This document discusses the challenges of protecting indigenous intellectual property rights. It begins by defining indigenous knowledge as traditional knowledge, practices, and beliefs passed down through generations in a particular community, and intellectual property rights as legal protections for creative works. Some challenges to protecting indigenous IPR include loss of knowledge due to oral traditions, lack of documentation and recognition, unauthorized commercial use without compensation, and damage to cultural heritage from development. The document argues that protecting indigenous IPR is important for equity, cultural preservation, and biodiversity conservation. It proposes increasing indigenous community participation in the IPR system through education and decision-making inclusion as part of the way forward.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) refer to legal rights protecting creations...sh158aron
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) refer to legal rights protecting creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and images used in commerce
In the rapidly evolving landscape of global commerce and innovation, the
concept of intellectual property (IP) has emerged as a cornerstone of modern
economies. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) serve as the legal foundation upon
which creators, innovators, and businesses safeguard their intangible assets,
ensuring that their ideas, inventions, and creative works are protected, nurtured,
and incentivized. The purpose of this textbook, "Fundamentals of Intellectual
Property Rights," is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles,
theories, and practical applications of intellectual property in today's
interconnected world. Designed for students, professionals, and practitioners alike,
this book offers a structured exploration of the various forms of intellectual
property, the legal frameworks governing them, and the implications for
innovation, commerce, and society. Throughout the chapters, readers will embark
on a journey that delves into the intricacies of patents, trademarks, copyrights,
trade secrets, and other forms of intellectual property. They will gain insights into
the historical evolution of intellectual property laws, the international
harmonization efforts, and the contemporary challenges posed by technological
advancements, globalization, and digitalization. By examining real-world case
studies, landmark legal rulings, and industry best practices, this textbook equips
learners with the analytical tools and critical thinking skills necessary to navigate
the complex terrain of intellectual property rights. Whether grappling with issues
of infringement, licensing, enforcement, or strategic management, readers will
acquire a nuanced understanding of how intellectual property intersects with
business strategy, ethics, public policy, and human rights. Furthermore, this
textbook fosters a multidisciplinary approach, drawing upon insights from law,
economics, technology, sociology, and ethics to elucidate the multifaceted nature
of intellectual property in contemporary society. Through engaging discussions and
thought-provoking exercises, students are encouraged to explore the ethical
dilemmas, cultural dimensions, and socio-economic implications inherent in the
creation, dissemination, and protection of intellectual property. In an era marked
by rapid technological change, disruptive innovation, and global competition, a
firm grasp of intellectual property rights is indispensable for fostering creativity,
promoting economic growth, and advancing human knowledge. This textbook
serves as a valuable resource for educators, policymakers, and practitioners
seeking to navigate the complex terrain of intellectual property with clarity,
insight, and foresight.
As we embark on this intellectual journey, let us explore the dynamic
interplay between law, innovation, and society, and the pivotal role that
intellectual property rights play in shaping our collective future.
Biopiracy a trespass against indigenous liveskashishworld
Biopiracy is the practice of commercial exploitation of indigenous knowledge regarding the beneficial use of plants and animals, including the biochemicals or genetic materials contained there within that occur naturally. Go through the blog to know how biopiracy is a trespass against indigenous lives.
Ethics in international research: Scholarly integrity workshop - 2013Cassandra Quave
In 2013, Dr. Quave led a workshop entitled: "Ethics in International Research: Navigating International Policies Concerning Human Subjects and Bioprospecting" for the Emory Program for Scholarly Integrity.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) refer to legal rights protecting creations...sh158aron
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) refer to legal rights protecting creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and images used in commerce
In the rapidly evolving landscape of global commerce and innovation, the
concept of intellectual property (IP) has emerged as a cornerstone of modern
economies. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) serve as the legal foundation upon
which creators, innovators, and businesses safeguard their intangible assets,
ensuring that their ideas, inventions, and creative works are protected, nurtured,
and incentivized. The purpose of this textbook, "Fundamentals of Intellectual
Property Rights," is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles,
theories, and practical applications of intellectual property in today's
interconnected world. Designed for students, professionals, and practitioners alike,
this book offers a structured exploration of the various forms of intellectual
property, the legal frameworks governing them, and the implications for
innovation, commerce, and society. Throughout the chapters, readers will embark
on a journey that delves into the intricacies of patents, trademarks, copyrights,
trade secrets, and other forms of intellectual property. They will gain insights into
the historical evolution of intellectual property laws, the international
harmonization efforts, and the contemporary challenges posed by technological
advancements, globalization, and digitalization. By examining real-world case
studies, landmark legal rulings, and industry best practices, this textbook equips
learners with the analytical tools and critical thinking skills necessary to navigate
the complex terrain of intellectual property rights. Whether grappling with issues
of infringement, licensing, enforcement, or strategic management, readers will
acquire a nuanced understanding of how intellectual property intersects with
business strategy, ethics, public policy, and human rights. Furthermore, this
textbook fosters a multidisciplinary approach, drawing upon insights from law,
economics, technology, sociology, and ethics to elucidate the multifaceted nature
of intellectual property in contemporary society. Through engaging discussions and
thought-provoking exercises, students are encouraged to explore the ethical
dilemmas, cultural dimensions, and socio-economic implications inherent in the
creation, dissemination, and protection of intellectual property. In an era marked
by rapid technological change, disruptive innovation, and global competition, a
firm grasp of intellectual property rights is indispensable for fostering creativity,
promoting economic growth, and advancing human knowledge. This textbook
serves as a valuable resource for educators, policymakers, and practitioners
seeking to navigate the complex terrain of intellectual property with clarity,
insight, and foresight.
As we embark on this intellectual journey, let us explore the dynamic
interplay between law, innovation, and society, and the pivotal role that
intellectual property rights play in shaping our collective future.
Biopiracy a trespass against indigenous liveskashishworld
Biopiracy is the practice of commercial exploitation of indigenous knowledge regarding the beneficial use of plants and animals, including the biochemicals or genetic materials contained there within that occur naturally. Go through the blog to know how biopiracy is a trespass against indigenous lives.
Ethics in international research: Scholarly integrity workshop - 2013Cassandra Quave
In 2013, Dr. Quave led a workshop entitled: "Ethics in International Research: Navigating International Policies Concerning Human Subjects and Bioprospecting" for the Emory Program for Scholarly Integrity.
Commercial law also known as mercantile laws is associated with the rights, relations and legal binding between the parties involved in a business. It makes them liable to each other in case any one of them comes into the violation of the clauses and provisions of the law. It deals with private law and public law issues and often considered.
Consideration of equity
Conservation questions
The maintenance of traditional customs and community
Prevention of appropriation of components of TK by unauthorized persons
Promoting its applications and emphasising its value for growth
Module 3- Part 1.pptx ksjsjasjjssnnssnjsjsjsjsjjsAbhishekVenom
Electronics is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the principles of physics to design, create, and operate devices that manipulate electrons and other electrically charged particles. Electronics is a subfield of electrical engineering, but it differs from it in that it focuses on using active devices such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits to control and amplify the flow of electric current and to convert it from one form to another, such as from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) or from analog signals to digital signals. Electronics also encompasses the fields of microelectronics, nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and quantum electronics, which deal with the fabrication and application of electronic devices at microscopic, nanoscopic, optical, and quantum scales.
Modern surface-mount electronic components on a printed circuit board, with a large integrated circuit at the top
Electronics have a profound impact on various aspects of modern society and culture, such as telecommunications, entertainment, education, health care, industry, and security. The main driving force behind the advancement of electronics is the semiconductor industry, which produces the basic materials and components for electronic devices and circuits. The semiconductor industry is one of the largest and most profitable sectors in the global economy, with annual revenues exceeding $481 billion in 2018. The electronics industry also encompasses other sectors that rely on electronic devices and systems, such as e-commerce, which generated over $29 trillion in online sales in 2017.
History and development
edit
See also: History of electronic engineering and Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering
One of the earliest Audion radio receivers, constructed by De Forest in 1914
Electronics has hugely influenced the development of modern society. The identification of the electron in 1897, along with the subsequent invention of the vacuum tube which could amplify and rectify small electrical signals, inaugurated the field of electronics and the electron age.[1] Practical applications started with the invention of the diode by Ambrose Fleming and the triode by Lee De Forest in the early 1900s, which made the detection of small electrical voltages such as radio signals from a radio antenna possible with a non-mechanical device.
Vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) were the first active electronic components which controlled current flow by influencing the flow of individual electrons,[2] They were responsible for the electronics revolution of the first half of the twentieth century,[3][4] They enabled the construction of equipment that used current amplification and rectification to give us radio, television, radar, long-distance telephony and much more. The early growth of electronics was rapid, and by the 1920s, commercial radio broadcasting and telecommunications were becoming widespread and electronic amplifiers
Comprehensive Guide for Intellectual Property Law : Expert AdvisefalatiSEO
In a world fueled by ideas and innovation, protecting intellectual creations has become a cornerstone of modern society. Intellectual Property (IP) law plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the rights of creators, inventors, and innovators. In this blog, we'll delve into the intricacies of intellectual property law, exploring its various facets and shedding light on how it fosters creativity, encourages progress, and safeguards originality.
Presentación de Kyle lingard (Australia) - Seminario Internacional Pueblos In...FAO
Presentación de Kyle Lingard de Australia en el marco del Seminario Internacional de Expertos sobre 'Diversidad Cultural, Sistemas Alimentarios y Estrategias Tradicionales de Vida' realizado del 4 al 6 de noviembre de 2014 en Cusco Perú.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
Commercial law also known as mercantile laws is associated with the rights, relations and legal binding between the parties involved in a business. It makes them liable to each other in case any one of them comes into the violation of the clauses and provisions of the law. It deals with private law and public law issues and often considered.
Consideration of equity
Conservation questions
The maintenance of traditional customs and community
Prevention of appropriation of components of TK by unauthorized persons
Promoting its applications and emphasising its value for growth
Module 3- Part 1.pptx ksjsjasjjssnnssnjsjsjsjsjjsAbhishekVenom
Electronics is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the principles of physics to design, create, and operate devices that manipulate electrons and other electrically charged particles. Electronics is a subfield of electrical engineering, but it differs from it in that it focuses on using active devices such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits to control and amplify the flow of electric current and to convert it from one form to another, such as from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) or from analog signals to digital signals. Electronics also encompasses the fields of microelectronics, nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and quantum electronics, which deal with the fabrication and application of electronic devices at microscopic, nanoscopic, optical, and quantum scales.
Modern surface-mount electronic components on a printed circuit board, with a large integrated circuit at the top
Electronics have a profound impact on various aspects of modern society and culture, such as telecommunications, entertainment, education, health care, industry, and security. The main driving force behind the advancement of electronics is the semiconductor industry, which produces the basic materials and components for electronic devices and circuits. The semiconductor industry is one of the largest and most profitable sectors in the global economy, with annual revenues exceeding $481 billion in 2018. The electronics industry also encompasses other sectors that rely on electronic devices and systems, such as e-commerce, which generated over $29 trillion in online sales in 2017.
History and development
edit
See also: History of electronic engineering and Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering
One of the earliest Audion radio receivers, constructed by De Forest in 1914
Electronics has hugely influenced the development of modern society. The identification of the electron in 1897, along with the subsequent invention of the vacuum tube which could amplify and rectify small electrical signals, inaugurated the field of electronics and the electron age.[1] Practical applications started with the invention of the diode by Ambrose Fleming and the triode by Lee De Forest in the early 1900s, which made the detection of small electrical voltages such as radio signals from a radio antenna possible with a non-mechanical device.
Vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) were the first active electronic components which controlled current flow by influencing the flow of individual electrons,[2] They were responsible for the electronics revolution of the first half of the twentieth century,[3][4] They enabled the construction of equipment that used current amplification and rectification to give us radio, television, radar, long-distance telephony and much more. The early growth of electronics was rapid, and by the 1920s, commercial radio broadcasting and telecommunications were becoming widespread and electronic amplifiers
Comprehensive Guide for Intellectual Property Law : Expert AdvisefalatiSEO
In a world fueled by ideas and innovation, protecting intellectual creations has become a cornerstone of modern society. Intellectual Property (IP) law plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the rights of creators, inventors, and innovators. In this blog, we'll delve into the intricacies of intellectual property law, exploring its various facets and shedding light on how it fosters creativity, encourages progress, and safeguards originality.
Presentación de Kyle lingard (Australia) - Seminario Internacional Pueblos In...FAO
Presentación de Kyle Lingard de Australia en el marco del Seminario Internacional de Expertos sobre 'Diversidad Cultural, Sistemas Alimentarios y Estrategias Tradicionales de Vida' realizado del 4 al 6 de noviembre de 2014 en Cusco Perú.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Card
Challenges of protecting Ipr-2.pptx
1. CHALLENGES OF PROSPECTS OF
PROTECTING INDIGENOUS IPR
Presented by:
Dr Lipsa Misra
Asst Professor of Economics
BJB Autonomous college
2. Introduction
◦ Indigenous knowledge and Intellectual property rights (IPR) is a complex
issue that concerns the protection and preservation of traditional knowledge and
cultural expressions of indigenous communities.
◦ Indigenous knowledge refers to the practices, customs, and beliefs that have
been passed down through generations and are deeply rooted in the culture and
identity of these communities. It includes a wide range of knowledge, such as
traditional medicine, agriculture, and ecological practices, as well as linguistic and
cultural expressions.
◦ IPR, on the other hand, refers to the legal rights that protect the creations of the
mind, such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks. These rights are designed to
protect the rights of creators and inventors, and to encourage innovation and
creativity.
3. Defining Indigenous knowledge
◦ Indigenous knowledge refers to the traditional knowledge, practices,
and beliefs of a particular culture or community that have been passed
down through generations. This knowledge is specific to a particular
place or region and is closely tied to the environment and the way of
life of the community. Indigenous knowledge can include a wide
range of topics, such as farming techniques, medicinal practices, and
cultural traditions. It is often considered to be a valuable resource for
solving problems and addressing issues in a sustainable way.
4. Defining IPR
◦ Intellectual property rights (IPR) refer to the legal rights that
individuals and organizations have over their creative and innovative
works, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols and
designs. IPR can include patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade
secrets, among others. The purpose of IPR is to protect creators and
owners of these works, and to encourage innovation and creativity by
providing a way for individuals and organizations to benefit financially
from their work. IPR laws also help to prevent others from using
these works without permission, which can harm the creators or
owners.
5. Types of IPR
◦ Patents: As defined by US PTO patents are legal rights that are granted to inventors for their new
and useful inventions or discoveries from being sold, used or created without permission.
◦ Copyrights: These are legal rights that protect works of authorship, such as literature, music, art,
and software.
◦ Trademarks: These are legal rights that protect the names, logos, and other symbols that are used
to identify a business or product such as Mcdonald, Facebook. Patent and copyrights can expire
but Trademarks are held indefinitely.
◦ Trade Secrets: These are rights that protect confidential business information such as recipes,
marketing strategies, formulas, patterns, compilations, programs, devices, methods, techniques, or
processes.
◦ Geographical Indications: These rights protect the reputation of certain products that are from
specific geographical regions and have certain characteristics, qualities or reputation due to that
origin.
◦ Industrial Designs: These rights protect the appearance of a product resulting from the features
of, in particular, the lines, contours, colors, shape, texture and/or materials of the product itself.
6. Role of IPR
◦ The role of intellectual property rights (IPR) is to protect the creators and owners
of creative and innovative works, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, and
symbols and designs.
◦ IPR laws provide exclusive rights to the creators and owners of these works to control
the use and distribution of their work, and to prevent others from using it without
permission.
◦ IPR also plays a role in promoting economic growth and development. By providing
exclusive rights to creators and owners
◦ IPR laws can encourage investment in research and development, which can lead to
new products, technologies, and industries.
◦ IPR can help to promote competition, as it allows businesses to protect their unique
products and services from being copied by competitors.
◦ IPR laws also play a role in protecting consumer rights. By providing trademarks and
patents, consumers can be assured of the authenticity of a product or service.
7. Need for protecting IPR
There are several reasons why it is important to protect intellectual property rights (IPR). Some of the main reasons include:
◦ Encouraging innovation and creativity: By providing exclusive rights to creators and owners of creative and
innovative works, IPR laws can encourage individuals and organizations to invest time and resources into researching,
developing, and creating new products, technologies, and artistic works.
◦ Promoting economic growth and development: IPR laws can help to promote economic growth by encouraging
investment in research and development, and by providing a way for creators and owners to benefit financially from their
work. This can lead to the creation of new products, technologies, and industries.
◦ Protecting consumer rights: IPR laws can help to protect consumers by providing trademarks and patents, which
allow consumers to identify the source and quality of a product or service.
◦ Protecting cultural heritage: IPR laws can also be used to protect traditional knowledge, cultural expressions and
heritage, which are essential to the preservation of the cultural identity of communities.
◦ Facilitating international trade: IPR laws also play a role in promoting international trade by providing a framework
for protecting and enforcing IPR in different countries.
However, it is important that IPR laws are balanced with the public interest, such as providing access to essential medicines,
promoting access to knowledge and innovation, and protecting the rights of indigenous communities.
8. Need for protecting Indigenous knowledge
Nearly 80 percent of Indigenous population are in Asia Africa and Latin America
◦ Poverty and exclusion among indigenous people contribute to
◦ Inequities and disparity, hunger, unemployment, low wages, less access to
education, malnutrition, poor health condition , less access to health care, food
insecurity, expropriation of their lands.
◦ All these issues can be converged towards four important and critical challenges
1. Marginalization
2. Disease
3. Violence
4. Extinction
9. India has very rich heritage of knowledge and in ancient
period, everyone had such knowledge but with
development and urbanization, linkage between ancient
culture and men has been disturbed and today very few
people in urban areas are aware with such knowledge
But, some communities in villages have preserved it
For example,
The Fish Therapy for “asthama" is exclusive
knowledge of some communities of Hyderabad. Thus,
this kind of knowledge which is preserved by some
communities is considered as Traditional Knowledge
10. Challenges faced
Loss and erosion of knowledge: Indigenous knowledge is often passed down orally from generation to
generation, which makes it vulnerable to loss and erosion.
Changes in demographics and cultural practices can also lead to the loss of indigenous knowledge.
Lack of documentation and recognition: Indigenous knowledge is often not documented or recognized
by mainstream scientific and academic institutions, which can make it difficult for future generations to
access and use it.
Intellectual property rights: Indigenous knowledge is often used without proper recognition or
compensation for the communities that hold it, which can lead to conflicts over intellectual property rights.
Damage to cultural heritage: Industrialization, urbanization, and other forms of development can lead to
the destruction of natural and cultural heritage, which can also result in the loss of indigenous knowledge.
Biopiracy: Biopiracy is the unauthorized use of traditional knowledge for commercial gain, often by large
companies, which can lead to the exploitation of indigenous communities.
Climate change: Climate change affects the natural environment and the traditional livelihoods of many
indigenous communities, which can lead to the erosion of indigenous knowledge.
11. Need for protection of Intellectual property
Equity
Preservation of trade practices
Biodiversity conservation
12. Way Forward
Instead of keeping an insular approach IK should be made:
1 Marketable
2 profitable
3. Sustainable
It is imperative to have transformation to higher levels and take the indigenous knowledge
system forward :
1. Improve export potential
2. Mass consumption
3. Skill improvement
4. Reduce disparity
13. Increase participation of indigenous communities in IPR system
Provide education and training in IPR
Inclusion decision making process so that their voices are heard
work on moral rights such as how to protect their interests when information will be in
public domain.
companies need to
1. Acknowledge the source.
2. Avoid distortions and misuse.
3. Its benefits are reaped it needs to be shared by indigenous communities.
The role of state / govt is significant to give directions to IP laws and promote IK.