Capitalism is an economic system where wealth and means of production are privately owned rather than publicly or state-owned. It developed in 16th century Western Europe as feudalism broke down. Key aspects include private ownership of land, businesses, and ability to earn profits through markets and competition. While it has led to economic growth, critics argue it benefits the rich more and can weaken diversity if power is concentrated. Government regulates to protect consumers and environment while respecting property rights and free enterprise.