1. Chapter 8
Empowerment
and
Participation
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2. THE NATURE OF EMPOWERMENT AND PARTICIPATION
• What Is Empowerment?
• Empowerment
1. Job mastery
2. Accountability
3. Role models
4. Reinforcement and persuasion
5. Emotional support
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3. THE NATURE OF EMPOWERMENT AND PARTICIPATION
Figure 8-1 The process of empowerment
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4. THE NATURE OF EMPOWERMENT AND PARTICIPATION
• What Is Participation?
• Participation
• Involvement
• Motivation to Contribute
• Acceptance of Responsibility
• Why Is Participation Popular?
• Ethical imperative
• Benefits of Participation
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5. HOW PARTICIPATION WORKS
• The Participative Process
• The Impact on Managerial Power
• Leader-Member Exchange
• Leader-member exchange model
• Two Views of Power
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6. HOW PARTICIPATION WORKS
Figure 8-4 Two views of power and influence
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7. HOW PARTICIPATION WORKS
• Prerequisites for Participation
- Major prerequisites are
1. Time to participate
2. Benefits of participation should be greater than the costs
3. Relevant and interesting
4. Ability to participate
5. Mutually able to communicate
6. Neither party should feel that its position is threatened
7. Within the group’s area of job freedom
• Area of job freedom
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8. HOW PARTICIPATION WORKS
• Contingency Factors
• Differing Employee Needs for Participation
• Underparticipation
• Overparticipation
• Responsibilities of Employees and Manager
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9. PROGRAMS FOR PARTICIPATION
Figure 8-8 Selected types of participative programs
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10. PROGRAMS FOR PARTICIPATION
• Participative management
• Suggestion Programs
• Quality Emphasis
• Quality Circles
• Total Quality Management (TQM)
• Self-Managing Teams
• Employee Ownership Plans
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11. IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN PARTICIPATION
• Labor Union Attitudes toward Participation
• Limitations of Participation
• Managerial Concern about Participation
• Concluding Thoughts
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12. Questions
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