This document discusses differences in cultures and provides an overview of key cultural concepts. It defines cross-cultural literacy as understanding how cultural differences can affect business practices. Culture is described as a system of shared values and norms that constitute a design for a group. Different types of social norms like folkways and mores are presented, along with how society, nation states, and individualism vs group orientation relate to culture. The document also discusses social stratification through caste/class systems and the significance of stratification on issues like social mobility and class consciousness. Finally, it provides brief descriptions of religion and ethical systems.

1. CHAPTER 4
DIFFERENCES IN CULTURES
PRESENTED BY: JAUDIAN,CHRISTENE
MANGLANGIT,CHRISTINE

2. INTRODUCTION
What is Cross-cultural Literacy?
●Cross-Cultural Literacy–is an understanding of how cultural differences across and w/in
nations can affect the way in which business is practiced.
Example: Case- McDonald’s found that to succeed in India,they have to play by the Indian Rules.
●A relationship may exist between culture and the cost doing in business in a country or
region.

3. WHAT IS CULTURE?
■"A system of values and norms that are shared among of a group
of people that when taken together constitute a design for."-
Hofstede,Normenwith,and Weber
■Values: abstract ideas/assumptions about what a group believes to be
good,right and desirable.
■Norms: social rules and guidelines that prescribed appropriate behavior
in particular situation.

4. DIFFERENT TYPES OF NORMS
■ Folkways:Routine convention of everyday life
▪︎General social convention such as dress
codes,manners,and attitude towards time.
Ex.

5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF NORMS
• Mores: a social rules and guidelines that prescribed
appropriate behavior in particular situation.
■Violation can bring serious retribution ,negative
Mores are "taboos".
.e.g. Theft ,adultery, incest and cannibalism
Ex..Drinking alcohol in America

6. SOCIETY
• Society is a group of people who share a
common culture.

7. HOW ARE CULTURE, SOCIETY AND NATION
STATE RELATED
● The relationship between society and nation
state is not strictly one-to-one
● Nation state are political creation
○ can contain one or more culture
● A culture can embrace several nations

9. SOCIAL STRUCTURE
• Refers to a society’s basic social organization
■Two dimensions
● The degree to which society is group or individually
oriented
●The degree to which a society stratified into castes or
classes

10. INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP
• Group is an association of two or more people
who have shared sense of identity and who
interact w/each other in structured way on the
basis of common set of expectations about each
other.
• Groups are common in many Asian societies.

11. HOW ARE INDIVIDUALS AND GROUP
DIFFERENT?
■ In Western societies,there is a focus on the individual
■individual achievement is common
■ dynamism of the U.S economy
■high level of entrepreneurship
■But ,creates a lack of company loyalty and failure to gain
company specific knowledge.

12. HOW ARE INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP
DIFFERENT?
• In many Asian societies, the group is primary unit of
social organization
◇discourages job switching between firms
◇encourage lifetime employment system
◇leads to cooperation in solving business problems
●But,might also suppress individual creativity and
initiative

13. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION?
• Social Stratification means the stratification of society or hierarchical
basis into social categories or social Strata.
• To stratified society we must consider:
》Social Mobility- the extent to which individuals can move out if the
Strata into which they are born.

14. CASTE AND CLASS SYSTEM
• Caste System: is a closed system stratification in which social
position is determined by the family into which a person is
born. change in that position is usually not possible during
an individuals lifetime.

15. CASTE AND CLASS SYSTEM
• Class System : This is less rigid of social
stratification in which open stratification that
position a person by birth can be change through
his or her own achievements and/or luck.

16. SIGNIFICANCE OF STRATIFICATION
● Class consciousness- refers to a condition where
people tend to perceive themselves in terms of
class background and this shapes their relationship
w/in members of other classes.
●If social mobility is high,then people are less class
conscious.

17. RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEM
• Religion: A system of shared beliefs and rituals that are
concerned w/the realm of the sacred.
• Ethical System : A set of moral principles or values that
guide and shape behavior.
●Most often worlds ethical system are the product of
religion. Different religion have their own ethical system.