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The document summarizes past Dutch disposal concepts for radioactive waste from the 1970s to early 2000s. Before 1982, disposal was envisioned in a salt dome constructed through dissolution and waste emplaced through boreholes. From 1982-1992 (OPLA program), construction would use conventional mining and waste would be placed in boreholes or disposal rooms. Parliament later required isolation, control, and potential retrievability or reuse of waste. From 1995-2001 (CORA program), a mine-like facility was proposed in salt with horizontal disposal cells accessed by road-like vehicles and closed with backfill.
This document summarizes the geomechanical safety concept for closing the Teutschenthal backfill mine in Germany. Key aspects include:
1) Hazardous waste is stored underground through "long-term containment" requiring sophisticated geomechanical safety concepts given the mines were not designed as repositories.
2) The Teutschenthal mine involves backfilling over 15 million cubic meters of underground openings using direct, conditioned, and slurry backfilling techniques.
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4) A 1996 rockburst was analyzed through modeling and stress/
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- A brief history of GPS development from feasibility studies in the 1960s to full operational capability in 1995.
- An overview of the three segments (space, control, and user) that make up the GPS architecture.
- An explanation of how GPS determines position based on calculating the time difference for signals from multiple satellites.
- The sources of error that can impact GPS accuracy for civilian users, such as ionospheric delays and receiver noise.
The document discusses the attitude dynamics of a re-entry vehicle (RV) in planetary atmospheres. It presents the following:
1) Equations of motion for the RV's angular momentum, unit vectors describing its orientation, and acceleration due to aerodynamic and gravitational forces.
2) Equations of motion for the RV's mass center in terms of its velocity, altitude, trajectory inclination angle, and dynamic pressure.
3) Solutions to the undisturbed equations of motion, including an energy integral and general solutions involving elliptic functions for different forms of the restoring aerodynamic moment.
Jean-Claude Bradley and Andrew Lang discuss recent applications of chemistry in Second Life on the Meta Institute for Computational Astrophysics (MICA) Island on May 28, 2010.
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This study examines the evolution of the yellow hypergiant star HR 8752 over nearly a century based on spectroscopic observations and photometry. The star underwent successive gas ejections, seen as downward excursions in effective temperature. During each ejection, a pseudo-photosphere formed with lower gravity and higher turbulence. After the ejected shells dispersed, a hotter, more compact photosphere emerged. Analysis of observations shows variation over time in the star's effective temperature, luminosity, radius, and mass, suggesting it is evolving away from an unstable region in the HR diagram known as the "yellow evolutionary void."
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This document discusses metrology using single electrons in metallic and superconducting islands. It covers theories of electron transport in these systems and their environments. Applications include using these systems for metrology and achieving error rates low enough for metrological standards. Solid state entanglers are also discussed as a way to generate entanglement for metrology applications.
This document summarizes the EXO (Enriched Xenon Observatory) experiment which aims to search for neutrinoless double beta decay in 136Xe. It describes the EXO-200 detector which contains 200kg of xenon enriched to 80% 136Xe. The detector measures both ionization and scintillation signals to achieve high energy resolution. The document discusses the goals of EXO-200 to search for 0νββ decay, measure the 2νββ half-life, and understand operating a large liquid xenon detector. It also describes plans to identify barium daughters from double beta decays using laser spectroscopy to achieve a background-free experiment.
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- Previous studies have not fully constrained the system morphology and characteristics. New interferometric observations with PIONIER were obtained to directly probe the inner parts of the system.
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You can easily change/correct a name on your flight ticket under the American Airlines name change policy. The airline provides multiple online and offline modes to place a name change request. To learn more about how to change a name on American Airlines ticket, you can directly approach the airline’s customer support. Moreover, you can connect with a flight expert at +1-866-738-0741 for quick assistance.
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Talk for the Center for Astrophysics (Harvard)
1. HI in circumstellar envelopes around AGB stars:
Observations and modelling
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2
e
1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris
2 GEPI, Observatoire de Paris
December 14, 2007
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 1 / 24
2. Introduction
1
HR diagram
The mass-loss process
HI observations
1
The key aspects
Why HI ?
A favorable case: Y CVn
2
Properties of Y CVn
Observations
3
CO observations
dust continuum observations
Neutral Hydrogen observations
results
4
Direct results
Modelling
Conclusions & Prospects
5
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 2 / 24
3. AGB in HR diagram
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 3 / 24
4. The mass-loss process
So considerable that it can govern the evolution of the star
∼ 1-5 M → ∼ 0.6-0.8 M
Produces C, O, He, ... + s-elements (neutron capture)
Important contribution to the Galactic composition
⇒ Important clues for stellar & interstellar physics
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 4 / 24
5. The mass-loss process
So considerable that it can govern the evolution of the star
∼ 1-5 M → ∼ 0.6-0.8 M
Produces C, O, He, ... + s-elements (neutron capture)
Important contribution to the Galactic composition
⇒ Important clues for stellar & interstellar physics
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 4 / 24
6. The mass-loss process
So considerable that it can govern the evolution of the star
∼ 1-5 M → ∼ 0.6-0.8 M
Produces C, O, He, ... + s-elements (neutron capture)
Important contribution to the Galactic composition
⇒ Important clues for stellar & interstellar physics
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 4 / 24
7. The mass-loss process
So considerable that it can govern the evolution of the star
∼ 1-5 M → ∼ 0.6-0.8 M
Produces C, O, He, ... + s-elements (neutron capture)
Important contribution to the Galactic composition
⇒ Important clues for stellar & interstellar physics
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 4 / 24
8. ibert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 5 / 24
9. The key aspects
Produce an accurate set of data for spectral and spatial information
Use a physical model to fit the line profile
Access to the properties of the stellar wind and the surrounding local
matter
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 6 / 24
10. Why HI observations ?
High velocity resolution (∼ 0.08 km.s−1 @ 21
cm)
70 % of the mass of the object
Molecules photodissociated near the centre (∼
1016 cm depending on the mass-loss rate)
For Teff > 2500 K : H mainly atomic
(Glassgold & Huggins 1983)
Flux ∝ Mass :
MHI = 2.37 10−7 × D 2 (pc) × Stot
Circumstellar HI shielded by interstellar HI
⇒ Probe the furthest part of a
Circumstellar Shell (CS)
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 7 / 24
11. The NRT beam shape
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 8 / 24
12. The NRT beam shape
4 in RA
FWHM = 0.88 λ =⇒
L
22 in Dec
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 8 / 24
13. A favorable case: Y CVn
Distance: ∼ 218±35 pc (Hipparcos parallax: 4.59±0.73 mas)
Galactic coordinates
Radial velocity: 21 km.s−1
Effective temperature: 2700 K
l=126◦
b=+72◦
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 9 / 24
14. A favorable case: Y CVn
Distance: ∼ 218±35 pc (Hipparcos parallax: 4.59±0.73 mas)
Galactic coordinates
Radial velocity: 21 km.s−1
Effective temperature: 2700 K
l=126◦
b=+72◦
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 9 / 24
15. A favorable case: Y CVn
Distance: ∼ 218±35 pc (Hipparcos parallax: 4.59±0.73 mas)
Galactic coordinates
Radial velocity: 21 km.s−1
Effective temperature: 2700 K
l=126◦
b=+72◦
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 9 / 24
16. A favorable case: Y CVn
Distance: ∼ 218±35 pc (Hipparcos parallax: 4.59±0.73 mas)
Galactic coordinates
Radial velocity: 21 km.s−1
Effective temperature: 2700 K
l=126◦
b=+72◦
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire 14, Paris )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December de 2007 9 / 24
17. Jy
ibert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 10 / 24
18. Observations in the CO lines
Plateau de Bure, 30m IRAM (CO 2→1 & CO 1→0)
CSO Mauna Kea, Hawaii (CO 2→1 & CO 3→2)
...
Models are used to deduce several properties of the CS, with several input
parameters such as:
The envelope expansion velocity
The distance of the star
The main beam temperature
The fractional CO abundance
˙ ∼ 1 10−7 M .yr−1 ; rCO ∼ 0.9 1017 cm ≡ 3 10−2 pc
⇒M
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 11 / 24
19. Size ( ) Vexp VLSR Flux
(km.s−1 ) (km.s−1 )
() (Jy)
12 CO (1→0) 12.8 9.7 19.6 6.4
12 CO (2→1) 8.8 7.8 20.7 24.1
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 12 / 24
20. Size ( ) Vexp VLSR Flux
(km.s−1 ) (km.s−1 )
() (Jy)
12 CO (1→0) 12.8 9.7 19.6 6.4
12 CO (2→1) 8.8 7.8 20.7 24.1
Neri et al. (1998 A&AS, 130,1)
ibert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 12 / 24
21. Observations in the dust continuum
IRAS results @ 60 and 100 µm (Young et al. 1993a & b)
ISO results @ 90 and 160 µm (Izumiura et al. 1996)
N↑ W
→
Y CVn @ 90 µm by ISOPHOT. The field is 8.3 ×34.8
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 13 / 24
22. HI observations
Libert Y., Le Bertre T., G´rard E., 2007, MNRAS, 381, 1161
e
→ quasi-gaussian narrow component (comp. 1) centered at 20.5 km.s−1
FWHM : 3.8 km.s−1
→ Pedestal (comp.2) centered at 21.1 km.s−1 Half width : 7.8 km.s−1
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 14 / 24
23. (CO spectrum: Knapp G.R., Young K., et al., 1998, ApJS, 117, 209)
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 15 / 24
24. Step in RA:
1 beam (4 )
Step in Dec:
1/2 beam (11 )
ibert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 16 / 24
25. Direct results
Factor of 4 in velocity between Comp. 1 & Comp. 2
But: supersonic wind in the freely expanding zone
⇒ shock
From an adiabatic shock:
v1 1 3µmH 2
∼ and T1 ∼ v0 ∼ 1800K
v0 4 16k
But: from the HI profile:
FWHM(km.s −1 ) = 0.214 T (K )
⇒ Mean temperature 210 K
Empirical temperature profile (to be adjusted with the observations):
T r
log = a log
T1 r1
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 17 / 24
26. Direct results
Factor of 4 in velocity between Comp. 1 & Comp. 2
But: supersonic wind in the freely expanding zone
⇒ shock
From an adiabatic shock:
v1 1 3µmH 2
∼ and T1 ∼ v0 ∼ 1800K
v0 4 16k
But: from the HI profile:
FWHM(km.s −1 ) = 0.214 T (K )
⇒ Mean temperature 210 K
Empirical temperature profile (to be adjusted with the observations):
T r
log = a log
T1 r1
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 17 / 24
27. Direct results
Factor of 4 in velocity between Comp. 1 & Comp. 2
But: supersonic wind in the freely expanding zone
⇒ shock
From an adiabatic shock:
v1 1 3µmH 2
∼ and T1 ∼ v0 ∼ 1800K
v0 4 16k
But: from the HI profile:
FWHM(km.s −1 ) = 0.214 T (K )
⇒ Mean temperature 210 K
Empirical temperature profile (to be adjusted with the observations):
T r
log = a log
T1 r1
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 17 / 24
28. Direct results
Factor of 4 in velocity between Comp. 1 & Comp. 2
But: supersonic wind in the freely expanding zone
⇒ shock
From an adiabatic shock:
v1 1 3µmH 2
∼ and T1 ∼ v0 ∼ 1800K
v0 4 16k
But: from the HI profile:
FWHM(km.s −1 ) = 0.214 T (K )
⇒ Mean temperature 210 K
Empirical temperature profile (to be adjusted with the observations):
T r
log = a log
T1 r1
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 17 / 24
29. Direct results
Factor of 4 in velocity between Comp. 1 & Comp. 2
But: supersonic wind in the freely expanding zone
⇒ shock
From an adiabatic shock:
v1 1 3µmH 2
∼ and T1 ∼ v0 ∼ 1800K
v0 4 16k
But: from the HI profile:
FWHM(km.s −1 ) = 0.214 T (K )
⇒ Mean temperature 210 K
Empirical temperature profile (to be adjusted with the observations):
T r
log = a log
T1 r1
ibert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 17 / 24
30. Modelling HI emission
Constant mass-loss rate
Spherical symmetry
Ideal gas
Stationary
Constant velocity in the free expanding zone ( → r1 )
∼ 8 km.s−1
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 18 / 24
31. Results
∼ 1 km.s−1 redshift between modeled pedestal and that from the
observations
→ Motion of the star with respect to the surrounding matter
Possibly related to the East-West asymmetry
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 19 / 24
32. Results (Cont I)
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 20 / 24
33. Results (Cont II)
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 21 / 24
34. Results (Cont III)
Constant mass-loss rate:
∼ 1 10−7 M yr−1
Age: ∼ 4.5 105 yr
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 22 / 24
35. Conclusions & Prospects
Mass-loss rate constant over 5 105 years
Velocity profile does not correspond to a brief and intense mass-loss
event
Feature dominated by the narrow component
Ideal tools for studying ISM with different physical conditions and in
different sites using tenth of other red giants
High spatial and spectral resolution needed (wind slow and slowed
down)
⇒ Observations obtained with the VLA (4 other objects) with Lynn
D. Matthews & Mark J. Reid (work in progress)
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 23 / 24
36. Conclusions & Prospects
Mass-loss rate constant over 5 105 years
Velocity profile does not correspond to a brief and intense mass-loss
event
Feature dominated by the narrow component
Ideal tools for studying ISM with different physical conditions and in
different sites using tenth of other red giants
High spatial and spectral resolution needed (wind slow and slowed
down)
⇒ Observations obtained with the VLA (4 other objects) with Lynn
D. Matthews & Mark J. Reid (work in progress)
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 23 / 24
37. Conclusions & Prospects
Mass-loss rate constant over 5 105 years
Velocity profile does not correspond to a brief and intense mass-loss
event
Feature dominated by the narrow component
Ideal tools for studying ISM with different physical conditions and in
different sites using tenth of other red giants
High spatial and spectral resolution needed (wind slow and slowed
down)
⇒ Observations obtained with the VLA (4 other objects) with Lynn
D. Matthews & Mark J. Reid (work in progress)
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 23 / 24
38. Conclusions & Prospects
Mass-loss rate constant over 5 105 years
Velocity profile does not correspond to a brief and intense mass-loss
event
Feature dominated by the narrow component
Ideal tools for studying ISM with different physical conditions and in
different sites using tenth of other red giants
High spatial and spectral resolution needed (wind slow and slowed
down)
⇒ Observations obtained with the VLA (4 other objects) with Lynn
D. Matthews & Mark J. Reid (work in progress)
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 23 / 24
39. Conclusions & Prospects
Mass-loss rate constant over 5 105 years
Velocity profile does not correspond to a brief and intense mass-loss
event
Feature dominated by the narrow component
Ideal tools for studying ISM with different physical conditions and in
different sites using tenth of other red giants
High spatial and spectral resolution needed (wind slow and slowed
down)
⇒ Observations obtained with the VLA (4 other objects) with Lynn
D. Matthews & Mark J. Reid (work in progress)
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 23 / 24
40. Conclusions & Prospects
Mass-loss rate constant over 5 105 years
Velocity profile does not correspond to a brief and intense mass-loss
event
Feature dominated by the narrow component
Ideal tools for studying ISM with different physical conditions and in
different sites using tenth of other red giants
High spatial and spectral resolution needed (wind slow and slowed
down)
⇒ Observations obtained with the VLA (4 other objects) with Lynn
D. Matthews & Mark J. Reid (work in progress)
Libert Y.1 , Le Bertre T.1 , G´rard E.2 ( 1 LERMA, Observatoire de Paris 2 GEPI, Observatoire de 2007 )
e CfA R & G Lunch Talk December 14, Paris 23 / 24