The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_May 13th, 2024_ENVol. 007.pdf
Chapter 1_Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis (1).pdf
1. Financial Statement Analysis
Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis
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Graphs, charts, tables, examples, and figures are copyright 2022, CFAInstitute.
Reproduced and republished with permission from CFA Institute. All rights reserved.
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2. Contents
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1. Introduction
2. Scope of Financial Statement Analysis
3 – 8. Primary Financial Statements and Other Information Sources
9. Financial Statement Analysis Framework
3. 1. Introduction
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• Financial reports are one of the most important sources of
information available to a financial analyst
• A financial analyst must have a strong understanding of the
information provided in a company’s financial reports, notes and
supplementary information
4. 2. Scope of Financial Statement Analysis
Financial Reporting
Companies provide
information on
performance, financial
position and changes in
financial position
Financial Statement
Analysis
Evaluate past, present and
future performance of a
company or subsidiary
Make an investment,credit
or other economic decision
Other
Information
Profits
Profitability
Cash Flow
Liquidity
Solvency
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5. 3 -8. Primary Financial Statements and Other Information Sources
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• Income Statement
Profit = Revenues – Expenses
• Balance Sheet
Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity
• Cash Flow Statement
Operating, Investing, Financing
• Statement of Changes in Owner’s Equity
9. Financial Statement Notes (Footnotes) and Supplementary Schedules
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Accounting Policies and Methods (e.g. depreciation method on assets)
Assumptions and Estimates
Acquisitions and Disposals
Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Proceedings
Employee Stock Options and Other Benefits
Related Party Transactions
Significant Customers
Business and Geographic Segments
More…
10. MD&A and Auditor’s Report
• Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A)
Discussion and analysis regarding a company’s future outlook and prospects
• Auditor’s Reports
A company’s financial statements are often requirement to be audited
(examined) by an independent accounting firm
After examination an audit report is published which must express one of the
following opinions:
Unqualified: Reasonable assurance that financial statements are fairly presented
Qualified: Some misstatement or exception to accounting standards
Adverse: Financial statements are materially misstated
Management should establish and maintain adequate internal control over financial
reporting; objective is to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of
financial reporting.
This is also
referred to as an
“unmodified” or a
“clean” opinion
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11. Other Information Sources
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• Interim Financial Reports
Generally present the four key financial statements and footnotes but are not
audited
• Proxy Statements
Distributed to shareholders
Describe matters that are to be put to a vote
Typically contain useful information regarding
Management and director compensation
Stock performance
Potential conflicts of interest between management, board and shareholders
12. 9. Financial Statement Analysis Framework
1. Articulate purpose and
context based on your
function, client input and
organizational guidelines
Imagine you are a financial analyst. Here is the analysis framework recommended by the CFA Institute.
Objective
Questions to be
answered
Content to be provided
Timetable and budget
2. Collect data: financial
statements, other financial
data, industry/economic data;
discussions with management,
suppliers, customers and
competitors
Organized financial
statements;financial
tables, completed
questionnaires
3. Process data Adjusted financial statements; common-
size statements, ratios, graphs, forecasts
4. Analyze and
interpret processed
data
Analytical results
5. Develop and communicate
conclusions and recommendations
Report answering questions
from Phase 1, conclusions and
recommendations
6. Follow up
Updated
recommendations
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14. Conclusion
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• Summary
• Review learning objectives
• Examples: few and complicated
• Practice problems: good but not enough
• Practice questions from other sources