The document outlines an October 2023 meeting on drug resistant TB treatment in Ethiopia. It discusses nationally recommended DR-TB treatment regimens including the 6-month BPaLM regimen, 9-month all oral regimen, and longer regimens. It covers principles of DR-TB treatment, medicines used, eligibility criteria, monitoring schedules, and management of interruptions for the regimens. It also addresses diagnosis and treatment of rifampicin susceptible, isoniazid resistant TB with the recommended 6 month regimen.
- Tuberculosis treatment regimens outlined by WHO and Indian guidelines involve directly observed therapy with a combination of drugs given either daily or 3 times per week. The standard regimen for new TB patients is 2 months of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol followed by 4 months of isoniazid and rifampicin. Previously treated patients receive a longer regimen.
- Multidrug-resistant TB is treated with a minimum of 6 drugs over 24 months, with intensive phase lasting at least 6 months. Adverse drug reactions are managed through dose adjustment, temporary drug withdrawal, or substitution of offending agents.
The document discusses India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP), formerly known as the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It details the evolution and strategies of NTEP, including adopting the internationally recommended DOTS strategy. Treatment regimens and classifications of TB cases are described. The program aims to achieve the targets of the National Strategic Plan 2017-2025 to end TB in India by 2025 through early diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and building public health infrastructure using the NIKSHAY surveillance system. Challenges and opportunities for strengthening NTEP are also summarized.
The document discusses India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP), formerly known as the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It outlines the evolution and key components of NTEP, including the adoption of the DOTS strategy, STOP TB and End TB strategies, and the current National Strategic Plan 2017-2025. The summary highlights that NTEP aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025, utilizing active case finding, newer treatment regimens, private sector engagement, and IT-enabled surveillance and support for TB patients.
The new guidelines for Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India introduce several changes from previous guidelines. Some key changes include shifting to a daily drug regimen over intermittent dosing, new definitions for presumptive and drug-resistant TB cases, and classification of TB cases based on history of treatment and drug resistance. Treatment outcomes have also been redefined, and additional provisions for clinical and long-term follow-up of TB patients have been introduced.
The revised guidelines for RNTCP include changes to case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, drug regimens, and treatment follow-up. Key changes include shifting to a daily drug regimen with fixed-dose combination therapy according to weight bands, shorter intensive phases, and clinical follow-up in addition to laboratory follow-up. Definitions of presumptive and drug-resistant TB cases were also updated.
The document provides guidelines for the treatment of female genital tuberculosis (FGTB), including definitions, treatment regimens for drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cases, and other considerations. For drug-sensitive FGTB, the standard regimen is 2 months of RHZE followed by 4 months of RHE. For isoniazid-resistant cases, a 6-month regimen of R, E, Z, and levofloxacin is recommended. Treatment of multidrug-resistant FGTB involves longer regimens of at least 4 effective second-line drugs for 18-20 months total. Shorter 9-12 month regimens may be used if resistance to key drugs is excluded. Guidelines for managing
This document provides guidelines for the treatment of childhood tuberculosis under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India. It discusses the aims of TB therapy, the evolution from long-course to short-course combination drug regimens, and the advantages of short-course therapy. It outlines the diagnostic algorithm, case definitions, treatment regimens, and outcomes under RNTCP. It also discusses treatment of extrapulmonary TB, drug dosages, adverse effects, and highlights the need for early diagnosis and treatment to improve outcomes for conditions like tuberculous meningitis and Pott's disease.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) management in India, including:
1) TB burden statistics for India and trends in multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB cases.
2) Guidelines for treatment of drug-sensitive TB, MDR-TB, and XDR-TB including different regimens and drugs.
3) Special considerations for managing TB in vulnerable groups like children, pregnant women, and those with comorbidities.
4) India's adoption of WHO's End TB Strategy to cut TB deaths and cases by 2035.
- Tuberculosis treatment regimens outlined by WHO and Indian guidelines involve directly observed therapy with a combination of drugs given either daily or 3 times per week. The standard regimen for new TB patients is 2 months of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol followed by 4 months of isoniazid and rifampicin. Previously treated patients receive a longer regimen.
- Multidrug-resistant TB is treated with a minimum of 6 drugs over 24 months, with intensive phase lasting at least 6 months. Adverse drug reactions are managed through dose adjustment, temporary drug withdrawal, or substitution of offending agents.
The document discusses India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP), formerly known as the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It details the evolution and strategies of NTEP, including adopting the internationally recommended DOTS strategy. Treatment regimens and classifications of TB cases are described. The program aims to achieve the targets of the National Strategic Plan 2017-2025 to end TB in India by 2025 through early diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and building public health infrastructure using the NIKSHAY surveillance system. Challenges and opportunities for strengthening NTEP are also summarized.
The document discusses India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP), formerly known as the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It outlines the evolution and key components of NTEP, including the adoption of the DOTS strategy, STOP TB and End TB strategies, and the current National Strategic Plan 2017-2025. The summary highlights that NTEP aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025, utilizing active case finding, newer treatment regimens, private sector engagement, and IT-enabled surveillance and support for TB patients.
The new guidelines for Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India introduce several changes from previous guidelines. Some key changes include shifting to a daily drug regimen over intermittent dosing, new definitions for presumptive and drug-resistant TB cases, and classification of TB cases based on history of treatment and drug resistance. Treatment outcomes have also been redefined, and additional provisions for clinical and long-term follow-up of TB patients have been introduced.
The revised guidelines for RNTCP include changes to case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, drug regimens, and treatment follow-up. Key changes include shifting to a daily drug regimen with fixed-dose combination therapy according to weight bands, shorter intensive phases, and clinical follow-up in addition to laboratory follow-up. Definitions of presumptive and drug-resistant TB cases were also updated.
The document provides guidelines for the treatment of female genital tuberculosis (FGTB), including definitions, treatment regimens for drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cases, and other considerations. For drug-sensitive FGTB, the standard regimen is 2 months of RHZE followed by 4 months of RHE. For isoniazid-resistant cases, a 6-month regimen of R, E, Z, and levofloxacin is recommended. Treatment of multidrug-resistant FGTB involves longer regimens of at least 4 effective second-line drugs for 18-20 months total. Shorter 9-12 month regimens may be used if resistance to key drugs is excluded. Guidelines for managing
This document provides guidelines for the treatment of childhood tuberculosis under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India. It discusses the aims of TB therapy, the evolution from long-course to short-course combination drug regimens, and the advantages of short-course therapy. It outlines the diagnostic algorithm, case definitions, treatment regimens, and outcomes under RNTCP. It also discusses treatment of extrapulmonary TB, drug dosages, adverse effects, and highlights the need for early diagnosis and treatment to improve outcomes for conditions like tuberculous meningitis and Pott's disease.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) management in India, including:
1) TB burden statistics for India and trends in multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB cases.
2) Guidelines for treatment of drug-sensitive TB, MDR-TB, and XDR-TB including different regimens and drugs.
3) Special considerations for managing TB in vulnerable groups like children, pregnant women, and those with comorbidities.
4) India's adoption of WHO's End TB Strategy to cut TB deaths and cases by 2035.
The document discusses recent advances in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) in India. It outlines the standard first-line and MDR-TB treatment regimens used in the country, including the introduction of a shorter 9-11 month regimen for MDR-TB. It also discusses the use of newer drugs like bedaquiline and delamanid to treat more resistant forms of TB. Additionally, it covers improvements to infection control practices in healthcare facilities to help eliminate TB transmission.
REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAME DAILY REGIMENShivshankar Badole
- The document summarizes changes to India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) guidelines.
- Key changes include shifting to a daily drug regimen, redefining presumptive and confirmed TB cases, classifying cases based on anatomical site and history of treatment, and improving follow-up procedures.
- Treatment outcomes are also redefined, and isoniazid preventive therapy guidelines for people living with HIV are expanded.
- Management of extra-pulmonary and drug-resistant TB sees some adjustments as well, such as potentially extending treatment duration for certain types of extra-pulmonary TB.
The document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in India, including:
1. Objectives of the National Strategic Plan for TB which include achieving high notification and treatment success rates as well as improving outcomes for drug resistant and HIV-associated TB cases.
2. Definitions related to TB including presumptive TB, drug resistant TB, new and previously treated cases, and treatment outcomes.
3. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of drug susceptible and drug resistant TB, including use of newer drugs and shorter regimens for MDR-TB.
4. Criteria for diagnosis of non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease.
The document provides an overview of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India. It discusses the objectives, case definitions, treatment regimens, and monitoring procedures of the program. The key points covered are:
1. The objectives of RNTCP are to achieve a cure rate of at least 85% for new sputum smear-positive cases and detect at least 70% of such cases.
2. Treatment regimens are standardized into two categories based on whether the patient is new or has been previously treated. Regimens involve intermittent treatment and are directly observed to ensure adherence.
3. Patient monitoring involves regular sputum testing to determine treatment response and ensure cure or
The document provides an overview of the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) in India. It discusses the evolution and structure of NTEP, as well as the STOP TB and End TB strategies. It outlines the treatment regimens for drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB, including special considerations for pregnancy, lactation, children, and those with HIV/diabetes. It also describes the Nikshay surveillance system and 99DOTS adherence monitoring program. The overall goal of NTEP is to eliminate TB in India by 2025 through improved detection, treatment, and prevention.
New guidelines for Tuberculosis treatment (NTEP)SHOEBULHAQUE
This document provides guidelines for the treatment of tuberculosis, including:
- Recommendations for a shorter 9-11 month oral regimen for MDR-TB including bedaquiline.
- Guidance on using longer oral regimens for MDR/XDR-TB lasting 18-20 months including bedaquiline, linezolid, and clofazimine.
- Considerations for managing MDR-TB patients during pregnancy, noting certain drugs should be avoided during certain stages of pregnancy.
- Algorithms for diagnosing and treating rifampin-resistant and isoniazid mono/poly drug-resistant TB.
Recent guidelines in the treatment of tuberculosisSHOEBULHAQUE1
The treatment of tuberculosis (TB) typically involves a combination of antimicrobial medications to effectively combat the bacteria causing the infection, primarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The standard treatment regimen for drug-susceptible TB usually consists of a combination of four first-line drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.
Nowadays, we are using some other regimens in multiple drug resistant tuberculosis.
Revised definitions of tb cases and management as per ntepDrSmritiMadhusikta
The document provides revised definitions and management guidelines for tuberculosis (TB) cases according to India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP). Key changes include:
- Updated case definitions for presumptive TB, DR-TB, pediatric TB, and EPTB.
- Classification based on history of treatment and drug resistance is revised.
- Diagnostic algorithms and tools are introduced, including new molecular tests.
- Treatment is shifted to daily fixed-dose combinations administered according to weight bands, with an 8-week intensive phase and 16-week continuation phase.
- Guidelines for managing DR-TB, hospitalized patients, EPTB and special groups are provided.
The document provides guidelines for the prevention and management of drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in India. It discusses definitions of various types of DR-TB including multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB). It outlines the national strategy for DR-TB which includes expanding access to rapid molecular diagnostic tests, standardized treatment regimens based on drug susceptibility testing, and strengthening programmatic management. The guidelines describe diagnostic algorithms, treatment regimens, follow-up procedures, and outcomes for managing DR-TB cases according to national policies.
Recent changes in technical and operational guidelines for TBjegan mohan
This document summarizes recent changes made in 2016 to India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) guidelines. Some key changes include shortening the intensive phase of treatment for drug-sensitive TB from 2-3 months to 8 weeks, introducing daily dosing instead of 3 times per week, and extending the continuation phase to 24 weeks total. Definitions of case types and treatment outcomes were also modified. The changes aim to achieve higher treatment success rates and bring India's TB control efforts in line with recent WHO guidelines.
Diagnosis and management of tuberculosis with revised rntcpDrPrincePrakash
The document provides guidelines for the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis (TB) according to the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It discusses definitions of TB cases, classification based on treatment history, diagnostic methods, treatment regimens for pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB, management of drug-resistant TB, and follow-up procedures. Key changes in the recent guidelines include introducing a daily treatment regimen for both new and previously treated TB cases, as well as additional guidance for diagnosing and treating multi-drug resistant TB.
1) CNS tuberculosis is typically treated with a two-phase regimen consisting of 4 drugs for 2 months followed by 2 drugs for 7-10 months totaling 9-12 months. Glucocorticoids are also administered.
2) For drug-susceptible cases, the intensive phase includes isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and a fourth drug like ethambutol or streptomycin. The continuation phase includes isoniazid and rifampin.
3) For drug-resistant cases, treatment involves first-line drugs if susceptible and a fluoroquinolone plus additional second-line drugs to make a 5-drug regimen, lasting 18-24 months
Treatment of DS-TB (including pediatric and extra-pulmonary TB) and operation...Rivu Basu
Treatment of drug susceptible TB typically involves a 2 month intensive phase of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol followed by a 4 month continuation phase of isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol. The treatment regimen and schedule are the same for extra pulmonary TB except the continuation phase may be extended. A new potential 4 month regimen of isoniazid, rifapentine, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide is being considered in select areas of India.
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis management under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) in India. It discusses Delhi's high TB incidence rate and key risk factors. It outlines diagnostic tools and algorithms for presumptive pulmonary, extra-pulmonary, pediatric, and drug-resistant TB. It also describes case definitions, classification by anatomical site and drug resistance, and drug sensitive TB treatment regimens. Key points covered include the national guidance on regimens, fixed-dose drug combinations, daily dosage schedules, managing treatment adherence through ICT-based monitoring, and pediatric dispersible formulations.
Standardized treatment regimens are used in tuberculosis (TB) programs to reduce errors, facilitate drug management and monitoring, and allow for evaluation. The standard short-course regimen consists of two phases - an intensive initial phase using multiple drugs to kill actively-growing bacilli, and a continuation phase to eliminate residual bacilli. For patients who interrupt treatment, their management depends on factors like treatment received, sputum smear status, and duration of interruption. Multidrug-resistant TB requires prolonged treatment with at least four to five second-line drugs.
Tuberculosis suspect. Productive cough for more than 2 weeks, which may be accompanied by other respiratory symptoms and/or constitutional symptoms
Case of tuberculosis. A definite case of TB or one in which a health worker (clinician or other medical practitioner) has diagnosed TB and has decided to treat the patient with a full course of TB treatment.
Any person given treatment for TB should be recorded as a case. Incomplete “trial” TB treatment should not be given as a method for diagnosis.
The document discusses recent advances in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) in India. It outlines the standard first-line and MDR-TB treatment regimens used in the country, including the introduction of a shorter 9-11 month regimen for MDR-TB. It also discusses the use of newer drugs like bedaquiline and delamanid to treat more resistant forms of TB. Additionally, it covers improvements to infection control practices in healthcare facilities to help eliminate TB transmission.
REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAME DAILY REGIMENShivshankar Badole
- The document summarizes changes to India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) guidelines.
- Key changes include shifting to a daily drug regimen, redefining presumptive and confirmed TB cases, classifying cases based on anatomical site and history of treatment, and improving follow-up procedures.
- Treatment outcomes are also redefined, and isoniazid preventive therapy guidelines for people living with HIV are expanded.
- Management of extra-pulmonary and drug-resistant TB sees some adjustments as well, such as potentially extending treatment duration for certain types of extra-pulmonary TB.
The document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in India, including:
1. Objectives of the National Strategic Plan for TB which include achieving high notification and treatment success rates as well as improving outcomes for drug resistant and HIV-associated TB cases.
2. Definitions related to TB including presumptive TB, drug resistant TB, new and previously treated cases, and treatment outcomes.
3. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of drug susceptible and drug resistant TB, including use of newer drugs and shorter regimens for MDR-TB.
4. Criteria for diagnosis of non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease.
The document provides an overview of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India. It discusses the objectives, case definitions, treatment regimens, and monitoring procedures of the program. The key points covered are:
1. The objectives of RNTCP are to achieve a cure rate of at least 85% for new sputum smear-positive cases and detect at least 70% of such cases.
2. Treatment regimens are standardized into two categories based on whether the patient is new or has been previously treated. Regimens involve intermittent treatment and are directly observed to ensure adherence.
3. Patient monitoring involves regular sputum testing to determine treatment response and ensure cure or
The document provides an overview of the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) in India. It discusses the evolution and structure of NTEP, as well as the STOP TB and End TB strategies. It outlines the treatment regimens for drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB, including special considerations for pregnancy, lactation, children, and those with HIV/diabetes. It also describes the Nikshay surveillance system and 99DOTS adherence monitoring program. The overall goal of NTEP is to eliminate TB in India by 2025 through improved detection, treatment, and prevention.
New guidelines for Tuberculosis treatment (NTEP)SHOEBULHAQUE
This document provides guidelines for the treatment of tuberculosis, including:
- Recommendations for a shorter 9-11 month oral regimen for MDR-TB including bedaquiline.
- Guidance on using longer oral regimens for MDR/XDR-TB lasting 18-20 months including bedaquiline, linezolid, and clofazimine.
- Considerations for managing MDR-TB patients during pregnancy, noting certain drugs should be avoided during certain stages of pregnancy.
- Algorithms for diagnosing and treating rifampin-resistant and isoniazid mono/poly drug-resistant TB.
Recent guidelines in the treatment of tuberculosisSHOEBULHAQUE1
The treatment of tuberculosis (TB) typically involves a combination of antimicrobial medications to effectively combat the bacteria causing the infection, primarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The standard treatment regimen for drug-susceptible TB usually consists of a combination of four first-line drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.
Nowadays, we are using some other regimens in multiple drug resistant tuberculosis.
Revised definitions of tb cases and management as per ntepDrSmritiMadhusikta
The document provides revised definitions and management guidelines for tuberculosis (TB) cases according to India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP). Key changes include:
- Updated case definitions for presumptive TB, DR-TB, pediatric TB, and EPTB.
- Classification based on history of treatment and drug resistance is revised.
- Diagnostic algorithms and tools are introduced, including new molecular tests.
- Treatment is shifted to daily fixed-dose combinations administered according to weight bands, with an 8-week intensive phase and 16-week continuation phase.
- Guidelines for managing DR-TB, hospitalized patients, EPTB and special groups are provided.
The document provides guidelines for the prevention and management of drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in India. It discusses definitions of various types of DR-TB including multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB). It outlines the national strategy for DR-TB which includes expanding access to rapid molecular diagnostic tests, standardized treatment regimens based on drug susceptibility testing, and strengthening programmatic management. The guidelines describe diagnostic algorithms, treatment regimens, follow-up procedures, and outcomes for managing DR-TB cases according to national policies.
Recent changes in technical and operational guidelines for TBjegan mohan
This document summarizes recent changes made in 2016 to India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) guidelines. Some key changes include shortening the intensive phase of treatment for drug-sensitive TB from 2-3 months to 8 weeks, introducing daily dosing instead of 3 times per week, and extending the continuation phase to 24 weeks total. Definitions of case types and treatment outcomes were also modified. The changes aim to achieve higher treatment success rates and bring India's TB control efforts in line with recent WHO guidelines.
Diagnosis and management of tuberculosis with revised rntcpDrPrincePrakash
The document provides guidelines for the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis (TB) according to the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It discusses definitions of TB cases, classification based on treatment history, diagnostic methods, treatment regimens for pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB, management of drug-resistant TB, and follow-up procedures. Key changes in the recent guidelines include introducing a daily treatment regimen for both new and previously treated TB cases, as well as additional guidance for diagnosing and treating multi-drug resistant TB.
1) CNS tuberculosis is typically treated with a two-phase regimen consisting of 4 drugs for 2 months followed by 2 drugs for 7-10 months totaling 9-12 months. Glucocorticoids are also administered.
2) For drug-susceptible cases, the intensive phase includes isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and a fourth drug like ethambutol or streptomycin. The continuation phase includes isoniazid and rifampin.
3) For drug-resistant cases, treatment involves first-line drugs if susceptible and a fluoroquinolone plus additional second-line drugs to make a 5-drug regimen, lasting 18-24 months
Treatment of DS-TB (including pediatric and extra-pulmonary TB) and operation...Rivu Basu
Treatment of drug susceptible TB typically involves a 2 month intensive phase of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol followed by a 4 month continuation phase of isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol. The treatment regimen and schedule are the same for extra pulmonary TB except the continuation phase may be extended. A new potential 4 month regimen of isoniazid, rifapentine, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide is being considered in select areas of India.
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis management under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) in India. It discusses Delhi's high TB incidence rate and key risk factors. It outlines diagnostic tools and algorithms for presumptive pulmonary, extra-pulmonary, pediatric, and drug-resistant TB. It also describes case definitions, classification by anatomical site and drug resistance, and drug sensitive TB treatment regimens. Key points covered include the national guidance on regimens, fixed-dose drug combinations, daily dosage schedules, managing treatment adherence through ICT-based monitoring, and pediatric dispersible formulations.
Standardized treatment regimens are used in tuberculosis (TB) programs to reduce errors, facilitate drug management and monitoring, and allow for evaluation. The standard short-course regimen consists of two phases - an intensive initial phase using multiple drugs to kill actively-growing bacilli, and a continuation phase to eliminate residual bacilli. For patients who interrupt treatment, their management depends on factors like treatment received, sputum smear status, and duration of interruption. Multidrug-resistant TB requires prolonged treatment with at least four to five second-line drugs.
Tuberculosis suspect. Productive cough for more than 2 weeks, which may be accompanied by other respiratory symptoms and/or constitutional symptoms
Case of tuberculosis. A definite case of TB or one in which a health worker (clinician or other medical practitioner) has diagnosed TB and has decided to treat the patient with a full course of TB treatment.
Any person given treatment for TB should be recorded as a case. Incomplete “trial” TB treatment should not be given as a method for diagnosis.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
2. Presentation outline
• Update on DR-TB treatment
• Principles of drug resistant TB treatment
• Nationally recommended DR-TB treatment regimens in Ethiopia
• The 6-month BPaLM regimen
• The 9-month all-oral regimen
• Longer RR/MDR-TB treatment regimen
• Triage for RR/MDR-TB regimen
• Treatment monitoring & follow-up of MDR/RR-TB patients
• Hr-TB treatment
3. Objectives
• By the end of this session, participants will be able to:
• Identify medicines used in DR-TB treatment
• Describe principles of designing DR-TB treatment regimen
• Discuss the current DR-TB treatment regimens in Ethiopia
• Identify treatment recommendations in different conditions
• Monitor Treatment and follow up of DR-TB patient.
4. Updates of DR-TB treatment
• PMDT updated very frequently
• Since the start of new drug
regimen updated three times
• The most update is April 2023
• Incorporated updates in treatment
6. Principles of drug resistant TB treatment
• Detect RR-/MDR-TB early and initiate effective treatment promptly
• RR/MDR-TB diagnosis must be confirmed for rifampicin and if possible for isoniazid
using rapid molecular DST techniques
• Bacteriologically confirmed RR/MDRTB TB patients are recommended to have baseline
screening DST for core-second lines medicines at least for fluoroquinolones.
• Pulmonary RR/MDR TB patients must submit sputum specimen for SL-DST before
treatment initiation with DR-TB Regimen.
• The use of mWRDs such as Xpert MTB/XDR Assay is recommended as the preferred
test to detect additional resistance to SLDs.
7. Conti…
• Never add a single TB medicine for TB patients receiving likely
failing regimen
• Any patient – child or adult – with RR/MDR-TB be treated with the
recommended MDR- TB treatment regimen, either the 6-month
bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid and moxifloxacin (BPaLM)
regimen, the 9-months all oral regimen, or longer regimens
• Individualized regimen for eligible patients should be constructed at
the level of clinical panel team in consultation with the
national/regional clinical review committee (CRC)
8. Nationally Recommended DR-TB treatment regimens in Ethiopia
The DR-TB Regimen options in Ethiopia are:
• A. RR/MDR-TB Regimens
• 1. The 6-month bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid and moxifloxacin (BPaLM) regimen.
• 2. The 9-month all-oral Regimens (Eto or Lzd containing)
• 3. Individualized Longer Regimens
• B. Hr-TB Regimen: 6 (H)RZE-Lfx
10. The 6-month BPaLM regimem
• The 6-month bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid and moxifloxacin
(BPaLM) regimen is the newly recommended regimen in the treatment
of RR/MDR-TB patients
• This regimen should be the preferred initial choice for all eligible
patients diagnosed with MDR/RR-TB rather than the 9-month or longer
(18-month) regimens in the treatment of MDR/RR-TB patients
11. Composition & duration of the 6-month BPaL/M RR/MDR-TB
Regimen
The BPaLM regimen includes four components:
Bedaquiline,
Pretomanid,
Linezolid and moxifloxacin
When initiating the regimen, it is important to ensure that patients have not had
previous exposure to bedaquiline, linezolid, pretomanid or delamanid for more than
1-month duration
When exposure is greater than 1 month, these patients may still receive these
regimens if resistance to the specific medicines with such exposure has been ruled
out
12. Conti…
There are slight differences in the treatment duration of the BPaLM and BPaL
regimens.
A standardized treatment duration of BPaLM to 6 months (26 weeks or 180 days)
is recommended during programmatic implementation
For BPaL, the possibility of an extension to a total of 9 months (39 weeks) if
sputum cultures are positive between months 4 and 6 is suggested
13. Conti..
• DST for fluoroquinolones is strongly encouraged in people with
MDR/RR-TB, and although it should not delay initiation of the BPaLM,
results of the test should guide the decision on whether moxifloxacin can
be retained or should be dropped from the regimen
• In cases of documented resistance to fluoroquinolones, BPaL without
moxifloxacin would be initiated or continued
15. BPaL regimen
• The BPaL regimen can be prescribed for those who have proven
fluoroquinolone resistance
• In cases of possible fluoroquinolone resistance, it is best to use the
BPaLM regimen until DST for fluoroquinolones is available, to
decide whether or not moxifloxacin should be continued
16. Duration of treatment for BPaLM
• Patients with susceptibility to fluoroquinolones can be started on the BPaLM regimen
for 6 months (26 weeks)
• In the case of resistance to fluoroquinolones, identified after treatment initiation,
moxifloxacin may be discontinued and the regimen can be continued as BPaL
• When the regimen is BPaL from the start or is changed to BPaL, it can be extended to
a total of 9 months (39 weeks) (continuing from the start of the therapy with
BPaLM/BPaL)
• This extension of the BPaL regimen can occur in cases where there is a lack of culture
conversion or clinical response (based on the clinical judgement of the treating
physician) between months 4 and 6
• Treatment interruption up to 1 month can be added to the overall treatment duration if
there is a need to make up the missed doses
17. Conti..
• Temporary cessation of the full regimen is allowed for suspected drug-
related toxicity
• Reintroduction of the full regimen could be considered after a cessation of
no more than 14 days of consecutive treatment interruption or up to a
cumulative 4 weeks of nonconsecutive treatment interruption
• Missed doses need to be made up and added to the treatment duration
• Individuals who switch from BPaLM to BPaL should consider their
treatment start date the same as the date BPaLM was initiated, because the
patient remained on treatment with three effective drugs during the entire
treatment period
22. The updated definition of treatment failure for BPaL/M
regimen
Adverse drug reactions
Poor bacteriological/clinical response to treatment
Acquired drug resistant to drugs in BPaLM/BPaL
26. Conti…
• If, for any reason, a patient is unable to tolerate pyrazinamide or ethambutol within the
9month regimen, then one (but only one) of these drugs may be dropped during the
continuation phase without necessitating a switch to a longer regimen
• If two or more of these drugs are not tolerated within the 9-month regimen, the treatment
will have to switch to a longer regimen
• If any of the other drugs within the 9-month regimen (bedaquiline,
levofloxacin/moxifloxacin, linezolid/ ethionamide or clofazimine) are stopped early
because of toxicity or intolerance then the patient will also have to switch to a new
regimen
• Patients switching to a new regimen due to toxicity or intolerance need to be reported as
“treatment failed
31. Diagnosis and Management of Rifampicin susceptible and
isoniazid resistant TB (Hr-TB)
• DIAGNOSIS OF INH MONO-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS (Hr-TB)
• Hr-TB is more prevalent than RR/MDR-TB. Globally in 2019, an estimated
13.1% (95% CI: 9.9– 16.9%) of new cases and 17.4% (95% CI: 0.5–54%) of
previously treated cases had isoniazid resistance
• An estimated 1.4 million (range, 1.0–1.9 million) incident cases of isoniazid-
resistant TB in 2019, of which 1.1 million (range, 0.6–1.5 million) were
susceptible to rifampicin. In other words, 11% (range, 6.5–15%) of all
incident cases of TB had isoniazid-resistant and rifampicin-susceptible TB
32. Conti…
Ethiopian DRS 2019 Report has shown that:
Any INH resistance was detected in 6.16% of TB cases - the highest DR-TB rate.
The prevalence of Hr-TB was found to be 2.34% (95% CI 1.6 %-3.3%) and 4.24%
(95% CI 1.4% -9.6%) among new and previously treated TB cases
33. Hr-TB Case finding and Diagnosis
• Hr-TB Case finding shall focus on identifying the high-risk groups for Hr-TB among presumptive
cases as well as among diagnosed TB cases
• The Hr-TB high risk groups include the following:
I. Close/Household contacts of a known Hr-TB case
II. TB patients (both new and previously treated) with poor/inadequate response to standard DS-TB
regimen: remain sputum smear positive at 2nd month or later with FLDs, poor radiological or clinical
response to treatment, etc.
III.All previously treated TB cases: Relapses, treatment after failure, treatment after loss to follow up
cases,
IV.All TB patients coming from areas/settings with high Hr-TB rates.
34. Current Hr-TB Diagnostic Methods in
Ethiopia
Xpert MTB/XDR Assay (preferred)
FL-LPA
Phenotypic DST
35. Testing Recommendations for Hr-
TB Detection among new TB
cases/presumptive TB cases.
All new TB cases/presumptive TB cases with a
contact of known Hr-TB case
All New TB cases with follow up sputum AFB
positive at the end of 2nd month or later while
on DS-TB treatment.
2nd Month Sputum AFB positive result
5th month Sputum AFB positive result
6th month Sputum AFB positive result
Testing recommendations for
Hr-TB detection among
previously treated TB cases
All previously treated PTB cases as a baseline
evaluation
All previously treated PTB cases with a contact
of known Hr-TB case
All previously TB cases with follow up sputum
AFB positive at the end of 2nd month or later
while on DS-TB treatment.
2nd Month Sputum AFB positive result
5th month Sputum AFB positive result
6th month Sputum AFB positive result
39. Adjuvant Therapies in DR TB
• Corticosteroid
• Pyridoxine supplementation
• Surgical intervention
40. Treatment Monitoring and Follow Up in MDR/RR-TB
The monitoring should follow standard clinical assessment:
A) Clinical history:
Resolution or worsening of symptoms of TB (cough sputum production,
hemoptysis, chest pain, respiratory distress, fever and weight loss).
Asses for adherence (missed PO doses, missed injections, reasons)
Symptoms for drug adverse events
Systematic assessment for co-morbid illness
Reproductive age women: Assess for Pregnancy, assess FP need.
41. Conti…
• b) Physical examination:
To be done as per the monitoring schedule
c) Laboratory monitoring:
Laboratory monitoring and other investigations are important for
documenting response and identifying complications earlier
Laboratory tests should be done based on schedules and when necessary
based on clinical indication
In cases of possible fluoroquinolone resistance (e.g. a history of >4 weeks of fluoroquinolone use or close contact with a person infected with a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain), it is best to initiate a BPaLM regimen until DST for fluoroquinolones is available, to decide whether moxifloxacin should be continued. If the result of fluoroquinolone DST is never determined or not done, the BPaLM regimen should be used throughout. This is often done even if fluoroquinolone resistance is suspected, because the toxicity of adding moxifloxacin is low and some patients with past use of a fluoroquinolone or contact cases may still be infected with susceptible strains.
(e.g. a history of >4 weeks of fluoroquinolone use or close contact with a person infected with a fluoroquinolone resistant strain)
Where DST is pending, BPaLM can be commenced, subsequently dropping moxifloxacin from the regimen once fluoroquinolone resistance is confirmed. The BPaL regimen uses the same doses for pretomanid, bedaquiline and linezolid as the BPaLM regimen. If fluoroquinolone resistance is acquired while an individual is on the BPaLM regimen, in the absence of evidence of acquired resistance to other drugs, moxifloxacin can be omitted and BPaL should be continued, because there is no added benefit to continuing a noneffective drug that may have toxicities. If resistance to bedaquiline, linezolid or pretomanid is confirmed or suspected, the treatment is considered to have failed and individuals should be referred to the longer individualized regimen
In general, action should be taken in the following manner for the common toxicities associated with linezolid: o for optic neuritis diagnosed at any grade, permanent discontinuation of linezolid is indicated; o for peripheral neuropathy Grade 2, reduce the dose of linezolid to 300 mg per day with a possible drug holiday for 1–2 weeks before dose reduction; o for peripheral neuropathy Grade 3 or 4, in most cases permanent suspension of linezolid will be needed; in some cases, after a 1–2-week drug holiday and reversion to Grade 2, the linezolid can be restarted and tolerated, provided it does not revert back to a Grade 3 or 4 (caution is warranted with this approach because patients can be left with a severe painful and disabling permanent peripheral neuropathy); and o myelosuppression (even of Grade 3 or 4) is often reversible with a short 1-to-2week drug holiday followed by reducing the dose of linezolid to 300 mg per day; severe anaemia may need to be treated with transfusions or erythropoietin.
*26 or 39 weeks of prescribed doses should be completed within an overall period of 7 (BPaLM) or 10 (BPaL) months respectively
It is advisable to send sputum specimens for culture and DST more frequently (at least every 2 weeks) during the month 4-6 treatment period to improve results availability for early management decisions.
The 9-month all-oral MDR/RR-TB regimen should be implemented as a standardized package. It is not advisable to change the composition of the regimen or the duration of either the initial or continuation phase, with a few exceptions, as follows:
Bedaquiline is usually given for 6 months but may be extended to 9 months if the initial phase of the regimen is extended from 4 to 6 months because of positive sputum smears at month 4 of treatment
Linezolid is only given for 2 months (instead of 4–6 months of ethionamide). If occasional doses of linezolid are missed during that time, the missed doses can be added on to the end of the 2-month period if the patient is tolerating the drug well.
Prothionamide may be used instead of ethionamide.
Moxifloxacin may be used instead of levofloxacin.
The total length of a long treatment regimen is 18 to 20 months. In MDR/RR-TB patients on longer regimens, total treatment duration of 18–20 months is suggested for most patients; the duration may be modified according to the patient’s response to therapy. In MDR/RR-TB patients on longer regimens, treatment duration of 15–17 months after culture conversion is suggested for most patients; the duration may be modified according to the patient’s response to therapy
1.All new TB cases with poor response to standard DS-TB treatment (Clinical, Radiological or bacteriologic)
2. Hr-TB screening of among new bacteriologically confirmed cases after ruling out RR-TB - considered with expanded introduction of the Xpert MTB/XDR Assay
3.All previously TB cases with poor response to standard DS-TB treatment (Clinical, Radiological or bacteriologic)
All medicines in this regimen are to be used daily for 6 months. When fixed-dose combination formulations are used, isoniazid is included but is not obligatory for the regimen. If
Hr-TB Regimen: 6(H)REZ-Lfx .
levofloxacin cannot be used because there is fluoroquinolone resistance or intolerance or other contraindications to the use of fluoroquinolone, then 6(H)REZ may be prescribed daily for 6 months.