Bitcoin a Financial valuation framework
Provides a detailed analysis of what is an investment, Assets, Commodities, Alternative assets
Provides an industry overview
Uses Sharpes Ratio to investigate value
BTW Research: Bitcoin: A new kind of alternative asset against global credit ...BTWExchange
In this presentation, BTW Research will explore the specific problems Bitcoin is trying to solve, the evolutionary path of Bitcoin, price performance in each halving cycle, the future of Bitcoin and crypto assets and other development opportunities for blockchain.
Week 7 - Legal Issues in Blockchain and CryptocurrenciesRoger Royse
Instructor: Roger Royse, Founder of Royse Law Firm
Course Title: The Business Basics of Blockchain, Cryptocurrencies, and Tokens
Location: Stanford Continuing Studies
Week: 7 (of 7)
The seventh session will examine legal issues in blockchain applications. We will discuss the legal structure of an initial coin or security coin offering (ICO) in the US and globally, including the rules governing the sale of securities in the US. We will overview patent and intellectual property (IP) issues in blockchain and licensing agreements that provide protection to inventors while making resources available for open innovation.
What’s bitcoin a beginner’s guide to the world’s first cryptocurrencyBandara7
According to polls, the majority of Americans have heard of it. In layman's terms, Bitcoin is a digital money (also known as cryptocurrency) that can be exchanged online and maintained on a digital ledger. With a market value of approximately $750 billion, one unit formerly cost pennies on the dollar today costs about $40,000.
Genotik aims to solve some of the biggest problems in the world of Cryptocurrency trading – including price volatility, slow trading engine, poor customer support, security, and lack of transparency – through its industrial-grade platform built on top of blockchain technology.
BTW Research: Bitcoin: A new kind of alternative asset against global credit ...BTWExchange
In this presentation, BTW Research will explore the specific problems Bitcoin is trying to solve, the evolutionary path of Bitcoin, price performance in each halving cycle, the future of Bitcoin and crypto assets and other development opportunities for blockchain.
Week 7 - Legal Issues in Blockchain and CryptocurrenciesRoger Royse
Instructor: Roger Royse, Founder of Royse Law Firm
Course Title: The Business Basics of Blockchain, Cryptocurrencies, and Tokens
Location: Stanford Continuing Studies
Week: 7 (of 7)
The seventh session will examine legal issues in blockchain applications. We will discuss the legal structure of an initial coin or security coin offering (ICO) in the US and globally, including the rules governing the sale of securities in the US. We will overview patent and intellectual property (IP) issues in blockchain and licensing agreements that provide protection to inventors while making resources available for open innovation.
What’s bitcoin a beginner’s guide to the world’s first cryptocurrencyBandara7
According to polls, the majority of Americans have heard of it. In layman's terms, Bitcoin is a digital money (also known as cryptocurrency) that can be exchanged online and maintained on a digital ledger. With a market value of approximately $750 billion, one unit formerly cost pennies on the dollar today costs about $40,000.
Genotik aims to solve some of the biggest problems in the world of Cryptocurrency trading – including price volatility, slow trading engine, poor customer support, security, and lack of transparency – through its industrial-grade platform built on top of blockchain technology.
Indian Cryptocurrency Consumer Insights 2020Bitcoin Wiser
Key Insights from India:
Demand Analysis – Bitcoin trading, Cryptocurrency volumes
Opportunity sizing – Indian trading community
User Insights
Preferred platforms to trade cryptocurrency in India
How Governments see Cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin? A Feb, 2018 UpdateAmilcar Chavarria
A quick a dirty review of how major governments are treating cryptocurrencies. What's their stance toward bitcoin and other cryptos? Do they plan on having their own central-bank backed token? What are the major obstacles to overcome?
Webinar in which Mike Bennett describes the unique approach Hypercube applies to modeling business semantics (the method used in creating the EDM Council's FIBO Business Conceptual Ontology). The end result of creating this kind of business conceptual ontology is that a firm will have a single, canonical source of meaning across all its data resources, like a golden copy but in the semantics space - so we sometimes refer to this a "Golden Ontology".
Mike explains the principles for creating an enterprise conceptual ontology. From this webinar you will learn:
3 things you need to know about ontologies
- Words are not Concepts
- Meaning is not Truth
- Syntax is not Semantics
3 things you need to do to build a Golden reference ontology:
- Classification
- Abstraction
- Partitioning
3 ways to use a Golden Ontology
- Querying across legacy data sources
- Mapping and data integration
- Reasoning with Semantic Web applications
An overview of Cryptocurrencies presented at UM titled Seminar Fiqh Teknologi Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Bitcoin & at Akademi Pengajian Islam Hosted by K-FIQH and Elzar Shariah Solutions & Advisory. #blockchain #fintech
Regulation of Bitcoins under Indian Regulatory FrameworksNishtha Sharma
This presentation provides a comprehensive account of meaning of Bitcoins, their intended use, mechanism behind the payment through peer to peer transaction system alonwith an overview on the means or heads under which Bitcoins can be regulated under Indian regulatory regime
Update on Financial Industry Business Ontology status, as presented to the Open Financial Data Group. Includes description of the canonical reference model (business conceptual ontology) and the principles by which this was built
In this article, we review the basics of Bitcoin, its main characteristics and opportunities as well as interesting innovations that have recently been developed in various parts of the world.
Virtual currency would play a role in disrupting the conventional transaction models and have a potential impact on various sectors. Know more about the trends and the multiple challenges faced by businesses in adopting the virtual currency. Download the Business Research report by Aranca.
Cryptocurrency News India : Is Cryptocurrency Legal In INDIA ? SUPREME COURT ...Bivas Chatterjee
This post discusses in depth various crypto news in India and on whether cryptocurrency legal in India? supreme court on cryptocurrency bitcoin legal, whether Bitcoin or Cryptocurrency is legal in India? This video also discusses on whether we can Invest In Bitcoin in India ? OR Can We Trade In Bitcoin In India?
This video also discusses on the followings:
WHY CRYPTOCURRENCY IS SO POPULAR?
RISK IN CRYPTO – RISK IN BITCOIN - CRYPTO SCAM COINS - CRYPTO NEWS TODAY - CRYPTO NEWS IN INDIA
INNOVATION OF BITCOIN – SATOSHI NAKAMOTO WHITE PAPER – SATOSHI NAKAMOTO IDENTITY
WHAT ARE CRYPTOCURRENCIES?
BITCOIN PRICE PREDICTION – Bitcoin PRICE
HOW THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY INVESTIGATE BITCOIN ? - WHY HACKERS USE BITCOIN ?
IS IT LEGAL TO INVEST IN BITCOIN OR CRYPTOCURRENCY IN INDIA? - SHOULD YOU INVEST IN CRYPTOCURRENCY?
WHETHER BITCOIN IS LEGAL IN INDIA?
RBI CIRCULAR ON CRYPTOCURRENCY - RBI ON CRYPTOCURRENCY - SUPREME COURT ON CRYPTOCURRENCY
CAN WE INVEST IN BITCOIN ?
CAN WE TRADE IN BITCOIN IN INDIA?
.....This video covers :
IS IT LEGAL TO INVEST I
Indian Cryptocurrency Consumer Insights 2020Bitcoin Wiser
Key Insights from India:
Demand Analysis – Bitcoin trading, Cryptocurrency volumes
Opportunity sizing – Indian trading community
User Insights
Preferred platforms to trade cryptocurrency in India
How Governments see Cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin? A Feb, 2018 UpdateAmilcar Chavarria
A quick a dirty review of how major governments are treating cryptocurrencies. What's their stance toward bitcoin and other cryptos? Do they plan on having their own central-bank backed token? What are the major obstacles to overcome?
Webinar in which Mike Bennett describes the unique approach Hypercube applies to modeling business semantics (the method used in creating the EDM Council's FIBO Business Conceptual Ontology). The end result of creating this kind of business conceptual ontology is that a firm will have a single, canonical source of meaning across all its data resources, like a golden copy but in the semantics space - so we sometimes refer to this a "Golden Ontology".
Mike explains the principles for creating an enterprise conceptual ontology. From this webinar you will learn:
3 things you need to know about ontologies
- Words are not Concepts
- Meaning is not Truth
- Syntax is not Semantics
3 things you need to do to build a Golden reference ontology:
- Classification
- Abstraction
- Partitioning
3 ways to use a Golden Ontology
- Querying across legacy data sources
- Mapping and data integration
- Reasoning with Semantic Web applications
An overview of Cryptocurrencies presented at UM titled Seminar Fiqh Teknologi Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Bitcoin & at Akademi Pengajian Islam Hosted by K-FIQH and Elzar Shariah Solutions & Advisory. #blockchain #fintech
Regulation of Bitcoins under Indian Regulatory FrameworksNishtha Sharma
This presentation provides a comprehensive account of meaning of Bitcoins, their intended use, mechanism behind the payment through peer to peer transaction system alonwith an overview on the means or heads under which Bitcoins can be regulated under Indian regulatory regime
Update on Financial Industry Business Ontology status, as presented to the Open Financial Data Group. Includes description of the canonical reference model (business conceptual ontology) and the principles by which this was built
In this article, we review the basics of Bitcoin, its main characteristics and opportunities as well as interesting innovations that have recently been developed in various parts of the world.
Virtual currency would play a role in disrupting the conventional transaction models and have a potential impact on various sectors. Know more about the trends and the multiple challenges faced by businesses in adopting the virtual currency. Download the Business Research report by Aranca.
Cryptocurrency News India : Is Cryptocurrency Legal In INDIA ? SUPREME COURT ...Bivas Chatterjee
This post discusses in depth various crypto news in India and on whether cryptocurrency legal in India? supreme court on cryptocurrency bitcoin legal, whether Bitcoin or Cryptocurrency is legal in India? This video also discusses on whether we can Invest In Bitcoin in India ? OR Can We Trade In Bitcoin In India?
This video also discusses on the followings:
WHY CRYPTOCURRENCY IS SO POPULAR?
RISK IN CRYPTO – RISK IN BITCOIN - CRYPTO SCAM COINS - CRYPTO NEWS TODAY - CRYPTO NEWS IN INDIA
INNOVATION OF BITCOIN – SATOSHI NAKAMOTO WHITE PAPER – SATOSHI NAKAMOTO IDENTITY
WHAT ARE CRYPTOCURRENCIES?
BITCOIN PRICE PREDICTION – Bitcoin PRICE
HOW THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY INVESTIGATE BITCOIN ? - WHY HACKERS USE BITCOIN ?
IS IT LEGAL TO INVEST IN BITCOIN OR CRYPTOCURRENCY IN INDIA? - SHOULD YOU INVEST IN CRYPTOCURRENCY?
WHETHER BITCOIN IS LEGAL IN INDIA?
RBI CIRCULAR ON CRYPTOCURRENCY - RBI ON CRYPTOCURRENCY - SUPREME COURT ON CRYPTOCURRENCY
CAN WE INVEST IN BITCOIN ?
CAN WE TRADE IN BITCOIN IN INDIA?
.....This video covers :
IS IT LEGAL TO INVEST I
Bitcoin - Introduction to Virtual Currency / CryptocurrencySwaminath Sam
The power point presentation talks about history of bitcoin and features, it also talks about how it works and what are all the challenges involved in using new innovative financial instrument...
Naos Blockchain presents this report with the following objectives:
1. Describe the evolution of the crypto market and give a
comprehensive summary of the current market situation.
2. Provide detailed information regarding major factors
influencing the market. Drivers, restraints, opportunities,
and challenges.
3. Present the outlook as perceived by the NAOS Team.
This report was created at the beginning of 2019, therefore all data up to February 2019 is historical data, with the base
year for calculations being 2018.
Investing in Cryptocurrency.
Bitcoin is back in the headlines after a three-year respite. It’s discussed on CNBC
daily, and political figures, financial gurus and regulatory officials are repeatedly
asked for their opinion. At this point, much attention has been focused on what
Bitcoin is and how it works, but that in some ways, is the easy part. Assuming the
underlying blockchain technology works, is Bitcoin or any other of the
cryptocurrencies something investors should consider for their portfolios? That’s
the more difficult question.
It's a presented presentation by MPA student of King's Own Institute.
Students were Manisha Manandhar, Kumar Magar, Rakesh Maharjan, Nishan Jung Karki, Madan Bahadur Bista and Bikash Tamang.
This report shows how key characteristics of the global cryptocurrencies trading landscape are now maturing to a level at which real-money institutional investors are becoming incentivised to actively place end-investor capital into the marketplace.
This slide deck is as part of a online webinar that happened on Mar 18 2017.The meetup was organized to talk more about Cryptocurrency and current Regulatory Environment surrounding it. There was be a presentation followed by Q&A.
For more details please reach out to me on https://twitter.com/twitmyreview or via mail bobquest33@gmail.com
The Bitcoin frenzy seems to have reached new heights lately, spurred by a growing user base, price volatility, and the rapidly evolving network of Bitcoin-related companies.1
Reports of big investments in "mining" equipment and the expanding ecosystem supporting the protocol remind us in many ways of a gold rush — an analogy made easier by Bitcoin's other similarities to the precious metal. It's hard to say whether this excitement is warranted, but it's equally hard to deny Bitcoin's increasing relevance to businesses and the broader economy.
Bitcoin, along with other cryptocurrencies, may have implications not only for the technology industry, where much of the current action is concentrated, but also other industries from retail businesses to financial services.
Read this paper to learn about Bitcoin in the context of the financial services industry, particularly payments and banks. What is it about this cryptocurrency that is inspiring such attention and what might the future of cryptocurrencies mean for traditional financial services?
1 Ashlee Vance and Brad Stone, "The Bitcoin-Mining Arms Race Heats Up," Bloomberg BusinessWeek, January 9, 2014, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-09/bitcoin-mining-chips-gear-computing-groups-competition-heats-up.
For more, visit: http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_US/us/Industries/Banking-Securities-Financial-Services/center-for-financial-services/758660679ebb4410VgnVCM2000003356f70aRCRD.htm
http://pwc.to/1fsT9Uu
Le Bitcoin est une monnaie numérique peer-to-peer qui connait un essor mondial. En 2013, le Bitcoin a obtenu 3,4 millions de mentions sur internet. Aux États-Unis, plusieurs petites et grandes entreprises du divertissement, des médias et des télécommunications ont entrepris des expériences avec cette nouvelle monnaie. PwC a donc mené une enquête auprès des consommateurs en ligne pour recueillir des informations sur la sensibilisation, les attitudes et les comportements liés au Bitcoin.
Illuminating the Journey through Cryptocurrencies.pdfTEWMAGAZINE
Dive into the captivating journey of cryptocurrencies, focusing on Bitcoin's inception, technological foundation, adoption, regulatory challenges, and potential future role.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Yes of course, you can easily start mining pi network coin today and sell to legit pi vendors in the United States.
Here the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network #pi coins #legit #passive income
#US
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
1. Bitcoin, Boom or Bust a Financial valuation
Framework
Brian Leemoon, Wilkes University
December 1, 2017
2. Research Motivation and Purpose
• The exponential rise in the price of Bitcoin over the last two years raises
questions as to its valuation basis and the possibility of a financial bubble of
epic proportions.
Momo
3. Literature Review
• Bitcoin research can be summarized into four main Areas;
• The technological issues, such as cryptographic issues, security, and
blockchain technology, (Eyal & Sirer, 2014). Okupski (2016)
• The public policy and legal issues, including the tax treatment, anti-
money laundering regulations and the legality of Bitcoin transactions Polasik
et Al (2014), (European Central Bank, 2015. IRS (2014).
• The political issues (Karlstrom, 2014). China, Japan, New economy.
• The economic and financial issues as to whether Bitcoin performs the
functions of money, (Wang, 2014), and its investment potential Yermack,
(2013).
4. Research Motivation and Purpose
• No Clarity: As to the type of Investment Bitcoin represents:
• No clear model on how to approach a financial valuation of
Bitcoin
• Lack of guidance on Bitcoin’s valuation implications
5. What is Bitcoin?
• “A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would
allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to
another without going through a financial institution ...
• We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using
a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions
... forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing
the proof-of-work” Nakamoto (2009)
• The blockchain records all Bitcoin transactions in a public
ledger that is distributed worldwide, with no single authority.
6. Research Questions
Why are traditional
valuation methods
insufficient to arrive at a
valuation of Bitcoin?
The valuation
framework is
examined through the
lens of key
stakeholders and
offers implications for
researchers, investors,
and policymakers.
How can companies &
individuals build on
the insights developed
in this framework for
Bitcoin valuation
7. Timeline of Bitcoin events
Year Main Events
2009The Bitcoin Whitepaper by Satoshi Nakamoto and the Genesis Block
2010
The first real-world transaction took place to purchase a pizza. 10,000 BTC sent from the USA to a person in the U.K. in return for two pizzas from Papa
John’s
First mining poll & BTC market cap of $1 Million
2011Silk Road started (Black-market Darknet outlet). Parity of Bitcoin & the US Dollar (Feb 2011)
2012Coinbase Exchange started (Also started to deal in Ethereum & Litecoin)
2013Oct Silk road closed. Bitcoin reaches $1000 during Q4 2013
2014
Collapse of Mt Gor exchange (At one time >70% of Bitcoin transactions) 850,000 coins ($850 Million) hacked. 200,000 recovered. Today worth $2 Billion. Creditors will
receive $100% back . Owner of Mt Gor could receive the surplus value approx $1.2 Billion
2015Bitcoin price falls to $229 from a peak of over $500 in 2014
2016Bitcoin price rises to $1000. Mining reward halves, doubling production costs rise of 100s of altcoins
20172 Bitcoin forks (Free bitcoin Gold & Bitcoin Cash). Price rises to exceed $10,000 & predictions by some on wall street for a $40,000 + price
8. • It is assumed that the market is right (Damodaran, 1996) and it is
up to the analyst to convince others that his valuation is a better
estimate of value than the market.
• The 4 types of Investments are: Assets, Commodities, Currencies
& Alternative investments.
• Assets, these generate cash flows, which can be valued
currently and into the future. Also risk analysis is factored into
the computation as cashflows are expected to be higher for more
risk assumed. E.g. Discounting future cashflows (DCF)
Basic valuation methods
9. • Commodities, these are investments that have a value
because they meet a need. commodities are often valued
relative to their long pricing history and the inflation rate.
• Currencies, can be priced relative to other currencies. And
are judged on three key attributes; Unit of account;
Medium of exchange and Store of value
• The total market capitalization of crypto currencies in
November of 2017 was approximately $300 Billion Dollars.
With Bitcoin having a 53% market share
Basic valuation methods
10. • Bitcoin has remained relatively stagnant in it’s transactional
adoption. Due to 1) resistance to change from Fiat currencies
2) High volatility 3) Competing crypto currencies with
lower transactional costs & faster transfer. (<$1 v $11 & <1 min v
<2 hours.
• Out of the leading 500 internet sellers, just three accept bitcoin,
down from five last year
• The value of bitcoin has increased more than 1000X, since the start of
2012, to July 2017. However the # of transactions increased only 32X .
Basic valuation methods
11. Alternative Investments
the 4th type of Investment
Some analysts now view Bitcoin as an alternative investment, explaining why traditional
methods of valuation are insufficient.
Derived from Yau, J., Schneeweis, T., Robinson, T., & Weiss, L. (2007)
12. • A framework identifies key concepts and their
relationships and acts as a guide.
• The framework advocated in this research paper,
adapts a financial valuation framework derived from
Whalen, Baginski, & Bradshaw, (2011).
• (a) The industry characteristics
• (b) the valuation method(s).
Developing the framework
13. Market based
measurement (NVT)
LegalPEST
Valuation Method
Identify Industry
Characteristics
IdentifyInvestment
Class(4Types)
Porters 5
forces
Eco system SWOT
Sharpe’s
Ratio
Environmental
The framework (IIV)
New
Area
14. Varies by country no uniform approach (PES)
• Political-Geo political spectrum, Japan “early crypto exchange
adoption” China, 2017 crackdown on exchanges.
• Economic, potential of a new economy. Mining in Iceland, Canada.
Trinidad, Crypto currency Exchanges in Austria,
• Social; 2007 crash , 2013 Cyprus bank freeze. Today, trusted
relationships are not created only between … people and organizations
but can also be found between people and computing systems (Lee &
Turban, 2001).
• Technological, Forking, Rise of Altcoins & ICO, Anonymity, Hash rate
PEST
15. Country Regulation status Legal Tender
Japan
11 Exchanges issues Licenses. Several
institutions exploring the issue of the Jcoin Yes
United States Unclear, IRS & FCC have issued statements No but recognized as Property
At a State level, Bitcoin exchanges are
regulated in some states such as New York No. Considered Property
Five states, Washington, Illinois, Hawaii,
California and Florida have legislation in
process of being approved by the legislature
or Governor No
China
While private parties can hold and trade
bitcoins in China, regulation prohibits
financial firms like banks from doing the
same No but recognized as Property
Russia
Russia is in process of legalizing Bitcoin and
exploring a Ruble backed Crypto currency No
India
Indian Supreme court approved petition
calling on the central Bank to regulate
Bitcoin
No not recognized according to
Central Bank Pronouncement
Legal Elements
16. • Visa’s two US data
centers use < 4% of the
electrical consumption of
bitcoin but have over 800x the
transaction levels.
• Bitcoin uses >30 TWh.
(Enough to power over 3
Million US households.)
Environmental Elements
Bitcoin’s use of energy could become an emerging environmental issue
17. Bitcoin is relatively immune to any single new entrant.
Low, many
customers
Low – due to
Blockchain
technology
This is considered medium, the bitcoin
network is decentralized with no
specific single supplier.
The industry rivalry is considered High be high
Porters 5 Forces
21. SWOT-Bitcoin
• Strengths: Most recognized crypto currency, highest
store of value, secure , highest market share. 6-10
Million users.
• Weakness: Technological limitations, relatively high
transaction cost, transaction takes too long for retailers.
• Opportunity: Wider financial market adoption,
Regulatory acceptance. Store of value.
• Threats: New crypto currencies, Especially Ethereum smart
contracts, Ripple supported by banking industry, etc. Forks,
single country legislation, use by underworld elements.
22. Market based
measurement (NVT)
LegalPEST
Valuation Method
Identify Industry
Characteristics
IdentifyInvestment
Class(4Types)
Porters 5
forces
Eco system SWOT
Sharpe’s
Ratio
Environmental
The framework (IIV)
23. • The Sharpe ratio is a widely used financial industry measurement
that uses standard deviation to measure a fund’s risk adjusted return.
• The higher the ratio, the better the fund has performed relative to the
risk it has assumed.
• Bitcoin has outperformed all major asset classes since Mid 2013
to October 2017 on a risk adjusted basis.
• Also one of the main characteristics of Bitcoin is that it is
uncorrelated or has low correlation (-0.4 to 0.4), to most major asset
classes. (Burniske & White, 2017)
Valuation Method Sharpe Ratio
24. Risk Adjusted Returns
Bitcoin has outperformed
all major asset classes
since 2013 on a risk
adjusted basis
US Stocks
Oil
Emerging
markets
Bitcoin
USD
Extracted from Woo (2017)
Past performance is no guarantee
of future performance.
The general & consistent rise in
Bitcoin pricing has reduced
volatility.
25. • The price-earnings ratio (PE Ratio) is a standard market based valuation
model used as a basis for valuing companies. It’s the ratio of a company’s
share price to its equivalent earnings per share.
• The NVT ratio proposed by Woo (2017) assumes that the money flow
through the Bitcoin network can be used as a proxy for earnings. This is
consistent with Transactional flow resulting in “earnings” for “miners”
• Based on NVT at current pricing Bitcoin does not appear over valued.
• Both the Sharpe ratio and NVT ratio produce results which are aligned
NVT Ratio
26. Bitcoin NVT ratio
Network
Value
NVT ratio 28 day
average
Based on the NVT
Bitcoin does not
appear to be
overvalued relative
to NVT history
since 2012
Collapse of
Mt Gor
Extracted from Woo (2017)
Past performance is no guarantee
of future performance.
The general & consistent rise in
Bitcoin pricing has reduced
volatility.
27. Implications
Governments need to
address crypto currency
assets before they are “Too
big to fail”. By Issuing
Guidelines & Regulations
This research
highlights the high,
risk adjusted returns &
diversification offered
by Bitcoin. Possible
maturing into a
financial instrument
The medium term
potential for Bitcoin may
be limited to a ”store of
value.” However
Blockchain technology
has enormous potential,
similar to the start of the
internet in the early
1990s. “The focus will
be on the Blockchain
first, bitcoin second” Jay
Sidhu 2017
28. Discussion and Implications
• This research is the first to integrate, industry characteristics, investment class and
valuation methods into a framework for the financial valuation of crypto currencies.
• The Framework provides a useful tool for researchers to understand the current state of
bitcoin in the short term. It also explains why some commentators call Bitcoin a Bubble
(Identified in the PESTLE) and others an investment.
• The industry analysis raises precautionary flags, particularly in relation to the
Governmental impact on Bitcoin. For instance a crackdown on Bitcoin exchanges in
China in September 2017 resulted in Bitcoin falling by 12%. over 2 days. Governments
worldwide, ignore Bitcoin regulation at their financial peril.
29. Limitations and Future Research
• The framework needs to be further tested empirically in future research.
• The Framework is limited to a Financial framework. An economic framework, including
economic valuation techniques such as money supply, cost of production etc.. were
outside of the current research scope but offer the opportunity for future research.
• The impact on portfolio diversification due to Bitcoin’s unique lack of correlation to
the main asset classes , is a promising practical area of future research particularly
applicable to hedge funds and the investment sector.
30. • It is clear from the research, that valuation methods need to be supplemented by analysis of
the industry characteristics to enhance decision making and provide an overall assessment
of value.
• The industry analysis reveals headwinds and legal, technological, economic, political and
environmental risks for Bitcoin. (Key risk factors)
• A new and novel approach could be to use investments in Bitcoin as a diversification and
risk reducing tool (Bitcoin futures?). Thereby providing 2 positive income benefits for
investor portfolios, enhanced diversification & superior risk adjusted positive returns.
Conclusion
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