kansas City. Instead, she was involved in the carjacking of Scott Sappington, Jr., a junior at Sumner Academy, who had just dropped his siblings off at their grandmother’s house. When he returned to his car, neighbors heard him yell, “Hey, hey,” then there was a struggle inside the car, and he was shot in the head. An investigation led to a 6-year-old who told police that a young girl told a group of children to get rid of her bloody clothes. Police distributed pictures of the bloody clothes to the media, and soon after, the clothes were traced back to Keaira Brown.
Prosecutors thought the murder was a result of a carjacking that went wrong, while Keaira’s family claimed she was an innocent pawn for area gang members who thought she woul.
SAVIGNAC, J. (2009). Families, youth and delinquency The state of.docxjeffsrosalyn
SAVIGNAC, J. (2009). Families, youth and delinquency: The state of knowledge, and family-based juvenile delinquency programs (Research Report 2009-1). Ottawa: National Crime Prevention Centre, Public Safety Canada.
Family interactions are most important during early childhood, but they can have long-lasting effects. In early adolescence, relationships with peers take on greater importance. Family structure and family functioning are two general categories under which family effects on delinquency.
Increased risk of delinquency experienced among children of broken homes is related to the family conflict prior to the divorce or separation, rather than to family breakup itself (Rutter et al., 1998).
· 1 Become familiar with the problems of youth in American culture
· 2 Distinguish between ego identity and role diffusion
· 3 Discuss the specific issues facing American youth
· 4 Understand the concept of being “at risk” and discuss why so many kids take risks
· 5 Be familiar with the recent social improvements enjoyed by American youth
· 6 Discuss why the study of delinquency is so important and what this study entails
· 7 Describe the life of children during feudal times
· 8 Discuss the treatment of children in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
· 9 Discuss childhood in the American colonies
· 10 Know about the child savers and the creation of delinquency
· 11 Discuss the elements of juvenile delinquency today
· 12 Know what is meant by the term status offender
chapter features
cyber Delinquency: Catfishing
Case profile: Aaliyah’s Story
Evidence-Based Juvenile Justice—intervention: Family Key Programs
KEAIRA BROWN WAS JUST 13 YEARS OLD when she was charged with murder and became the youngest person in Wyandotte County, Kansas, ever to be tried as an adult. Her family life was close but troubled. Her mother, Cheryl Brown, had three other children, two enrolled in local colleges. Keaira was involved in after-school activities, including playing the violin. But when her mom went to prison on a drug charge, things began to spiral downhill for Keaira, and when she was only 10 she attempted suicide. On July 23, 2008, at about 4:00 PM, Keaira was supposed to be at a summer program at the Boys and Girls Club in Kansas City. Instead, she was involved in the carjacking of Scott Sappington, Jr., a junior at Sumner Academy, who had just dropped his siblings off at their grandmother’s house. When he returned to his car, neighbors heard him yell, “Hey, hey,” then there was a struggle inside the car, and he was shot in the head. An investigation led to a 6-year-old who told police that a young girl told a group of children to get rid of her bloody clothes. Police distributed pictures of the bloody clothes to the media, and soon after, the clothes were traced back to Keaira Brown.
Prosecutors thought the murder was a result of a carjacking that went wrong, while Keaira’s family claimed she was an innocent pawn for area gang members who thought she woul.
The document discusses Native American children in 1968 who were frequently removed from their homes by local welfare workers and placed in foster care or adopted by non-Native families without consulting the Native American community or tribal officials. This removal of children amounted to cultural genocide and led to the passage of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 to protect Native American children and ensure they are placed in environments reflecting their culture.
The document discusses different age groups and issues faced at each stage of life, from childhood poverty and prejudice, adolescent risks like substance abuse and violence, challenges during adulthood such as marriage and careers, and stereotypes about the elderly. Risk factors are identified for problems affecting children and youth, and generational differences are outlined between Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y.
What if the next big disruptor isn’t a what but a who?WiseKnow Thailand
This document discusses the characteristics of Generation Z (Gen Z), those born after 1997. It begins by contrasting Gen Z with Millennials and how they were shaped by different world events and parenting styles. Gen Z grew up in a world with constant threats of violence and bullying but also increasing tolerance. They have always had access to technology and the internet. As a result, Gen Z is self-aware, self-reliant, innovative, and entrepreneurial. They are less loyal to brands and retailers than prior generations. The document explores the implications of these characteristics for businesses hoping to connect with Gen Z consumers.
This document provides an overview of Millennials and strategies for capturing their attention. It defines Millennials as those born between 1981-2000, totaling over 92 million in the US. Millennials are highly connected through social media and prefer urban environments. The document outlines Millennials' unique traits like being special, sheltered, team-oriented, and achieving. It recommends meeting Millennials on social media as they get most of their news from television and the internet. The document proposes aligning company messaging and initiatives with what resonates with Millennials and implementing an strategic social media plan to reach this important demographic.
Chapter 8 - Children of alcoholics often display characteristic tr.docxrobertad6
Chapter 8 - Children of alcoholics often display characteristic traits: (1) the "hero" who attempts to replace the dysfunctional parent by overachieving, or (2) the "jester" who compensates for a lack of parental guidance by being mischievous and unruly. Which role did Beethoven play in his family? What is the evidence for your choice? 100+ words
Chapter 9 - Discuss the way travel might have affected composers (for example, Mendelssohn). If you have been outside the U.S., or even taveled far within the U.S., what effect did it have on you? 100+ words
.
Chapter 8 - Review the Siemens AG case study. Note the importan.docxrobertad6
Chapter 8 - Review the Siemens AG case study. Note the importance of understanding the interrelationships amongst all the senior leaders at every location. Pay special attention to Figure 8.1 and Figure 8.2. Note how the corporate CIO should engage with each of the regional leaders. Why is this important? (Information Technology and Organizational Learning)
The above submission should be one-page in length and adhere to APA formatting standards.
.
Chapter 7Victimology and Patterns of VictimizationThe a.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7:
Victimology and Patterns of Victimization
The authors discuss the meaning of genocide, criminology’s aversion of the topic, and assertions of the United States’ own participation in it. Through reviewing a brief U.S. history, the authors argue that genocide stemming from the treatment of Native Americans throughout history should not be written off as radical conspiracy. Likening American Indian reservations to inner cities, a connection is made provoking questions between the historical treatment of African Americans and genocide.
Chapter 8: Lawmaking and the Administration of Criminal Law
This Chapter analyzes the impact that class, race, and gender have on shaping laws and the lawmaking process. Although criminal law is thought to be an objective measure of harm, it is instead the direct result of our political process headed by a powerful few, where money and privilege reign. The authors explain that the laws that shape our reality and perceptions of what is criminal serve the interests of the influential ruling class at the expense of the underclasses.
Discuss
one
of the following (Write Minimum of 250 words):
1. You learned in Chapter 7 that certain victims are valued above others. Why do you think that is? How do you think that impacts the U.S Criminal Justice System?
OR
2. According to Chapter 8, minorities are the labor pool that is regulated through punishment. How is this analysis relevant in criminal justice today?
.
Chapter 7Thinking and IntelligenceFigure 7.1 Thinking .docxrobertad6
Chapter 7
Thinking and Intelligence
Figure 7.1 Thinking is an important part of our human experience, and one that has captivated people for centuries.
Today, it is one area of psychological study. The 19th-century Girl with a Book by José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior, the
20th-century sculpture The Thinker by August Rodin, and Shi Ke’s 10th-century painting Huike Thinking all reflect the
fascination with the process of human thought. (credit “middle”: modification of work by Jason Rogers; credit “right”:
modification of work by Tang Zu-Ming)
Chapter Outline
7.1 What Is Cognition?
7.2 Language
7.3 Problem Solving
7.4 What Are Intelligence and Creativity?
7.5 Measures of Intelligence
7.6 The Source of Intelligence
Introduction
Why is it so difficult to break habits—like reaching for your ringing phone even when you shouldn’t, such
as when you’re driving? How does a person who has never seen or touched snow in real life develop an
understanding of the concept of snow? How do young children acquire the ability to learn language with
no formal instruction? Psychologists who study thinking explore questions like these.
Cognitive psychologists also study intelligence. What is intelligence, and how does it vary from person
to person? Are “street smarts” a kind of intelligence, and if so, how do they relate to other types of
intelligence? What does an IQ test really measure? These questions and more will be explored in this
chapter as you study thinking and intelligence.
In other chapters, we discussed the cognitive processes of perception, learning, and memory. In this
chapter, we will focus on high-level cognitive processes. As a part of this discussion, we will consider
thinking and briefly explore the development and use of language. We will also discuss problem solving
and creativity before ending with a discussion of how intelligence is measured and how our biology
and environments interact to affect intelligence. After finishing this chapter, you will have a greater
appreciation of the higher-level cognitive processes that contribute to our distinctiveness as a species.
Chapter 7 | Thinking and Intelligence 217
7.1 What Is Cognition?
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Describe cognition
• Distinguish concepts and prototypes
• Explain the difference between natural and artificial concepts
Imagine all of your thoughts as if they were physical entities, swirling rapidly inside your mind. How is it
possible that the brain is able to move from one thought to the next in an organized, orderly fashion? The
brain is endlessly perceiving, processing, planning, organizing, and remembering—it is always active. Yet,
you don’t notice most of your brain’s activity as you move throughout your daily routine. This is only one
facet of the complex processes involved in cognition. Simply put, cognition is thinking, and it encompasses
the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, langu.
Chapter 7 2. How does a false positive alarm differ from a f.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7
2. How does a false positive alarm differ from a false negative alarm? From a security perspective, which is less desirable?
3.
How does a network-based IDPS differ from a host-based IDPS?
14.
What is an open port? Why is it important to limit the number of open ports to those that are absolutely essential?
Chapter 8
3.
What is a cryptographic key, and what is it used for? What is a more formal name for a cryptographic key?
4.
What are the three basic operations in cryptography?
9.
What are the components of PKI?
.
Chapter 7 covers Corporate Information Security and Privacy Regu.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7 covers Corporate Information Security and Privacy Regulation. Specifically, the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 was passed as a result of the Enron scandal. Give a short synopsis of the Enron scandal and then provide a short synopsis of SOX.
Answer the question with a short paragraph, between 250 and 350 words. Brevity is a virtue. That is why you are limited to 350 words. If you can't present your hypothesis in 350 words or less then it is too complicated.
Remember that when you state a fact if you don't provide a reference, it is not a fact but rather an opinion.
submit it by 2/16/2020 at 4:59 PM EST
.
Chapter 7The Problem of EvilOf all the objections to theism pr.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7
The Problem of Evil
Of all the objections to theism presented by atheists, the most celebrated and oft-rehearsed, by far, is the problem of evil and suffering. Debates about evolution and the like notwithstanding, most reflective theists would likely agree that objections to belief in God posed by the occurrence of evil and suffering present a far more serious challenge than do objections from science. (In fact, one of the most popular lines of objection to theistic evolution is really a version of the problem of evil; it asks, How could a perfectly loving God employ a means of creation that proceeds by way of the systematic destruction of the weakest and most vulnerable creatures?) A distinction must be drawn, however, between the problem of evil as a philosophical objection to religious belief and the problem as a concerned question.
Some philosophers have put forward arguments from evil which purport to show that God does not exist or that belief in God is unreasonable. To such philosophical attacks, philosophical responses are appropriate. However, many people—believers and nonbelievers alike—are bothered by evil. When they are faced with suffering, on their own part or on the part of others, they may pose an agonizing Why? A philosophical argument is often the last thing such a person wants to hear; such an argument may appear irritatingly superficial or even callous. The person wants compassion and empathy, and the proper response may simply be to listen and try to share the other’s grief and questions. At such times the problem of evil calls more for pastoral care than for philosophical debate.
The philosophical problem of evil, on the other hand, can be posed briefly and sharply. It appears to many people that a perfectly good, all-knowing and all-powerful being, were he to exist, would not allow the kinds or quantity of evil and suffering that exists in our world. The underlying assumption of this argument is the intuition—common to many atheists and theists alike—that a good being eliminates evil as far as it is able to. God, being omniscient, should be aware of every instance of evil and suffering; being perfectly good, he would presumably want to eliminate all evil; being omnipotent, he should be able to do just that. If there were a God, therefore, one would expect not to find any evil in the world. Since one does find evil—and quite a bit of it—God must not exist. In this way, the existence of evil and suffering is thought to undermine the rationality of belief in God.
Types of Evil, Versions of the Problem and Types of Responses
The evils in the world which this argument takes as its basis are usually divided into two types. Moral evil is all the evil which is due to the actions of free, morally responsible beings. Murders, rapes and the hunger caused by social injustice would be examples of moral evil. Natural evil (or nonmoral evil) is all the evil that is not (or at least does not appear to be) due to the actions.
CHAPTER 7The CPU and MemoryThe Architecture of Comp.docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 7:
The CPU and Memory
The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software & Networking:
An Information Technology Approach
5th Edition, Irv Englander
John Wiley and Sons 2013
PowerPoint slides authored by Angela Clark, University of South Alabama
PowerPoint slides for the 4th edition were authored by Wilson Wong, Bentley University
CPU and MemoryEvery instruction executed by the CPU requires memory accessPrimary memory holds program instructions and dataSecondary storage is used for long term storageData is moved from secondary storage to primary memory for CPU execution
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CPU: Major ComponentsALU (arithmetic logic unit)Performs calculations and comparisonsCU (control unit)Performs fetch/execute cycle
Accesses program instructions and issues commands to the ALU
Moves data to and from CPU registers and other hardware componentsSubcomponents:
Memory management unit: supervises fetching instructions and data from memory
I/O Interface: sometimes combined with memory management unit as Bus Interface Unit
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
*
System Block Diagram
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
*
The Little Man Computer
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
*
Concept of RegistersSmall, permanent storage locations within the CPU used for a particular purposeManipulated directly by the Control UnitWired for specific functionSize in bits or bytes (not in MB like memory) Can hold data, an address, or an instructionHow many registers does the LMC have?What are the registers in the LMC?
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
*
RegistersUse of RegistersScratchpad for currently executing program
Holds data needed quickly or frequentlyStores information about status of CPU and currently executing program
Address of next program instruction
Signals from external devicesGeneral Purpose RegistersUser-visible or program-visible registersHold intermediate results or data values, e.g., loop countersEquivalent to LMC’s calculatorTypically several dozen in current CPUs
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
*
Special-Purpose RegistersProgram Counter Register (PC)Also called instruction pointer (IP)Instruction Register (IR)Stores instruction fetched from memoryMemory Address Register (MAR)Memory Data Register (MDR) Status RegistersStatus of CPU and currently executing programFlags (one bit Boolean variable) to track conditions like arithmetic carry and overflow, power failure, internal computer error
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
*
Register OperationsStores values from other locations (registers and memory)Addition and subtractionShift or rotate dataT.
Chapter 7QUESTION 1. Which of the following is defin.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7
QUESTION 1
.
Which of the following is defined as the persistnce of learning over time, through the encoding, storage and retrieval of memory?
.
memory
long-term memory
short-term memory
sensory memory
.
10 points
QUESTION 2
.
Which of the following refers to the processing of information outside of conscious awareness?
.
sensory memory
short-term memory
automatic processing
working memory
.
10 points
QUESTION 3
.
Behaviors such as texting and driving home would be considered...
.
explicit memories
automatic processing
implicit memories
working memory
.
10 points
QUESTION 4
.
Which of the following pieces of memory would you not process automatically?
.
Where your bed and dresser are in your room
A new acquaintances address
The location of your PSY110 classroom
How to spell your name
.
10 points
QUESTION 5
.
Cramming has actually been shown to be an effective method of learning new information.
.
True
.
False
.
10 points
QUESTION 6
.
Mood can be a retrieval cue.
.
True
.
False
.
10 points
QUESTION 7
.
Which of the following brain structures is responsible for temporarily holding memories until they can be moved to storage?
.
basal ganglia
frontal lobe
cerebellum
hippocampus
.
10 points
QUESTION 8
.
Which of the following brain structures is most involved with you learning motor movements such as how to ride a bike?
.
brain stem
basal ganglia
frontal lobe
hippocampus
.
10 points
QUESTION 9
.
If you have to take a foreign language at Valpo and you took a foreign language in high school, you would benefit from taking the same language at Valpo as you did in high school because you would benefit most from which of the following?
.
Recall
Relearning
Recognition
.
10 points
QUESTION 10
.
This very multiple choice question, which is asking you to identify previously learned material, requires you to make use of which of the following skills?
.
relearning
recall
recognition
.
Chapter 2
QUESTION 1
.
Neurons are...
.
basic building blocks of the nervous system
extensions of the cell body that receive messages
extensions of the cell body that send messages
a nerve impulse
.
10 points
QUESTION 2
.
Everything psychological is simultaneously biological
.
True
.
False
.
10 points
QUESTION 3
.
Brain plasticity allows us to adapt to new environments
.
True
.
False
.
10 points
QUESTION 4
.
The nervous system consists of...
.
the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems
the brain and spinal cord
the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
.
10 points
QUESTION 5
.
Neurotransmitters...
.
include serotonin and dopamine and affect behaviors and emotions
are electrical impulses in the brain
the form of communication between motor neurons and sensory neurons
are natural opiates released in response to pain
.
10 p.
Chapter 7One pageAPA stylePlease comment on the followin.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7
One page
APA style
Please comment on the following statement regarding our current educational system and examples of practices
:
"
It
is a cardinal precept of the newer school of education that the
beginning of instruction shall be made with the experience learners
already have; that this experience and the capacities that have been
developed during its course provide the starting point for all further
learning" (Dewey, 1938, p. 88
).
(
one page- deadline will be
Friday
.
CHAPTER 7
Managing Financial Operations
Revenue cycle (billing and collections)
Receivables management
Cash and marketable securities management
Inventory (supply chain) management
Operational monitoring and control
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
Financial Operations
Financial operations involves the day-to-day oversight of such tasks as billing and collections (revenue cycle), cash management, and inventory management.
The specifics are highly dependent on the type of provider (e.g., hospital versus medical practice versus nursing home).
Thus, the focus here is on fundamental concepts as opposed to details.
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
The Revenue Cycle
The revenue cycle is defined as all activities associated with billing and collecting for services.
In general, revenue cycle management should ensure that
patients are properly categorized by payer,
correct and timely billing takes place, and
correct and timely payment is received.
The revenue cycle includes the activities listed on the next slide.
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
The Revenue Cycle (cont.)
Before-service activities:
Insurance verification
Certification of managed-care patients
Patient financial counseling
At-service activities:
Insurance status verification
Service documentation/claims production
After-service activities:
Claims submission
Third-party follow-up (if needed)
Denials management
Payment receipt and posting
Monitoring and reporting:
Monitoring
Review and improvement
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
The Revenue Cycle (cont.)
In revenue cycle management, each of the identified activities is closely monitored to ensure that
the correct amount of reimbursement is collected on each patient,
reimbursements are collected as quickly as possible, and
the costs associated with the revenue cycle are minimized consistently with rapid and correct collections.
Two important keys to good revenue cycle management are information technology and electronic claims processing.
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
Receivables Management
If a service is provided for cash, the revenue is immediately received.
If the service is provided on credit, the revenue is not received until the receivable is collected.
Receivables management, which falls under the general umbrella of the revenue cycle, is extremely important to healthcare providers.
Why?
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
Accumulation of Receivables
Suppose Valley Clinic contracts with an insurer whose patients use $2,000 in services daily and who pays in 40 days.
The clinic will accumulate receivables at a rate of $2,000 per day.
However, after 40 days, the receivables balance will stabilize at $80,000:
Receivables = Daily sales × Average collection period
= $2,000
× 40
= $80,000
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
Cost of Carrying Receiva.
CHAPTER 7Primate BehaviorWhat is Meant By Behavior.docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 7
Primate Behavior
What is Meant By Behavior?
• Anything organisms do that involves action in response to
internal or external stimuli.
• The response of an individual, group, or species to its
environment.
• Such responses may or may not be deliberate and they
aren't necessarily the results of conscious decision
making.
Ecological Perspective
• Pertains to relationships between organisms and
all aspects of their environment
• Temperature
• Predators
• Vegetation
• Availability of food and water
• Types of food
• Disease organisms
• Parasites
Behavioral Ecology
Focuses on the relationship between behaviors,
natural environment, and biological traits of the
species.
Based on the assumption that animals, plants, and
microorganisms evolved together.
Behaviors have evolved through the operation of
natural selection, or
Some behaviors are influenced by genes and are
subject to natural selection the same way physical
characteristics are.
The Evolution of Behavior
Behavior constitutes a phenotype
Individuals whose behavioral phenotypes increase
reproductive fitness pass on their genes at a faster
rate.
Genes do not code for specific behaviors, but they do
code for biological factors that impact behavior, i.e.
hormone levels, intelligence
Species vary in their limits and potentials for learning
and behavioral flexibility, set by genetic factors.
Natural selection acts on genetic factors shaped by
ecological, the same as it does physical
characteristics
Social Structure
• The composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of
animals.
• The social structure of a species is, in part, the
result of natural selection in a specific habitat, and
it guides individual interactions and social
relationships.
Why Are Primates Social?
• Group living exposes animals to competition with other group
members, so why not live alone?
• Costs of competition are offset by the benefits of predator
defense provided by associating with others.
• Group living evolved as an adaptive response to a number of
ecological variables.
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• Body Size
• Larger animals are better able to retain heat and their overall energy
requirements are less than for smaller animals
• This means they need fewer calories per unit of body weight.
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• Metabolism
• The chemical processes within cells that break down nutrients and release
energy for the body to use.
• Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Diet
• Smaller animals generally have a higher BMR than larger ones.
• This means smaller primates require an energy-rich diet high in protein,
fats, and carbohydrates (fruit, and insects).
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• BMR and Diet
• Nutritional needs have evolved along with BMR and body size
• Benefits are considered in terms of energy (calories) obtained from food
.
Chapter 7Medical Care Production and Costs(c) 2012 Cengage.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7
Medical Care Production and Costs
(c) 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Short-Run Production Function of the Representative Medical Firm
Assumptions of short-run production:
Medical firm produces a single output of medical services, q
Only two medical inputs exist: nurse-hours, n, and a composite capital good, k
Quantity of capital is fixed at some amount
(c) 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Short-Run Production Function of the Representative Medical Firm
Medical firm faces an incentive to produce as efficiently as possible
Medical firm possesses perfect information regarding the demands for its product
(c) 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Short-Run Production Function of the Representative Medical Firm
Production function:
Identifies different ways nurse-hours & capital can be combined
To produce various levels of medical services
(c) 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Short-Run Production Function of the Representative Medical Firm
Each level of output produced by -
Several different combinations of the nurse and capital inputs
Each combination – assumed to be technically efficient – maximum amount of output that is feasible given the state of technology
(c) 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Short-Run Production Function of the Representative Medical Firm
Law of diminishing marginal productivity
At first, total output increases at an increasing rate
After some point, it increases at a decreasing rate
Total product curve, TP
Depicts total output produced by different levels of the variable input, holding all other inputs constant
(c) 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classro.
CHAPTER 7FriendshipTHE NATURE OF FRIENDSHIPFRIENDSHIP ACROSS T.docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 7
Friendship
THE NATURE OF FRIENDSHIPFRIENDSHIP ACROSS THE LIFE CYCLEDIFFERENCES IN FRIENDSHIPFRIENDSHIP DIFFICULTIESFOR YOUR CONSIDERATIONCHAPTER SUMMARY
I get by with a little help from my friends. John Lennon
Take a moment and think about your two best friends. Why are they such close companions? Why do you think of them as friends? You probably like but don't love them. (Or, at least, you're not “in love” with them, or you'd probably think of them as more than just “friends.”) You've probably shared a lot of good times with them, and you feel comfortable around them; you know that they like you, too, and you feel that you can count on them to help you when you need it.
Indeed, the positive sentiments you feel toward your friends may actually be rather varied and complex. They annoy you sometimes, but you're fond of them, and because they're best friends, they know things about you that no one else may know. You like to do things with them, and you expect your relationship to continue indefinitely. In fact, if you look back at the features that define intimacy (way back on page 2), you may find that your connections to your best friends are quite intimate, indeed. You may have substantial knowledge of them, and you probably feel high levels of trust and commitment toward them; you may not experience as much caring, interdependence, responsiveness, and mutuality as you do with a romantic partner, but all three are present, nonetheless.
So, are friendships the same as but just less intimate than our romantic partnerships? Yes and no. Friendships are based on the same building blocks of intimacy as romances are, but the mix of components is usually different. Romances also have some ingredients that friendships typically lack, so their recipes do differ. But many of the elements of friendships and romances are quite similar, and this chapter will set the stage for our consideration of love (in chapter 8) by detailing what it means to like an intimate partner. Among other topics, I'll describe various features of friendship and question whether men and women can be “just friends.”
Page 214
THE NATURE OF FRIENDSHIP
Our friendships are indispensable sources of pleasure and support. One study of unmarried young adults found that over one-third of them (36 percent) considered a friendship to be their “closest, deepest, most involved, and most intimate” current relationship (Berscheid et al., 1989). A larger proportion (47 percent) identified a romantic relationship as their most important partnerships, but friendships were obviously significant connections to others. And they remain so, even after people marry. Another study that used an event-sampling procedure1 to track people's interactions found that they were generally having more fun when they were with friends than when they were alone or with family members, including their spouses. The best times occurred when both their spouses and their friends were present, but if it was one or.
Chapter 7
Food, Nutrition & Obesity Policy
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
1
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
Obesity = excessive body fat/bodyweight
BMI—a ratio of weight to height, calculated as kilograms divided by meters squared
Categorize an individual as obese = BMI ≥30
In children, obesity refers to a BMI greater than, or equal to, the 95th percentile
Obesity is a major risk factor for:
Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension
Greater risk for additional comorbid health conditions, including stroke, arthritis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, kidney disease, and mental health problems related to social stigma
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
2
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
Disparities
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
3
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
Disparities: Children
Between 1980 and 2004, obesity prevalence tripled among children aged 2 to 19 years increasing from 6% to 19%
Overall prevalence has remained fairly stable since 2004
2011–2012 = 17% of children obese
Hispanic children have the highest obesity prevalence, followed by: non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White children
Black children are more likely to be severely obese than are White children
Trends indicate the most pronounced increase of severe obesity in White female and Black male children
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
4
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
Disparities: Adults
More prevalent in non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics
Exists at the highest rate among all adults aged 40 to 59 years
Gender- and income-based obesity-related disparities exist among all racial and ethnic groups
Most pronounced among non-Hispanic Black women across all age categories
Higher income non- Hispanic Black and Mexican American men have slightly higher obesity prevalence rates than those with lower incomes
Adults in rural areas are significantly more likely to be obese than those in urban areas
WHY?
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
5
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
6
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
The Costs of Obesity
$315.8 billion was spent on adult obesity-related direct healthcare costs in 2010
Majority of expenses resulting from the treatment of comorbid health conditions, particularly type 2 diabetes
Medicare and Medicaid spending would see decreases of 8.5% and 11.8% if obesity-related costs were removed from the analysis
Obesity-related absenteeism translates to an estimated cost of $8.65 billion per year in lost productivity
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
7
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
Obesogenic Environment
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
8
https://youtu.be/5Rm7E2e1Su8
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
Obesogenic Environment.
Chapter 8 - Children of alcoholics often display characteristic tr.docxrobertad6
Chapter 8 - Children of alcoholics often display characteristic traits: (1) the "hero" who attempts to replace the dysfunctional parent by overachieving, or (2) the "jester" who compensates for a lack of parental guidance by being mischievous and unruly. Which role did Beethoven play in his family? What is the evidence for your choice? 100+ words
Chapter 9 - Discuss the way travel might have affected composers (for example, Mendelssohn). If you have been outside the U.S., or even taveled far within the U.S., what effect did it have on you? 100+ words
.
Chapter 8 - Review the Siemens AG case study. Note the importan.docxrobertad6
Chapter 8 - Review the Siemens AG case study. Note the importance of understanding the interrelationships amongst all the senior leaders at every location. Pay special attention to Figure 8.1 and Figure 8.2. Note how the corporate CIO should engage with each of the regional leaders. Why is this important? (Information Technology and Organizational Learning)
The above submission should be one-page in length and adhere to APA formatting standards.
.
Chapter 7Victimology and Patterns of VictimizationThe a.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7:
Victimology and Patterns of Victimization
The authors discuss the meaning of genocide, criminology’s aversion of the topic, and assertions of the United States’ own participation in it. Through reviewing a brief U.S. history, the authors argue that genocide stemming from the treatment of Native Americans throughout history should not be written off as radical conspiracy. Likening American Indian reservations to inner cities, a connection is made provoking questions between the historical treatment of African Americans and genocide.
Chapter 8: Lawmaking and the Administration of Criminal Law
This Chapter analyzes the impact that class, race, and gender have on shaping laws and the lawmaking process. Although criminal law is thought to be an objective measure of harm, it is instead the direct result of our political process headed by a powerful few, where money and privilege reign. The authors explain that the laws that shape our reality and perceptions of what is criminal serve the interests of the influential ruling class at the expense of the underclasses.
Discuss
one
of the following (Write Minimum of 250 words):
1. You learned in Chapter 7 that certain victims are valued above others. Why do you think that is? How do you think that impacts the U.S Criminal Justice System?
OR
2. According to Chapter 8, minorities are the labor pool that is regulated through punishment. How is this analysis relevant in criminal justice today?
.
Chapter 7Thinking and IntelligenceFigure 7.1 Thinking .docxrobertad6
Chapter 7
Thinking and Intelligence
Figure 7.1 Thinking is an important part of our human experience, and one that has captivated people for centuries.
Today, it is one area of psychological study. The 19th-century Girl with a Book by José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior, the
20th-century sculpture The Thinker by August Rodin, and Shi Ke’s 10th-century painting Huike Thinking all reflect the
fascination with the process of human thought. (credit “middle”: modification of work by Jason Rogers; credit “right”:
modification of work by Tang Zu-Ming)
Chapter Outline
7.1 What Is Cognition?
7.2 Language
7.3 Problem Solving
7.4 What Are Intelligence and Creativity?
7.5 Measures of Intelligence
7.6 The Source of Intelligence
Introduction
Why is it so difficult to break habits—like reaching for your ringing phone even when you shouldn’t, such
as when you’re driving? How does a person who has never seen or touched snow in real life develop an
understanding of the concept of snow? How do young children acquire the ability to learn language with
no formal instruction? Psychologists who study thinking explore questions like these.
Cognitive psychologists also study intelligence. What is intelligence, and how does it vary from person
to person? Are “street smarts” a kind of intelligence, and if so, how do they relate to other types of
intelligence? What does an IQ test really measure? These questions and more will be explored in this
chapter as you study thinking and intelligence.
In other chapters, we discussed the cognitive processes of perception, learning, and memory. In this
chapter, we will focus on high-level cognitive processes. As a part of this discussion, we will consider
thinking and briefly explore the development and use of language. We will also discuss problem solving
and creativity before ending with a discussion of how intelligence is measured and how our biology
and environments interact to affect intelligence. After finishing this chapter, you will have a greater
appreciation of the higher-level cognitive processes that contribute to our distinctiveness as a species.
Chapter 7 | Thinking and Intelligence 217
7.1 What Is Cognition?
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Describe cognition
• Distinguish concepts and prototypes
• Explain the difference between natural and artificial concepts
Imagine all of your thoughts as if they were physical entities, swirling rapidly inside your mind. How is it
possible that the brain is able to move from one thought to the next in an organized, orderly fashion? The
brain is endlessly perceiving, processing, planning, organizing, and remembering—it is always active. Yet,
you don’t notice most of your brain’s activity as you move throughout your daily routine. This is only one
facet of the complex processes involved in cognition. Simply put, cognition is thinking, and it encompasses
the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, langu.
Chapter 7 2. How does a false positive alarm differ from a f.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7
2. How does a false positive alarm differ from a false negative alarm? From a security perspective, which is less desirable?
3.
How does a network-based IDPS differ from a host-based IDPS?
14.
What is an open port? Why is it important to limit the number of open ports to those that are absolutely essential?
Chapter 8
3.
What is a cryptographic key, and what is it used for? What is a more formal name for a cryptographic key?
4.
What are the three basic operations in cryptography?
9.
What are the components of PKI?
.
Chapter 7 covers Corporate Information Security and Privacy Regu.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7 covers Corporate Information Security and Privacy Regulation. Specifically, the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 was passed as a result of the Enron scandal. Give a short synopsis of the Enron scandal and then provide a short synopsis of SOX.
Answer the question with a short paragraph, between 250 and 350 words. Brevity is a virtue. That is why you are limited to 350 words. If you can't present your hypothesis in 350 words or less then it is too complicated.
Remember that when you state a fact if you don't provide a reference, it is not a fact but rather an opinion.
submit it by 2/16/2020 at 4:59 PM EST
.
Chapter 7The Problem of EvilOf all the objections to theism pr.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7
The Problem of Evil
Of all the objections to theism presented by atheists, the most celebrated and oft-rehearsed, by far, is the problem of evil and suffering. Debates about evolution and the like notwithstanding, most reflective theists would likely agree that objections to belief in God posed by the occurrence of evil and suffering present a far more serious challenge than do objections from science. (In fact, one of the most popular lines of objection to theistic evolution is really a version of the problem of evil; it asks, How could a perfectly loving God employ a means of creation that proceeds by way of the systematic destruction of the weakest and most vulnerable creatures?) A distinction must be drawn, however, between the problem of evil as a philosophical objection to religious belief and the problem as a concerned question.
Some philosophers have put forward arguments from evil which purport to show that God does not exist or that belief in God is unreasonable. To such philosophical attacks, philosophical responses are appropriate. However, many people—believers and nonbelievers alike—are bothered by evil. When they are faced with suffering, on their own part or on the part of others, they may pose an agonizing Why? A philosophical argument is often the last thing such a person wants to hear; such an argument may appear irritatingly superficial or even callous. The person wants compassion and empathy, and the proper response may simply be to listen and try to share the other’s grief and questions. At such times the problem of evil calls more for pastoral care than for philosophical debate.
The philosophical problem of evil, on the other hand, can be posed briefly and sharply. It appears to many people that a perfectly good, all-knowing and all-powerful being, were he to exist, would not allow the kinds or quantity of evil and suffering that exists in our world. The underlying assumption of this argument is the intuition—common to many atheists and theists alike—that a good being eliminates evil as far as it is able to. God, being omniscient, should be aware of every instance of evil and suffering; being perfectly good, he would presumably want to eliminate all evil; being omnipotent, he should be able to do just that. If there were a God, therefore, one would expect not to find any evil in the world. Since one does find evil—and quite a bit of it—God must not exist. In this way, the existence of evil and suffering is thought to undermine the rationality of belief in God.
Types of Evil, Versions of the Problem and Types of Responses
The evils in the world which this argument takes as its basis are usually divided into two types. Moral evil is all the evil which is due to the actions of free, morally responsible beings. Murders, rapes and the hunger caused by social injustice would be examples of moral evil. Natural evil (or nonmoral evil) is all the evil that is not (or at least does not appear to be) due to the actions.
CHAPTER 7The CPU and MemoryThe Architecture of Comp.docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 7:
The CPU and Memory
The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software & Networking:
An Information Technology Approach
5th Edition, Irv Englander
John Wiley and Sons 2013
PowerPoint slides authored by Angela Clark, University of South Alabama
PowerPoint slides for the 4th edition were authored by Wilson Wong, Bentley University
CPU and MemoryEvery instruction executed by the CPU requires memory accessPrimary memory holds program instructions and dataSecondary storage is used for long term storageData is moved from secondary storage to primary memory for CPU execution
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CPU: Major ComponentsALU (arithmetic logic unit)Performs calculations and comparisonsCU (control unit)Performs fetch/execute cycle
Accesses program instructions and issues commands to the ALU
Moves data to and from CPU registers and other hardware componentsSubcomponents:
Memory management unit: supervises fetching instructions and data from memory
I/O Interface: sometimes combined with memory management unit as Bus Interface Unit
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
*
System Block Diagram
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
*
The Little Man Computer
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
*
Concept of RegistersSmall, permanent storage locations within the CPU used for a particular purposeManipulated directly by the Control UnitWired for specific functionSize in bits or bytes (not in MB like memory) Can hold data, an address, or an instructionHow many registers does the LMC have?What are the registers in the LMC?
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
*
RegistersUse of RegistersScratchpad for currently executing program
Holds data needed quickly or frequentlyStores information about status of CPU and currently executing program
Address of next program instruction
Signals from external devicesGeneral Purpose RegistersUser-visible or program-visible registersHold intermediate results or data values, e.g., loop countersEquivalent to LMC’s calculatorTypically several dozen in current CPUs
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
*
Special-Purpose RegistersProgram Counter Register (PC)Also called instruction pointer (IP)Instruction Register (IR)Stores instruction fetched from memoryMemory Address Register (MAR)Memory Data Register (MDR) Status RegistersStatus of CPU and currently executing programFlags (one bit Boolean variable) to track conditions like arithmetic carry and overflow, power failure, internal computer error
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7-*
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
*
Register OperationsStores values from other locations (registers and memory)Addition and subtractionShift or rotate dataT.
Chapter 7QUESTION 1. Which of the following is defin.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7
QUESTION 1
.
Which of the following is defined as the persistnce of learning over time, through the encoding, storage and retrieval of memory?
.
memory
long-term memory
short-term memory
sensory memory
.
10 points
QUESTION 2
.
Which of the following refers to the processing of information outside of conscious awareness?
.
sensory memory
short-term memory
automatic processing
working memory
.
10 points
QUESTION 3
.
Behaviors such as texting and driving home would be considered...
.
explicit memories
automatic processing
implicit memories
working memory
.
10 points
QUESTION 4
.
Which of the following pieces of memory would you not process automatically?
.
Where your bed and dresser are in your room
A new acquaintances address
The location of your PSY110 classroom
How to spell your name
.
10 points
QUESTION 5
.
Cramming has actually been shown to be an effective method of learning new information.
.
True
.
False
.
10 points
QUESTION 6
.
Mood can be a retrieval cue.
.
True
.
False
.
10 points
QUESTION 7
.
Which of the following brain structures is responsible for temporarily holding memories until they can be moved to storage?
.
basal ganglia
frontal lobe
cerebellum
hippocampus
.
10 points
QUESTION 8
.
Which of the following brain structures is most involved with you learning motor movements such as how to ride a bike?
.
brain stem
basal ganglia
frontal lobe
hippocampus
.
10 points
QUESTION 9
.
If you have to take a foreign language at Valpo and you took a foreign language in high school, you would benefit from taking the same language at Valpo as you did in high school because you would benefit most from which of the following?
.
Recall
Relearning
Recognition
.
10 points
QUESTION 10
.
This very multiple choice question, which is asking you to identify previously learned material, requires you to make use of which of the following skills?
.
relearning
recall
recognition
.
Chapter 2
QUESTION 1
.
Neurons are...
.
basic building blocks of the nervous system
extensions of the cell body that receive messages
extensions of the cell body that send messages
a nerve impulse
.
10 points
QUESTION 2
.
Everything psychological is simultaneously biological
.
True
.
False
.
10 points
QUESTION 3
.
Brain plasticity allows us to adapt to new environments
.
True
.
False
.
10 points
QUESTION 4
.
The nervous system consists of...
.
the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems
the brain and spinal cord
the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
.
10 points
QUESTION 5
.
Neurotransmitters...
.
include serotonin and dopamine and affect behaviors and emotions
are electrical impulses in the brain
the form of communication between motor neurons and sensory neurons
are natural opiates released in response to pain
.
10 p.
Chapter 7One pageAPA stylePlease comment on the followin.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7
One page
APA style
Please comment on the following statement regarding our current educational system and examples of practices
:
"
It
is a cardinal precept of the newer school of education that the
beginning of instruction shall be made with the experience learners
already have; that this experience and the capacities that have been
developed during its course provide the starting point for all further
learning" (Dewey, 1938, p. 88
).
(
one page- deadline will be
Friday
.
CHAPTER 7
Managing Financial Operations
Revenue cycle (billing and collections)
Receivables management
Cash and marketable securities management
Inventory (supply chain) management
Operational monitoring and control
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
Financial Operations
Financial operations involves the day-to-day oversight of such tasks as billing and collections (revenue cycle), cash management, and inventory management.
The specifics are highly dependent on the type of provider (e.g., hospital versus medical practice versus nursing home).
Thus, the focus here is on fundamental concepts as opposed to details.
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
The Revenue Cycle
The revenue cycle is defined as all activities associated with billing and collecting for services.
In general, revenue cycle management should ensure that
patients are properly categorized by payer,
correct and timely billing takes place, and
correct and timely payment is received.
The revenue cycle includes the activities listed on the next slide.
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
The Revenue Cycle (cont.)
Before-service activities:
Insurance verification
Certification of managed-care patients
Patient financial counseling
At-service activities:
Insurance status verification
Service documentation/claims production
After-service activities:
Claims submission
Third-party follow-up (if needed)
Denials management
Payment receipt and posting
Monitoring and reporting:
Monitoring
Review and improvement
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
The Revenue Cycle (cont.)
In revenue cycle management, each of the identified activities is closely monitored to ensure that
the correct amount of reimbursement is collected on each patient,
reimbursements are collected as quickly as possible, and
the costs associated with the revenue cycle are minimized consistently with rapid and correct collections.
Two important keys to good revenue cycle management are information technology and electronic claims processing.
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
Receivables Management
If a service is provided for cash, the revenue is immediately received.
If the service is provided on credit, the revenue is not received until the receivable is collected.
Receivables management, which falls under the general umbrella of the revenue cycle, is extremely important to healthcare providers.
Why?
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
Accumulation of Receivables
Suppose Valley Clinic contracts with an insurer whose patients use $2,000 in services daily and who pays in 40 days.
The clinic will accumulate receivables at a rate of $2,000 per day.
However, after 40 days, the receivables balance will stabilize at $80,000:
Receivables = Daily sales × Average collection period
= $2,000
× 40
= $80,000
Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press
7 - ‹#›
Cost of Carrying Receiva.
CHAPTER 7Primate BehaviorWhat is Meant By Behavior.docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 7
Primate Behavior
What is Meant By Behavior?
• Anything organisms do that involves action in response to
internal or external stimuli.
• The response of an individual, group, or species to its
environment.
• Such responses may or may not be deliberate and they
aren't necessarily the results of conscious decision
making.
Ecological Perspective
• Pertains to relationships between organisms and
all aspects of their environment
• Temperature
• Predators
• Vegetation
• Availability of food and water
• Types of food
• Disease organisms
• Parasites
Behavioral Ecology
Focuses on the relationship between behaviors,
natural environment, and biological traits of the
species.
Based on the assumption that animals, plants, and
microorganisms evolved together.
Behaviors have evolved through the operation of
natural selection, or
Some behaviors are influenced by genes and are
subject to natural selection the same way physical
characteristics are.
The Evolution of Behavior
Behavior constitutes a phenotype
Individuals whose behavioral phenotypes increase
reproductive fitness pass on their genes at a faster
rate.
Genes do not code for specific behaviors, but they do
code for biological factors that impact behavior, i.e.
hormone levels, intelligence
Species vary in their limits and potentials for learning
and behavioral flexibility, set by genetic factors.
Natural selection acts on genetic factors shaped by
ecological, the same as it does physical
characteristics
Social Structure
• The composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of
animals.
• The social structure of a species is, in part, the
result of natural selection in a specific habitat, and
it guides individual interactions and social
relationships.
Why Are Primates Social?
• Group living exposes animals to competition with other group
members, so why not live alone?
• Costs of competition are offset by the benefits of predator
defense provided by associating with others.
• Group living evolved as an adaptive response to a number of
ecological variables.
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• Body Size
• Larger animals are better able to retain heat and their overall energy
requirements are less than for smaller animals
• This means they need fewer calories per unit of body weight.
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• Metabolism
• The chemical processes within cells that break down nutrients and release
energy for the body to use.
• Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Diet
• Smaller animals generally have a higher BMR than larger ones.
• This means smaller primates require an energy-rich diet high in protein,
fats, and carbohydrates (fruit, and insects).
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
• BMR and Diet
• Nutritional needs have evolved along with BMR and body size
• Benefits are considered in terms of energy (calories) obtained from food
.
Chapter 7Medical Care Production and Costs(c) 2012 Cengage.docxrobertad6
Chapter 7
Medical Care Production and Costs
(c) 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Short-Run Production Function of the Representative Medical Firm
Assumptions of short-run production:
Medical firm produces a single output of medical services, q
Only two medical inputs exist: nurse-hours, n, and a composite capital good, k
Quantity of capital is fixed at some amount
(c) 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Short-Run Production Function of the Representative Medical Firm
Medical firm faces an incentive to produce as efficiently as possible
Medical firm possesses perfect information regarding the demands for its product
(c) 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Short-Run Production Function of the Representative Medical Firm
Production function:
Identifies different ways nurse-hours & capital can be combined
To produce various levels of medical services
(c) 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Short-Run Production Function of the Representative Medical Firm
Each level of output produced by -
Several different combinations of the nurse and capital inputs
Each combination – assumed to be technically efficient – maximum amount of output that is feasible given the state of technology
(c) 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Short-Run Production Function of the Representative Medical Firm
Law of diminishing marginal productivity
At first, total output increases at an increasing rate
After some point, it increases at a decreasing rate
Total product curve, TP
Depicts total output produced by different levels of the variable input, holding all other inputs constant
(c) 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classro.
CHAPTER 7FriendshipTHE NATURE OF FRIENDSHIPFRIENDSHIP ACROSS T.docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 7
Friendship
THE NATURE OF FRIENDSHIPFRIENDSHIP ACROSS THE LIFE CYCLEDIFFERENCES IN FRIENDSHIPFRIENDSHIP DIFFICULTIESFOR YOUR CONSIDERATIONCHAPTER SUMMARY
I get by with a little help from my friends. John Lennon
Take a moment and think about your two best friends. Why are they such close companions? Why do you think of them as friends? You probably like but don't love them. (Or, at least, you're not “in love” with them, or you'd probably think of them as more than just “friends.”) You've probably shared a lot of good times with them, and you feel comfortable around them; you know that they like you, too, and you feel that you can count on them to help you when you need it.
Indeed, the positive sentiments you feel toward your friends may actually be rather varied and complex. They annoy you sometimes, but you're fond of them, and because they're best friends, they know things about you that no one else may know. You like to do things with them, and you expect your relationship to continue indefinitely. In fact, if you look back at the features that define intimacy (way back on page 2), you may find that your connections to your best friends are quite intimate, indeed. You may have substantial knowledge of them, and you probably feel high levels of trust and commitment toward them; you may not experience as much caring, interdependence, responsiveness, and mutuality as you do with a romantic partner, but all three are present, nonetheless.
So, are friendships the same as but just less intimate than our romantic partnerships? Yes and no. Friendships are based on the same building blocks of intimacy as romances are, but the mix of components is usually different. Romances also have some ingredients that friendships typically lack, so their recipes do differ. But many of the elements of friendships and romances are quite similar, and this chapter will set the stage for our consideration of love (in chapter 8) by detailing what it means to like an intimate partner. Among other topics, I'll describe various features of friendship and question whether men and women can be “just friends.”
Page 214
THE NATURE OF FRIENDSHIP
Our friendships are indispensable sources of pleasure and support. One study of unmarried young adults found that over one-third of them (36 percent) considered a friendship to be their “closest, deepest, most involved, and most intimate” current relationship (Berscheid et al., 1989). A larger proportion (47 percent) identified a romantic relationship as their most important partnerships, but friendships were obviously significant connections to others. And they remain so, even after people marry. Another study that used an event-sampling procedure1 to track people's interactions found that they were generally having more fun when they were with friends than when they were alone or with family members, including their spouses. The best times occurred when both their spouses and their friends were present, but if it was one or.
Chapter 7
Food, Nutrition & Obesity Policy
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
1
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
Obesity = excessive body fat/bodyweight
BMI—a ratio of weight to height, calculated as kilograms divided by meters squared
Categorize an individual as obese = BMI ≥30
In children, obesity refers to a BMI greater than, or equal to, the 95th percentile
Obesity is a major risk factor for:
Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension
Greater risk for additional comorbid health conditions, including stroke, arthritis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, kidney disease, and mental health problems related to social stigma
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
2
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
Disparities
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
3
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
Disparities: Children
Between 1980 and 2004, obesity prevalence tripled among children aged 2 to 19 years increasing from 6% to 19%
Overall prevalence has remained fairly stable since 2004
2011–2012 = 17% of children obese
Hispanic children have the highest obesity prevalence, followed by: non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White children
Black children are more likely to be severely obese than are White children
Trends indicate the most pronounced increase of severe obesity in White female and Black male children
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
4
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
Disparities: Adults
More prevalent in non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics
Exists at the highest rate among all adults aged 40 to 59 years
Gender- and income-based obesity-related disparities exist among all racial and ethnic groups
Most pronounced among non-Hispanic Black women across all age categories
Higher income non- Hispanic Black and Mexican American men have slightly higher obesity prevalence rates than those with lower incomes
Adults in rural areas are significantly more likely to be obese than those in urban areas
WHY?
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
5
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
6
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
The Costs of Obesity
$315.8 billion was spent on adult obesity-related direct healthcare costs in 2010
Majority of expenses resulting from the treatment of comorbid health conditions, particularly type 2 diabetes
Medicare and Medicaid spending would see decreases of 8.5% and 11.8% if obesity-related costs were removed from the analysis
Obesity-related absenteeism translates to an estimated cost of $8.65 billion per year in lost productivity
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
7
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
Obesogenic Environment
Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016
8
https://youtu.be/5Rm7E2e1Su8
Identifying the Problem: Obesity & Its Consequences
Obesogenic Environment.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Chapter 5The Mediaand ClaimsMedia and the Claims.docx
1. Chapter 5
The Media
and Claims
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 1
Many claimsmakers seek media attention.
How can they get it?
Why might it be difficult to get?
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 2
how social problems are constructed.
hope that the media will bring their claims to
wider audiences and policymakers.
the
2. original claim.
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 3
into secondary claims by the media.
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 4
new, fresh material for the media.
thought of as multiple arenas, each with a
limited carrying capacity.
3. presented in the arena they manage.
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 5
s constrained by economic
factors, deadlines, and cultural limitations
(such as professionalism).
entertainment value (“brand-new” stories,
easily filmed events, or claims that have
compelling typifying stories).
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 6
coverage by reporting views from “both sides”
4. stories they decide to cover.
by claimsmakers seeking media coverage.
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 7
msmakers who begin in distant
places tend to migrate to larger media centers.
produced by news workers.
Media and the Claimsmaking Process
Slide 8
ge claims in ways that help news
workers and parallel their constraints
5. their cause (such as celebrity ambassadors)
Changes in the Media
Slide 1
-hour cable news
networks, which must fill the newshole on a daily
basis, have increased in number.
ar
audiences (audience segmentation).
Changes in the Media
Slide 2
capacity for claims.
6. presence at a minimal cost.
an
make it hard to sift and sort claims.
Packaging Social Problems
Slide 1
the media and the general public.
that the media reach out to them.
become synonymous with the social problem.
ignored.
Packaging Social Problems
Slide 2
7. kages are familiar, coherent
views of a particular social problem.
amount of information into a recognizable story.
thinking about social problems.
News versus Entertainment
as well as on the news.
entertainment media construct social problems
are also affected by constraints.
characters, rather than social forces.
8. Impact of the Media
Slide 1
setting, but
there are constraints on media influence.
events such as disasters require immediate coverage.
particular topics.
sting claims, the media only
highlight a select few.
Impact of the Media
Slide 2
problems process, and that role is sometimes
exaggerated.
feedback.
9. problems process.
Impact of the Media
Slide 3
APTER ONE: Childhood and Delinquency
CHAPTER OUTLINE
THE RISKS AND REWARDS OF ADOLESCENCE
· Youth at Risk
What Does This Mean to Me?
FOCUS ON DELINQUENCY: Teen Risk Taking
Problems in Cyberspace
Is There Reason for Hope?
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDHOOD
· Custom and Practice in the Middle Ages
The Development of Concern for Children
Childhood in America
Controlling Children
DEVELOPING JUVENILE JUSTICE
· Juvenile Justice in the Nineteenth Century
Urbanization
The Child-Saving Movement
Were They Really Child Savers?
Development of Juvenile Institutions
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC)
The Illinois Juvenile Court Act and Its Legacy
Reforming the System
Delinquency and Parens Patriae
10. The Current Legal Status of Delinquency
Legal Responsibility of Youths
STATUS OFFENDERS
· Origins of the Status Offense Concept
The Status Offender in the Juvenile Justice System
Reforming the Treatment of Status Offenders
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: Intervention: Family Keys
Program
The Future of the Status Offense Concept
Curfews
Disciplining Parents
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter you should:
· 1. Be familiar with the risks faced by youth in American
culture.
· 2. Develop an understanding of the history of childhood.
· 3. Be able to discuss development of the juvenile justice
system.
· 4. Trace the history and purpose of the juvenile court.
· 5. Be able to describe the differences between delinquency and
status offending.
REAL CASES/REAL PEOPLE: Aaliyah’s Story
Aaliyah Parker ran away from home at the age of 17. She
struggled with family issues and felt she could no longer live
with her mother, stepfather, and younger siblings in their
California home. Arriving in Colorado with no family support,
no money, and no place to live, she joined other runaway
adolescents, homeless on the streets. Aaliyah began using drugs
and was eventually arrested and detained at a juvenile detention
center for possession of methamphetamines and providing false
information to a police officer.
When Aaliyah entered the juvenile justice system she was a few
months from turning 18. Due to issues of jurisdiction, budget
concerns, and Aaliyah’s age, system administrators encouraged
the case worker assigned to Aaliyah to make arrangements for
her to return to her family in California. The case worker could
11. see that Aaliyah had a strong desire to get her life back on
track. She needed assistance, but the cost of her treatment
would be over $3,000 per month, and the county agency’s
budget was already stretched. She was transported from the
juvenile detention center to a 90-day drug and alcohol treatment
program where she was able to detoxify her body and engage in
intensive counseling. The program also provided family therapy
through phone counseling for Aaliyah’s mother, allowing the
family to reconnect. Despite this renewed contact, returning
home was not an option for Aaliyah.
Aaliyah contacted a group home run by a local church that takes
runaway adolescents through county placements and provides a
variety of services for clients and their families. Aaliyah
entered the group home, was able to get her high school
diploma, and eventually enrolled in an independent living
program that assisted her in finding a job and getting her own
apartment. Aaliyah has remained in contact with her juvenile
case worker. Although she has struggled with her sobriety on
occasion, she has been able to refrain from using
methamphetamines. Her case worker continues to encourage
Aaliyah and has been an ongoing source of support, despite the
fact that the client file was closed several years ago. Aaliyah’s
success can be credited to the initial advocacy of her case
worker, the effective interventions, and to the strong
determination demonstrated by this young woman.
There are now 75 million children in the United States under
age 17 — about 37 percent of the population—many of whom
share some of the same problems as Aaliyah.1 Thousands
become runaways and wind up on the streets where their safety
is compromised, and they may turn to drugs, alcohol, and crime
as street survival strategies. Simply spending time on the streets
increases their likelihood for violence.2
The present generation of adolescents faces many risks. They
have been described as cynical, preoccupied with material
acquisitions, and uninterested in creative expression.3 By age
18, the average American adolescent has spent more time in
12. front of a television set than in the classroom. In the 1950s,
teenagers were reading comic books, but today they watch TV
shows and movies that rely on graphic scenes of violence as
their main theme; each year they may see up to 1,000 rapes,
murders, and assaults. When they are not texting and tweeting,
teens are listening to rap songs by Gucci Mane, V-Nasty, and
Tyga, whose best-selling 2012 song “Rack City” includes these
romantic lyrics:
· I’mma M—f— star
Look at the paint on the car
Too much rim make the ride too hard
Tell that bitch hop out, walk the boulevard
I need my money pronto
These artists’ explicit lyrics routinely describe substance abuse
and promiscuity and glorify the gangsta lifestyle. How does
exposure to this music affect young listeners? Should we be
concerned? Maybe we should. Research has found that kids who
listen to music with a sexual content are much more likely to
engage in precocious sex than adolescents whose musical tastes
run to Adele and Justin Bieber.4
THE RISKS AND REWARDS OF ADOLESCENCE
The problems of American society have had a significant effect
on our nation’s youth. Adolescence is a time of trial and
uncertainty, a time when youths experience anxiety,
humiliation, and mood swings. During this period, the
personality is still developing and is vulnerable to a host of
external factors. Adolescents also undergo a period of rapid
biological development. During just a few years’ time, their
height, weight, and sexual characteristics change dramatically.
A hundred and fifty years ago girls matured sexually at age 16,
but today they do so at 12.5 years of age. Although they may be
capable of having children as early as 14, many youngsters
remain emotionally immature long after reaching biological
maturity. At age 15, a significant number of teenagers are
unable to meet the responsibilities of the workplace, the family,
and the neighborhood. Many suffer from health problems, are
13. underachievers in school, and are skeptical about their ability to
enter the workforce and become productive members of society.
In later adolescence (ages 16 to 18), youths may experience a
crisis that psychologist Erik Erikson described as a struggle
between ego identity and role diffusion. Ego identity is formed
when youths develop a firm sense of who they are and what they
stand for; role diffusion occurs when youths experience
uncertainty and place themselves at the mercy of leaders who
promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot mold for
themselves.5 Psychologists also find that late adolescence is
dominated by a yearning for independence from parental
control.6 Given this mixture of biological change and desire for
autonomy, it isn’t surprising that the teenage years are a time of
conflict with authority at home, at school, and in the
community.
ego identity
According to Erik Erikson, ego identity is formed when persons
develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for.
role diffusion
According to Erik Erikson, role diffusion occurs when youths
spread themselves too thin, experience personal uncertainty, and
place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give
them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves.
Youth at Risk
Problems in the home, the school, and the neighborhood have
placed a significant portion of American youths at risk. Youths
considered at risk are those who engage in dangerous conduct,
such as drug abuse, alcohol use, and precocious sexuality.
Although it is impossible to determine precisely the number
of at-risk youths in the United States, one estimate is that 25
percent of the population under age 17, or about 18 million
youths, are in this category. The teen years bring many new
risks—including some that are life-threatening. Each year
almost 14,000 Americans ages 15 to 19 lose their lives in such
unexpected incidents as motor vehicle accidents, homicide, and
suicide. It is estimated that three-quarters of teen deaths are due
14. to preventable causes, yet little is being done to reduce the
death rate.7 The most pressing problems facing American youth
revolve around five issues: poverty, health and mortality
problems, family problems, substandard living conditions, and
inadequate education.8
at-risk youths
Young people who are extremely vulnerable to the negative
consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early
sexuality.
Poverty.
Poverty in the United States is more prevalent now than in the
late 1960s and early 1970s, and has escalated rapidly since
2000. While poverty problems have risen for nearly every age,
gender, and race/ethnic group, the increases in poverty have
been most severe among the nation’s youngest families (adults
under 30), especially those with one or more children present in
the home. Since 2007, the poverty rate has risen by 8 percent
among these families, hitting 37 percent in 2010; in 1967 it
stood at only 14 percent. Among young families with children
residing in the home, 4 of every 9 were poor or near poor and
close to 2 out of 3 were low income.9
Working hard and playing by the rules is not enough to lift
families out of poverty: even if parents work full-time at the
federal minimum wage, the family still lives in poverty.
Consequently, about 6 million children live in extreme poverty,
which means less than $10,000 for a family of four; the younger
the child, the more likely they are to live in extreme poverty.10
Which kids live in poverty? Minority kids are much more likely
than white, non-Hispanic children to experience poverty, though
because of their numerical representation, there are actually a
larger number of poor white children in the population.
Nonetheless, proportionately, Hispanic and black children are
about three times as likely to be poor than their white
peers.11 And as Figure 1.1 shows, kids living in a single-parent
female-headed household are significantly more likely to suffer
poverty than those in two-parent families.
15. FIGURE 1.1: Percentage of Children Ages 0–17 Living in
Poverty by Family Structure
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey,
Annual Social and Economic
Supplements, www.childstats.gov/americaschildren/surveys2.as
p (accessed June 12, 2012).
Poverty hits kids especially hard, making it difficult for them to
be part of the American Dream. Here Jalinh Vasquez holds her
sister Jayshel Barthelemy in the FEMA Diamond trailer park in
Port Sulphur, Louisiana, where they still live with five other
children and four adults four years after Hurricane Katrina
destroyed their home. They are still awaiting money from the
federal Road Home program to purchase a new home.
Approximately 2,000 families in the New Orleans metropolitan
area live in FEMA trailers, and 80 percent of those still in
trailers were homeowners who are unable to return to their
storm-damaged houses.
Child poverty can exact a terrible lifelong burden and have
long-lasting negative effects on the child’s cognitive
achievement, educational attainment, nutrition, physical and
mental health, and social behavior. Educational achievement
scores between children in affluent and low-income families
have been widening over the years, and the incomes and wealth
of families have become increasingly important determinants of
adolescents’ high school graduation, college attendance, and
college persistence and graduation. The chances of an
adolescent from a poor family with weak academic skills
obtaining a bachelor’s degree by their mid-20s is now close to
zero.12
Health and Mortality Problems.
Receiving adequate health care is another significant concern
for American youth. There are some troubling signs. Recent
national estimates indicate that only about 18 percent of
adolescents meet current physical activity recommendations of
16. one hour of physical activity a day, and only about 22 percent
eat five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day.13
Kids with health problems may only be helped if they have
insurance. And while most kids now have health care coverage
of some sort, about 10 percent or 7.5 million youth do not.14 As
might be expected, children who are not healthy, especially
those who live in lower-income families and children from
ethnic and minority backgrounds, are subject to illness and
early mortality. Recently, the infant mortality rate rose for the
first time in more than 40 years, and is now 7 per 1,000 births.
The United States currently ranks 25th in the world among
industrialized nations in preventing infant mortality, and the
percent of children born at low birth weight has increased.15
While infant mortality remains a problem, so does violent
adolescent death. More than 3,000 children and teens are killed
by firearms each year, the equivalent of 120 public school
classrooms of 25 students each; more than half of these deaths
were of white children and teens. Another 16,000 children and
teens suffer nonfatal firearm injuries. Today, more preschoolers
are killed by firearms than law enforcement officers killed in
the line of duty.16
Family Problems.
Family dissolution and disruption also plague American youth.
Divorce has become an all too common occurrence in the United
States; it is estimated that between 40 and 50 percent of first
marriages end in divorce. Second and third marriages fare even
worse: second marriages fail at a rate of 60 to 67 percent, and
third marriages fail at a rate of 73 to 74 percent.17 In 2010, 69
percent of children under age 17 lived with two parents (66
percent with two married parents—down from 77 percent in
1980—and 3 percent with two biological/ adoptive cohabiting
parents), 23 percent lived with only their mothers, 3 percent
with only their fathers, and 4 percent with neither of their
parents.18
Kids are often caught in the crossfire of marital strife and all
17. too often become its innocent victims. Family friend Margaret
Fischer holds up a picture of Amanda Peake and her two
children in front of the family’s home in Red Bank, South
Carolina. Peake’s estranged boyfriend, Chancey Smith, shot her,
then her 9-year-old son Cameron, then her 6-year-old daughter
Sarah inside the family’s home in the community of Red Bank.
Smith then turned the gun on himself.
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN TO ME? Older, but Wiser
“When I was a boy of fourteen, my father was so ignorant I
could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got
to be twenty-one, I was astonished at how much he had learned
in seven years” (Mark Twain, “Old Times on the
Mississippi,” Atlantic Monthly, 1874).
Do you agree with Mark Twain? When you look back at your
adolescence, are you surprised at how much you thought you
knew then and how little you know now? Did you do anything
that you now consider silly and immature? Of course, as they
say, “Hindsight is always 20/20.” Maybe there is a benefit to
teenage rebellion. For example, would it make you a better
parent knowing firsthand about all the trouble your kids get into
and why they do?
As families undergo divorce, separation, and breakup, kids are
often placed in foster care. Among the 3 million children (4
percent of all children) not living with either parent, 54 percent
(1.7 million) lived with grandparents, 21 percent lived with
other relatives only, and 24 percent lived with nonrelatives. Of
children in nonrelatives’ homes, 27 percent (200,000) lived with
foster parents.19 About 130,000 kids in foster care are waiting
to be adopted, and 44 percent of them entered care before age 6.
Each year, on their 18th birthday, more than 25,000 kids leave
foster care without family support; these young adults share an
elevated risk of becoming homeless, unemployed,
and incarcerated. They are also at great risk at developing
physical, developmental, and mental health challenges across
their lifespan.20
Focus on Delinquency: TEEN RISK TAKING
18. Teens are risk takers. The Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) sponsors an annual Youth Risk Behavior
Survey (YRBS) that monitors health-risk behaviors among
youth and young adults. Among the risky behaviors measured
include dangerous driving habits, tobacco, alcohol and other
drug use, and sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended
pregnancy. The many findings of the most recent survey include
the following:
· • 10 percent of students rarely or never wore a seat belt when
riding in a car driven by someone else.
· • Among the 70 percent of students who had ridden a bicycle
during the 12 months before the survey, 85 percent had rarely or
never worn a bicycle helmet.
· • 28 percent of students rode in a car or other vehicle driven
by someone who had been drinking alcohol one or more times
during the 30 days before the survey.
· • 10 percent of students had driven a car or other vehicle one
or more times when they had been drinking alcohol during the
30 days before the survey.
· • 17 percent of students had carried a weapon (e.g., a gun,
knife, or club) on at least one day during the 30 days before the
survey.
· • 20 percent of students had been bullied on school property
during the 12 months before the survey.
· • Almost 14 percent of students had seriously considered
attempting suicide, and 6 percent of students had attempted
suicide one or more times during the 12 months before the
survey.
· • 19 percent of students smoked cigarettes on at least one day
during the 30 days before the survey.
· • 72 percent of students had had at least one drink of alcohol
on at least one day during their life, and 42 percent of students
had had at least one drink of alcohol on at least one day during
the 30 days before the survey.
· • 46 percent of students had had sexual intercourse.
· • 18 percent of students were physically active at least 60
19. minutes per day on each of the seven days before the survey.
· • 23 percent of students did not participate in at least 60
minutes of physical activity on at least one day during the seven
days before the survey.
Why do youths take such chances? Research has shown that kids
may be too immature to understand how dangerous risk taking
can be and are unable to properly assess the chances they are
taking. Criminologist Nanette Davis suggests there is a potential
for risky behavior among youth in all facets of American
life. Risky describes behavior that is emotionally edgy,
dangerous, exciting, hazardous, challenging, volatile, and
potentially emotionally, socially, and financially costly—even
life threatening. Youths commonly become involved in risky
behavior as they negotiate the hurdles of adolescent life,
learning to drive, date, drink, work, relate, and live. Davis finds
that social developments in the United States have increased the
risks of growing up for all children. The social, economic, and
political circumstances that increase adolescent risk taking
include these:
· • The uncertainty of contemporary social life. Planning a
future is problematic in a society where job elimination and
corporate downsizing are accepted business practices, and
divorce and family restructuring are epidemic.
· • Lack of legitimate opportunity. In some elements of society,
kids believe they have no future, leaving them to experiment
with risky alternatives, such as drug dealing or theft.
· • Emphasis on consumerism. In high school, peer respect is
bought through the accumulation of material goods. For those
kids whose families cannot afford to keep up, drug deals and
theft may be a shortcut to getting coveted name-brand clothes
and athletic shoes.
· • Racial, class, age, and ethnicity inequalities. These
discourage kids from believing in a better future. Children are
raised to be skeptical that they can receive social benefits from
any institution beyond themselves or their immediate family.
· • The “cult of individualism.” This makes people self-centered
20. and hurts collective and group identities. Children are taught to
put their own interests above those of others.
As children mature into adults, the uncertainty of modern
society may prolong their risk-taking behavior. Jobs have
become unpredictable, and many undereducated and
undertrained youths find themselves competing for the same
low-paying job as hundreds of other applicants; they are a
“surplus product.” They may find their only alternative for
survival is to return to their childhood bedroom and live off
their parents. Under these circumstances, risk taking may be a
plausible alternative for fitting in in our consumer-oriented
society.
CRITICAL THINKING
· 1. Davis calls for a major national effort to restore these
troubled youths using a holistic, nonpunitive approach that
recognizes the special needs of children. How would you
convince kids to stop taking risks?
· 2. Do you agree that elements of contemporary society cause
kids to take risks, or is it possible that teens are natural risk
takers and their risky behavior is a biological reaction to
“raging hormones”?
Writing Assignment Everyone has taken risks in their life and
some of us have paid the consequences. Write an essay detailing
one of your riskiest behaviors and what you learned from the
experience
Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS),
2009, www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/pdf/us_overview_yrbs.p
df (accessed June 13, 2012); “Unintentional Strangulation
Deaths from the ‘Choking Game’ Among Youths Aged 6–19
Years, United States, 1995–2007,” February 15,
2008, www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5706a1.htm (
accessed June 13, 2012); Patrick Nickoletti and Heather
Taussig, “Outcome Expectancies and Risk Behaviors in
Maltreated Adolescents,” Journal of Research on
Adolescence 16:217–228 (2006); Nanette Davis, Youth Crisis:
21. Growing Up in the High-Risk Society (New York:
Praeger/Greenwood, 1998).
Substandard Living Conditions.
Many children continue to live in substandard housing—such as
high-rise, multiple-family dwellings—which can have a
negative influence on their long-term psychological
health.21 Adolescents living in deteriorated urban areas are
prevented from having productive and happy lives. Many die
from random bullets and drive-by shootings. Some adolescents
are homeless and living on the street, where they are at risk of
drug addiction and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs),
including AIDS.
Looking Back to Aaliyah’s Story
Housing is a major issue for many teens “aging out” of the
system. Often, children placed in alternative care settings, such
as foster homes or residential treatment centers, are not
prepared to live on their own when they turn 18 or are released
from juvenile custody.
CRITICAL THINKING
Discuss what can be done to help kids in foster care be better
prepared for adult life. Make a list of life skills that must be
mastered.
Inadequate Education.
The U.S. educational system seems to be failing many young
people. It is now estimated that about 70 percent of fourth
graders in our public schools cannot read at grade
level.22 Because reading proficiency is an essential element for
educational success, students who are problem readers are at
high risk of grade repetition and dropping out of school.
Educational problems are likely to hit minority kids the hardest.
According to the nonprofit Children’s Defense Fund, African
American children are:
· • Half as likely to be placed in a gifted and talented class.
· • More than one and a half times as likely to be placed in a
class for students with emotional disturbances.
· • Almost twice as likely to be placed in a class for students
22. with mental retardation.
· • Two and a half times as likely to be held back or retained in
school.
· • Almost three times as likely to be suspended from school.
· • More than four times as likely to be expelled.23
Formed in 1985, the Children’s Rights Council (CRC) is a
national nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C., that
works to ensure children meaningful and continuing contact
with both their parents and extended family, regardless of the
parents’ marital status. Find this website by visiting the
Criminal Justice CourseMate at CengageBrain.com, then
accessing the Web Links for this chapter.
Why the discrepancy? Poor minority-group children attend the
most underfunded schools, receive inadequate educational
opportunities, and have the fewest opportunities to achieve
conventional success.
The problems faced by kids who do poorly in school do not end
in adolescence.24 Adults 25 years of age and older with less
than a high school diploma earn 30 percent less than those who
have earned a high school diploma. High school graduation is
the single most effective preventive strategy against adult
poverty; as Table 1.1 shows, 13 percent of American adults age
25 to 34 are not high school graduates; only 31 percent have a
college degree or more.
TABLE 1.1: Educational Attainment Among 25- to 34-Year-
Olds
United States
%
Not a high school graduate
13%
High school diploma or GED
48%
Associate’s degree
8%
Bachelor’s degree
23. 22%
Graduate degree
9%
Source: Anna E. Casey Foundation, Kids Count Program, 2010
data, http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/acrossstates/Rankings.
aspx?ind=6294 (accessed June 12, 2012).
Considering that youth are at risk during the most tumultuous
time of their lives, it comes as no surprise that, as the Focus on
Delinquency box entitled “Teen Risk Taking” suggests, they are
willing to engage in risky, destructive behavior.
Problems in Cyberspace
Kids today are forced to deal with problems and issues that their
parents could not even dream about. While the Internet and
other technological advances have opened a new world of
information gathering and sharing, they have brought with them
a basketful of new problems ranging from sexting to
cyberstalking.
Cyberbullying.
Phoebe Prince, a 15-year-old Massachusetts girl, hanged herself
in a stairwell at her home after enduring months of torment by
her fellow students at South Hadley High School. Prince, who
had immigrated from Ireland, was taunted in the school’s
hallways and bombarded with vulgar insults by a pack of kids
led by the ex-girlfriend of a boy she had briefly dated. As she
studied in the library on the last day of her life, she was openly
hounded and threatened physically while other students and a
teacher looked on and did nothing. In the aftermath of her
death, prosecutors accused two boys of statutory rape and four
girls of violating Prince’s civil rights and criminal harassment.
Ironically, most of these students were still in school, and some
continued to post nasty remarks on Prince’s memorial Facebook
page after her death.25
Experts define bullying among children as repeated, negative
acts committed by one or more children against
another.26 These negative acts may be physical or verbal in
nature—for example, hitting or kicking, teasing or taunting—or
24. they may involve indirect actions such as manipulating
friendships or purposely excluding other children from
activities. While bullying is a problem that remains to be
solved, it has now morphed from the physical to the virtual.
Because of the creation of cyberspace, physical distance is no
longer a barrier to the frequency and depth of harm doled out by
a bully to his or her victim.27 Cyberbullying is the willful and
repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text.
Like their real-world counterparts, cyberbullies are malicious
aggressors who seek implicit or explicit pleasure or profit
through the mistreatment of other individuals. Although power
in traditional bullying might be physical (stature) or social
(competency or popularity), online power may simply stem from
Internet proficiency.
Not only are kids at risk of real-time bullying, but they may be
bullied in cyberspace by people they hardly know and whose
identity is hard to discover. Here, John Halligan shows the web
page devoted to his son. Ryan was bullied for months online.
Classmates sent the 13-year-old Essex Junction, Vermont, boy
instant messages calling him gay. He was threatened, taunted,
and insulted incessantly by cyberbullies. Finally, Ryan killed …
CHAPTER 5: THE MEDIA AND CLAIMS
■ Media processes that affect the claimsmaking process
■ News work and constraints on coverage of claims
■ Omnipresent deadlines, while they can vary depending on
kind of media, necessitate
tough decisions about what claims are discussed
25. ■ The newshole exists because each kind of media has limited
amount of space; e.g., a
thirty-minute national news program has about twenty-two
minutes of program time (the
rest is advertising), and not all of that time is spent on hard
news
■ The norm is that interesting stories are more likely to be
aired/written than less interesting
ones (novelty)
■ Different intended audiences shape what media workers
construct as newsworthy
■ Balance as a professional norm means frequently media show
two sides (but only two),
and sometimes one if news workers feel there is relative
consensus of opinion
■ Geography of the media means events in New York City, Los
Angeles, and Washington,
D.C., are more likely to be covered by media due to the greater
number of available news
workers in those cities and the perception that those cities are
centers of political and
cultural importance in the United States
■ Media as secondary claimsmakers
26. ■ What claimsmakers need to know to acquire media attention
■ Package claims in ways that help media to do their jobs and
parallel their constraints
■ Give media advanced notice of claimsmaking events
■ Choose interesting individuals to represent the social
movement
■ Make events visually interesting (at least for television media
coverage)
■ Seek out, if possible, media that is narrowcasting toward the
audiences claimsmakers are
seeking to persuade
■ News media are not a static entity, but change over time
■ Growth of cable channels, especially twenty-four-hour cable
news networks which must fill
their newshole on a daily basis
■ Much of the media have transitioned from broadcasting to
narrowcasting to targeted
audiences (audience segmentation)
■ Internet’s unlimited carrying capacity for claims
■ On one hand, this is wonderful for claimsmakers, who can
sometimes bypass the media
27. and reach out directly to intended audiences
■ On the other hand, the Internet is unfiltered, so many claims
can make it hard for
audiences to sift and sort claims they encounter
■ Packaging social problems in the news
■ Seek out ownership of the social problems, so that
claimsmakers are the presumptive
people for the media to go to when covering the social problem
■ Offer typifying examples which can become landmark
narratives, so synonymous with the
social problem that they enter into the popular wisdom of the
society
■ Create media-accessible packages for news workers to use
■ Package: familiar, hopefully coherent story (e.g., contains
cause of the problem, villain,
victim who has been greatly harmed, as well as proposed
solution) that has a frame that
is familiar to intended audience
■ Use condensing symbols which harken back to the social
problem and are familiar to
most in the society
28. ■ Impact of the media on social problems process
■ Remember though, media are not the sole influence on the
success or failure of a
claimsmaking campaign
■ Media are frequently effective as agenda-setters, bringing an
issue to public attention
■ Even here, there are constraints on media influence
■ Some events require coverage, no matter what other events
might be on the agenda
■ Claimsmaking is covered when media feel the issue is
newsworthy
■ Media constraints mean they must sift and sort through many
claims to lift up only a
few for public attention
■ The agenda-setting function, however, can be enormously
influential on the social
problems process, for both general public and policymakers may
feel issues that make
the media’s agenda are worthy of action
■ Media increasingly receive feedback from general and
targeted audiences, especially with
the availability of new technologies such as e-mail, and they
often feel responsible to
29. respond to it
■ Case study: Democratizing the Means of Media Production
and Reproduction