This document discusses the key conditions and concepts for hypothesis testing: randomization of subjects, independence of observations, sample sizes of at least 10 per condition, calculation of a test statistic and p-value, and whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on the p-value indicating the likelihood of observing the results by chance.

1. 0 H H A

4. Conditions 1. Randomization 2. Independence: Plausible Independence? 10% Condition - 3. np, nq ≥ 10

6. p +1 σ +2 σ +3 σ -1 σ -2 σ -3 σ P( z ) = < > ≠ z =

9. Fail to Reject the Null Hypothesis Reject the Null Hypothesis High p-value High likelihood of happening through natural sampling variation Low p-value Low likelihood of happening through natural sampling variation