Study hard!

1. April 10, 2025
1
Pharmacy Law & Ethics
HARAR HEALTH SCIENSE COLLEGE,
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
For 4th
Year BSc. Pharmacy Student
By:- Anteneh z

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(Part I) Chapters view..
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1. What is Ethics?
2. Ethical theories
3. Ethical principles and moral rules
4. Ethical issues in health care
5. Framework for ethical analysis
6. Professional ethics
7. Ethical codes
8. Standards of practice
9. Health professional-patient relationship

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1. WHAT IS ETHICS?
 The term ethics derived from the Ancient Greek
word ethikos, which is derived from the word ethos
(habit, “custom”).
 Ethics is the systematic study of what is right and
wrong with respect to conduct and character.
WHAT IS ETHICS?

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WHAT IS ETHICS?
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 It refers to a method of inquiry that assists
people to understand the morality of human
behavior. (i.e. it is the study of morality).
 Ethics refers to the practices or beliefs of a
certain group (i.e. nursing ethics, Physicians'
ethics and pharmacy ethics).

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WHAT IS ETHICS?
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 Ethics, or moral philosophy, is the
branch of philosophy that involves
systematizing ,defending , and
recommending concepts of right
and wrong conduct.

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Common terms
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 Law : Law is the system of rules of conduct
established by the government of a society to maintain
stability and justice.
 Morals: Morals are a person’s ideas about right and
wrong.
 Values: Values are principles of worth and are
importance.

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Common terms
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 Moral principles: the principles of right and
wrong that are accepted by an individual or a
social group.
 Jurisprudence: It means study of fundamental
laws and in case of pharmaceutical Jurisprudence,
it is laws relating to pharmacy.

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Common terms
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 Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: A branch of
pharmacy, which deals with various legislations
pertaining to drugs and pharmaceuticals and
profession of pharmacy.
 Legislation:A group of laws that have the force of
authority by virtue of their promulgation by an
official organ of a state or other organization.

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Common terms
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 Professional ethics: Professional ethics encompass
the personal, organizational and corporate
standards of behaviour expected of professionals
 Code of ethics: The Code of Ethics sets out the
principles that you must follow as a pharmacist or
pharmacy technician.
 The Code is the Society’s core guidance on the
conduct, practice and professional performance
expected of you.

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Law Vs Ethics
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Laws
Laws are rules of behaviour
sanctioned by governments
that illustrate what people can or
cannot do in their workplace.
i.e. Simply, Law is something you
must obey.
Example: a pharmacist must be on
the premises at all times and oversee
all medicines being dispensed and
sold.
Ethics
Ethics means the
ability to
judge between
right and
wrong actions.
i.e. ethics is how
society expects
you to behave.

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Types of Ethics
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Descriptive:
It is also known as comparative ethics, is the study
of people’s beliefs about morality.
It is the description of the beliefs of various cultural,
religious or social groups about health and illness
 (What do people think is right?)

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Types of Ethics
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 Normative: a study of human activities in a
broad sense in an attempt to identify human
actions that are right or wrong and good
and bad qualities. (How should people act?)
 Applied: It is the study of how humans
applying it into practice. (How do we take
moral knowledge and put it into practice?)

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2. Ethical theories
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 Ethical theories may help us to view an ethical
problem.
Consequentialism : This theory can be simply
defined as 'the ends always justify the means'
Acts are considered right or wrong based on
how good or bad the outcomes of those acts are
(1).Consider a simple example:
A mother would like her daughter to focus on her
homework.

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Ethical theories
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To ensure this, the mother tells her daughter that the television
show her daughter watches daily will not be aired
tonight. However, this is not the truth.
The daughter focuses on her homework instead of
watching television, and completes her schoolwork as a
result.
According to the theory of consequentialism, it was
right for the mother to be dishonest, since the outcome
was a good one.

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Ethical theories
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 Deontology: The theory of deontology is 'the ends
never justify the means.'
 Acts are considered right or wrong intrinsically, regardless
of the outcomes.
 Considering the example given above of the mother and
daughter, the mother would have committed a wrong
act according to the theory of deontology.
 This is because the mother lied to her daughter, and lying
is considered unethical regardless of the outcome it
may lead to.

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3. Ethical principles and moral rules
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 Ethical Principles are basic ideas that are starting
points for understanding and working through a
problem.
 Ethical principles presuppose that pharmacists
should respect the value and uniqueness of
persons and consider others to be worthy of high
regard.
 These principles are tents that are important to
uphold in all situations.

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Ethical principles and moral rules
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 The major principles of health professionals’
ethics are:
Autonomy
Beneficence
Nonmaleficence
Justice

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Ethical principles and moral rules
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Autonomy
 Autonomy is the promotion of independent choice, self-determination and
freedom of action.
 Autonomy means independence and ability to be self-directed in healthcare
 Autonomy is the basis for the client's right to self-determination.
The term autonomy implies the following basic elements
1. The autonomous person is respected
2. The autonomous person must be able to determine personal goals

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Ethical principles and moral rules
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Autonomy
 The autonomous person has the freedom to act upon the choices
 Right after admission patients are asked about personal and
private matters
Informed consent
 It is a process by which patients are informed of the possible outcomes,
alternatives and risks of treatments and are required to give their consent
freely.
 It assures the legal protection of a patient’s right to personal
autonomy in regard to specific treatments and procedures.

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Ethical principles and moral rules
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Beneficence
 Beneficence is doing or promoting good.
This principle is the basis for all health care
providers.
The principle of beneficence has three components:
Promote health
Prevent harm
Remove evil or harm

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Ethical principles and moral rules
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Nonmaleficience
 Nonmaleficence is the converse of beneficence.
 It means to avoid doing harm.
 When working with clients, health care workers must not
cause injury or suffering to clients.
 It is to avoid causing deliberate harm, risk of harm, and
harm that occurs during the performance of beneficial
acts.

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Ethical principles and moral rules
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 Justice
 Justice is fair, equitable and appropriate treatment
 It is the basis for the obligation to treat all clients in an equal and
fair way.
 Just decision is based on client need and fair distribution of
resources.
 It would be unjust to make such decision based on how much he or she
likes each client
 Any health professional should treat all the patients equally
irrespective of sex, culture, race, religion, language, social status
and political status

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Ethical principles and moral rules
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Paternalism
 Restricting others autonomy to protect from perceived or
anticipated harm.
 The intentional limitation of another’s autonomy justified by
the needs of another.
 Thus, the prevention of any evil or harm is greater than any potential
evils caused by the interference of the individual’s autonomy or liberty.
 Paternalism is appropriate when the patient is judged to be
incompetent or to have diminished decision-making capacity.

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Ethical principles and moral rules
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Non-compliance
 Unwillingness of the patient to participate in health care
activities.
 Lack of participation in a regimen that has been planned by the
health care professionals to be carried out by the client.
Noncompliance may result from two factors:
 When plans seem unreasonable to the patient
 Patients may be unable to comply with plans for a variety of
reasons including resources, lack of knowledge, psychological
and cultural factors that are not consistent with the proposed plan
of care

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Ethical principles and moral rules
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Veracity
 Veracity means telling the truth, which is essential to the
integrity of the client-provider relationship
 Health care providers obliged to be honest with
clients
 The right to self-determination becomes
meaningless if the client does not receive
accurate, unbiased, and understandable
information

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Ethical principles and moral rules
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Fidelity
 Fidelity means being faithful to one's commitments and
promises
 Pharmacists commitment to clients include providing safe care and
maintaining competence in the practice
 Pharmacists must use good judgment when making promises to
client
 Fidelity means not only keeping commitment but also keeping
or maintaining our obligation

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Ethical principles and moral rules
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Confidentiality
 Confidentiality comes from Latin fide: trust.
 Confide as to “show trust by imparting secrets”; “tell in assurance of
secrecy ;
 while confidential or in confidence is “a secret or private
matter not to be disclosed to others”
 Confidentiality in the health care context is the requirement of
health professionals (HPs) to keep information obtained in the
course of their work

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4. Ethical issues in health care
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 Medical ethics is also known as biomedical ethics.
 Ethical situations in health care can be divided into
two broad categories:
o“macro”
o“micro”
 Macro situations involve issues that are not specific to a
given health care practitioner;

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 These situations involve issues that must be
addressed by all health care practitioners
and society in general.
 It includes issues such as abortion, assisted
suicide, genomics, rationing of and access to
health care, organ transplantation, and in
vitro fertilization.

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Ethical Issues….
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 Micro situations are those that may confront
individual practitioners in the course of their
daily practice.
 In the case of pharmacists, they include the use
of placebos, patient confidentiality and
informed consent.

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Case scenario
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 What should a pharmacist do when a patient’s
prescription for heart medicine has been depleted, no
refills remain, and the prescriber is unavailable?
 What if the medication is a controlled substance used
for pain control in a critically ill patient?
He will give the medication
even if it is illegal in both cases

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Rationing
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 Rationing is another term for resource allocation
 As the cost of providing health care services continues
to grow, some have suggested and even attempted to
implement a system that would ration the availability of
health care
eg. List of essential drugs, Generic
prescription

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Essential medicines, as defined by the World Health
Organization(WHO) are "those drugs that satisfy
the health care needs of the majority of the
population;
They should therefore be available at all times in
adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage
forms, at a price the community can afford.“

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Generic name of a drug: The term "generic name" has
several meanings as regards drugs:
The chemical name of a drug.
A term referring to the chemical makeup of a drug rather than
to the advertised brand name under which the drug is sold.
A term referring to any drug marketed under its chemical name
without advertising.

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Assisted Suicide
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 Although medical euthanasia (“mercy killing”) has long
been an ethical issue, it has only been in recent years that the
question of assisted suicide has been examined.
 From an ethical perspective, the key issue remains whether
assisted suicide violates the Hippocratic responsibilities of
health care practitioners to “do no harm.”
 Those who advocate its availability to patients suggest
that allowing a patient to continue to experience
persistent pain is to do harm

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Human Drug Experimentation
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 Two important ethical aspects including human
drug experimentation and the use of placebos
are the role of the institutional review board (IRB).
 E.g. Syphilis Experiment
The IRB is the body responsible for overseeing
all clinical research conducted within a given
institution.

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Drug experiment…
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 The IRB has two primary responsibilities:
1. To ensure the integrity and scientific rigor
of the proposed research study.
oIf the risks outweigh benefits, the IRB would
likely reject the proposal.
2. To evaluate and approve informed consent
forms used in conjunction with the
research

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Group discussion
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 In which instances placebos are used?
 What is the ethical dilemma related with placebo?
 Which group is benefited from the drug experiment
(control (placebo) orTreatment (new drug) group)
 How can we solve the ethical dilemma related
with drug experiment?

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Drug formulary
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 A drug formulary is a list of drugs that are
approved for use either within an institution
or for reimbursement by a third-party payer.
 The restrictive nature of formularies has led to a
number of important ethical questions.
 Does the use of generics violate the autonomy of
the patient or prescriber?

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Formulary…
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 Is the use of such substitution a violation of
informed consent?
 Does the use of formularies violate the ethical
principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence?
 However, one could argue that the use of formularies
and the resultant constraint on drug costs helps to
ensure affordable access to quality health care
for more people (distributive justice).

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5-Framework for ethical analysis
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 Ethical dilemmas appear in every
area of pharmacy practice.
 You cannot hide from them!
 Rather than hide, we should have
an approach to dealing with
these dilemmas, one that is
easily applicable to different types
of pharmacy practice.

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Step 1
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Respond to the SenseThat Something IsWrong
 Many times, the little nagging voice that will not
leave you alone is enough indication that
something is wrong.
But just to ensure that ethical dilemmas are not
passing you by in oblivion,
 you should ask yourself some questions to
make sure everything is ethically sound
when dealing with patients

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For example, consider asking yourself some of these
questions:
 Is the patient's autonomy being breached?
 Am I considering the patient's individual wishes and
values?
 Am I maximizing benefit while minimizing harm for
the patient
 If you find that some of the ethical principles
discussed earlier are being breached, then you
likely have an ethical dilemma on your hands.

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Step 2
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 Collect Information
 This is an essential step.
 Do not make an assumption concerning what exactly the
ethical dilemma is without gathering all relevant
information!
 Collect all the details surrounding the dilemma.
 Who is involved?
 When did this occur?
 How have others responded to the dilemma?
 Collect and organize all your facts.

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Step 3
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 .Identify the Ethical Problem/Moral Diagnosis
 At this point, you know something is wrong, and you have
all the facts surrounding the incident.
 Now is the time to ask yourself, 'What exactly is the
dilemma?'
 Identify what the source of the concern is.
 What is at the heart of the issue?
 Once you have defined exactly what the problem is, you
are on the right track to begin tackling the dilemma!

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Step 4
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Seek a Resolution
To resolve the dilemma, consider the following:
 4 principles of medical ethics (autonomy, justice,
beneficence, non-maleficence
 Laws (acts and regulations which govern the profession of
pharmacy)
 Financial concerns
 Commitments to friends and families
 There may be more factors to consider, or you may not find all
applicable to your situation. Use your judgement, but try to
consider all important factors.

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Step 5
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 Work with Others to Choose a Course of Action
Never make decisions regarding ethical dilemmas on your
own.
 Similar to the collaborative approach of solving drug
therapy problems,
 we should collaborate with other health care
providers when encountered with ethical dilemmas.
 Involving others in your decision-making process helps you to
filter out any personal biases you may have but do not
recognize (we all have them, don't beat yourself up about it too
much).

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 Ultimately, consulting with others protects you from
making any rash, uninformed, biased, or
paternalistic decisions.
 Instead, your decisions will be thoughtful, well-
informed, and sensitive to all members involved in the
ethical dilemma.

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Step 6
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"DOCUMENTATION!"
 Documentation is important!
 Documenting all the steps you have taken to reach a
decision demonstrates a thorough and logical
thought process.
 It also illustrates who you consulted with, and
what factors you considered to reach a final
decision.

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 If possible, also document what the final outcome
was of the ethical dilemma.
 Most importantly, documentation also serves as a
form of protection for you.
 If after all that straining of your ethical reasoning
skills, the outcome of the ethical dilemma was an
unfortunate one, that documentation will come in
handy.

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Case study
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 Mr.Tesfaye Gabrie, 70 yrs old in ICU (PE) & fractured his femur
in fall at the nursing home & awaiting surgery the next morning
when he developed dyspnea, tachypnea, & tachycardia.
 In ICU, another patient Mr.Yohannes Sileshi, 60 yrs old admitted
in next room with a history of liver cirrhosis from alcohol abuse.
He has ruptured esophageal varices.
 Abraham dereje, Pharm.D., was the pharmacy supervisor for 6
ICU in the hospital. He & other 2 pharmacists worked frantically
to fill all the orders for IV drugs & parenteral solutions that came
from ICU units.

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Continues...
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 Dr. Dereje decided to conduct rounds and noticed that Mr. Sileshi
had died. He noticed the IV bag included heparin not the
octreotide in the trash. He came to know that the Ivs were
inappropriately labeled.
 Dr. Dereje knew that its a critical case even though the mix-up
with the heparin may not have had anything to do with Mr. Sileshi’s
death, but he knew that such a patient should not receive Heparin.
 Next step should be to stop the octreotide IV & notify the
pharmacy to send up the right drug for Mr. Gabrie. Also he has to
inform to Dr. Mulalem, intensivist. But he knew that he can’t
tolerate mistakes & also about the issue of Mr. Sileshi’s family.

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Commentary
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 This case is complex but reveals potential ethical concerns.
As the pharmacist involved in the case, Dr. Dereje will need
to decide what he needs to do and why. The six-step model
can help Dr. Dereje work toward a justifiable resolution.

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1. Respond to the Sense That something is wrong
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 In this case, Dr. Derege happened to notice the discarded IV
bag that led to his discovery of a drug error that may or may
not have contributed to Mr. Sileshi’s death.
 Dr. Derege also experiences a sense of dread fear or anxiety
when he thinks about reporting the error to the intensivist in
charge of both patients
 These negative emotions are indications that an ethical
problem is present.

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2.Collect Information
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 To organize the numerous facts in the situation in which Dr.
Derege is involved, one can classify them into clinical and
situational information
 clinical information
In Mr. Sileshi’s case
His illness was acute and life-threatening. If not treated immediately
with appropriate drug therapy and other life-saving measures, Mr.
Sileshi would certainly die from hemorrhage and shock
The administration of heparin to a patient who is already
hemorrhaging would increase the risk of bleeding, but it may not
have hastened Mr. Sileshi’s death.

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2.Collect Information
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 Situational information includes data regarding the values and
perspectives of the principals involved; their authority; verbal and
nonverbal communication, including language barriers; cultural and
religious factors; setting and time constraints; and the relationships of
those immediately involved in the case.
 urgency and time constraints
 In other words, even if the clinical “facts” of a case remain constant,
changes in the situational or contextual factors, such as the values of a key
principal in the case, could change the ethical focus or intensify the
ethical conflict.
 Of all the situational data mentioned, the most important is the
identification and understanding of the value judgments involved in a case

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 In this case the principal involved are
 the two patients,
 any family involved,
 Dr. Derege,
 Dr. Mulalem,
 the pharmacist(s) who prepared the drugs,
 and members of the nursing staff responsible for hanging the IV
medications
We know specifically that Dr. Mulalem “. . . did not tolerate
mistakes

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 Each member’s responsibilities are distinct yet overlap.
 As part of the information-gathering step it is important to
sort out the various responsibilities, not for placing blame
but for identifying moral accountability
 In this case Dr. Derege may not be the one who mislabeled
the IV bags, but..
 as evening supervisor he has overarching responsibility for all
medications that leave the pharmacy.
 Second, he is the one who discovered the error. Knowledge
of the error carries its own responsibility.

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Identify the Ethical Problem/Moral
Diagnosis
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 The ethical principles most often involved in complex cases,
such as Dr. Derege’s situation, are:
 (1) patient and health professional autonomy,
 (2) beneficence and nonmaleficence, and
 (3) justice.
• veracity, fidelity, and avoidance of killing are treated as
possible principles

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 All we know for certain is that the error deprived him of
drug therapy that could have provided benefit.
 The error may have caused harm to Mr. Gabriel as well. He
too was deprived, at least for a while, of a treatment that
could have helped him.

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65. April 10, 2025
Introduction
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 Pharmacy is the field of expertise that ensures the
availability, accessibility, and the responsible use of
medicines.
 The pharmacist is the professional who is particularly
competent within that field.

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Professional ethics - Definition
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 Professional ethics encompass the personal, organizational and
corporate standards of behaviour expected
of professionals.
 Professionals, and those working in acknowledged professions, exercise
specialist knowledge and skill.
 How the use of this knowledge should be governed when providing a service to
the public can be considered a moral issue and is termed professional ethics.
 .

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Professional ethics - Definition
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 Professionals are capable of making judgements, applying their
skills and reaching informed decisions in situations that the general
public cannot, because they have not received the relevant training.
 Profession;- A profession needs extensive training and specialized
knowledge.
 Occupation:-An occupation does not need any extensive training.
 A person with an occupation need not have
specialized knowledge of his trade

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•Guidelines for professional ethics are based on
principalism, which is the application of four distinct
moral principles.
•These principles function as a framework to express
general values of common morality.
• Respect for autonomy
• Non-maleficence
• Beneficence
• Justice

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 Also, veracity (truthfulness) is important; healthcare
providers should be truthful to patients and families.
 The four principles are applied to actions and
decision making, constituting the foundation for
professional ethics.

70. Qualities / Components of Ethical behaviour
April 10, 2025
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 Confidentiality: Confidentiality means keeping the
patient related informations secret.
 But there are times when the pharmacist or other
practitioners may unfold the information. E.g. If the
patient is willing, If unfolding the information is much better
or useful to the society than otherwise.
 Adaptability: Is the ability to adjust one self to new or
changed circumstances/conditions .

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 Cooperation: Is a co-working system;
 The work of pharmacy is insignificant unless it is
augmented by other health practitioners.
 There fore health practice must be team work.
 Dependability: This is a condition in which one
develops to depend on others.
 In health practice there are more things to learn from
people who have a lot of experience .

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 Honest (Being loyal) : For the people to be
beneficiary and activities to be accomplished
successfully being an honest is the primary asset to
achieve .
 Responsibility:- Is the condition or the fact that one can
shoulder obligations.
 Accountability: - Is the condition or fact that one can be
called to answer for his wrong doings .

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Transparency: - This is a case in which things must run
by the book (based on rules, regulations etc.) rather than
by what is comfortable and beneficial to one self .
 Maintaining good report : It is important to prepare
good report on the activities performed at each level
Prescription handling: Prescriptions should
be properly documented so that they can be used for
auditing, reporting on drug use, and to make
investigation on which drugs have been dispensed to a
patient.

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Continues…
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Components of unethical behavior
1. Corruption – dishonest
2. Smuggling
3. Mistreating the patient
4. Behavioral
 Theft
 Drug dependence

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Code of Ethics
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 A code of ethics for a health professional is a system of
principles intended to govern behaviour of those
entrusted with providing care to the sick.
 . This code of ethics is based on the moral obligations
and designed to establish guidelines for professional
ethical behaviour.
 EPA authored the Code of Ethics for Pharmacists

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Code of Ethics
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1. Ethical principles and obligations of the
pharmacist with respect to other stake
holders during his/her professional practice
2. Ethical principles and standards in
Pharmacy practices
3. Ethical principles and Obligations on Special
Ethical Issues

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Relation to his/her patients
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I. Respects the covenantal relationship
II. Be morally obliged in a response to the gift of
trust received from the society
III. Not show partiality between his patrons.
IV. Not abuse his/her relationship with the patient
for personal gain.
V. Dedicate himself/herself to protecting the dignity
of the patient

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Relation to the public
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 At all times, act in a manner which promotes and
safeguards the interest of the public .
 Offer services in premises .
 Being an information provider and health
educator .
 Accountable for any damage that may be
inflicted on the patron as a result of negligence
or breach of professional conduct .

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Relation to the Fellow professionals
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I. Extend all support, respect &
cooperation
II. Expose any act of misconduct or
malpractice committed by a fellow
professional

80. April 10, 2025
Relation to other Health professionals
80
 Respect the skills and competence of other
health care providers and strive to develop a
team work spirit
 Strive to maintain and develop the role of
pharmacist
 Do Not recommend a particular medical
practitioner to the patient

81. April 10, 2025
81
 Strive to maintain the confidence and trust
placed in other health professionals by patients
 Expose any acts of malpractice
 Do Not enter into any secret arrangement or
negotiation
 Do Not be an accomplice to any act of malpractice

82. April 10, 2025
As an Active professional member
82
 Actively seek to update his / her knowledge
skills of pharmacy
 Strive to join and participate in the activities
of professional associations & scientific
societies

83. April 10, 2025
As a Member of the Community
83
 Keep his/her honour and demonstrate a high
standard of personal integrity in the
community
 Be a law-abiding citizen
 Participating in social development activities

84. April 10, 2025
Dispensing of Medications in Pharmacy
84
 Personally fill all prescriptions or ensure appropriate
filling or orders
 Accept prescription only in writing except under an
emergency or compelling conditions
 Ensure that medicines and health care products are
approved for sale
 Not dispense Prescription only drugs without
prescriptions.

85. April 10, 2025
85
 Inform the prescriber for due correction or clarification
 Not dispense both prescription &/or OTC drugs to
patients who are apparently not in their right mental
state
 Promote that medicines would be dispensed as original
packs
 Ethically free to make generic substitution of
prescription drugs

86. April 10, 2025
86
 Provide an effective and accurate patient
education and counselling
 Know his/her patients with regard to cultures
 Give ample verbal and written information
 Ensure about the comfortable environment for
counselling
 Ensure about the design and layout of the pharmacy

87. April 10, 2025
Compounding and Manufacturing pharmaceuticals
87
 Make sure about authorized personnel involving
in the compounding
 Ensure that the compounding personnel are free
from any ailments
 Have written procedures for the compounding
drug products
 Have working procedures, cleaning
procedures/SOP

88. April 10, 2025
Handling of Narcotic, Psychotropic and other
dangerous drugs
88
 Keep separate and strict security storage
area
 Dispense through special prescription paper
approved by Drug regulatory authority
 Keep proper registration and submit records
to the control authorities

89. April 10, 2025
89
 Properly label, mark, store and dispense
poisons
 Immediately report breakage, loss or theft
 Keep expired and damaged products
separately
 Refrain from abuse of controlled substances

90. April 10, 2025
Quality assurance
90
 Ensure all standards are followed
 Ensure about the batch processing records
 Do Not make available for sale or distribute
substandard or adulterated products

91. April 10, 2025
Promotion and advertisement
91
 Don’t do self advertisement
 Refrain from misinforming the pubic or other
HCP
 Not to come under commercial pressure by drug
manufacturers
 Not participate in any promotional methods or
campaign

92. April 10, 2025
Pharmaceutical care practice
92
 Have good understanding of the concept
 Play a major role in promotion and
implementation of the concept
 Strive to initiate and maintain good
relationships

93. April 10, 2025
93
 Realizing the importance of team work and
patient participation
 Keep in mind that the patient is the main source
of information
 Ensure the pharmaceutical care provided is
having optimum quality
 Respect the rights of privacy, confidentiality and
dignity of the patient

94. April 10, 2025
Right to confidentiality
94
 Only use or disclose personal health
information with the consent of the patient
 Disclose to those who have a legitimate right
 Ensure that consent is obtained in writing
 Upon request of the patient, allow the
patients to inspect records
 Comply with existing laws

95. April 10, 2025
HCP – Patient relationship: Consumerism Vs Paternalism
97
 Medical paternalism —the belief that the health care
professional knew best—was accepted as standard practice by
most health care professionals and their patients.
 The medical rights of patients were not as widely
recognized as other rights (such as suffrage or due
process).
 Consumerism- Today, patients have become true consumers of
medical care.
 Patients wish—and have a right—to be informed and to be
asked for their consent.

96. April 10, 2025
PATIENTS’ RIGHTS
98
 When patients seek the care of health care
providers,
 what rights do they have?
 What can they reasonably expect from health care
providers?
 Patients can expect that clinicians will employ their
knowledge and experience in caring for them.
 As autonomous individuals, patients can expect that
health care providers will respond to their wishes
about their treatment.

97. April 10, 2025
HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONERS’ DUTY TO THEIR PATIENTS
100
 Some might argue that health care providers have a
Hippocratic responsibility to their patients and that
this responsibility focuses solely on what is best for
the patient, irrespective of the consequences to
others.
 The code of ethics also suggests that a pharmacist
serves individual, community and societal needs.

98. April 10, 2025
Thank you…
101