Alleviating the Climate Change Crisis through a Middle Way of Life.

1. Volume 1, Number 1
“Alleviating the Climate Change Crisis through a
Middle Way of Life”
Danuse Murty

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RESPONSES
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3. “Alleviating the Climate Change Crisis through a Middle
Way of Life”
Danuse Murty, Buddhist Council of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
Abstract: It is an unavoidable truth that we are living during a major environmental crisis of which
large scale pollution, global warming, poverty of many millions of people and extinction of many
species are clear signs. While the deep causes of this crisis are indeed human selfishness and ignorance
of the natural laws of cause and effect, it is vital, like during any medical or humanitarian crisis, that
we deal with the immediate dangers first and then focus on alleviating the deeper causes and establishing
a preventive or environmentally sustainable lifestyle. Just as ethical rules of conduct so simplifying
and purifying our basic life requisites is essential to establishing an environmentally sustainable way
of life - a Middle Way between the two extremes of self-indulgence and self-injury. This way of life
was taught by the Buddha 2500 years ago, but unlike then our basic life requisites are not naturally
pure and environmentally sustainable, so we now need to address these much more than it was necessary
then. To achieve an environmentally sustainable lifestyle does not require much time or money, but a
general understanding of what a modern sustainable lifestyle means, a standard to measure our lifestyle
by, and an effective method to achieve such lifestyle. This paper explains how we can apply both the
Buddha's teaching of the Middle Way of life and our modern knowledge and tools to achieve a sustain-
able lifestyle and to alleviate the current environmental crisis.
Keywords: Buddha, Climate Change, Global Warming, Environmental Crisis, Environmentally Sus-
tainable Lifestyle, Middle Way, Millennium Development Goals
1. Introduction
“The ultimate test of a moral society is the kind of world that it leaves to its children”
(Dietrich Bonhoeffer)
I
T IS AN unavoidable truth that we are living during a major environmental crisis that
is affecting all life on Earth, a crisis of which large scale pollution, global warming,1,2,3
poverty of many millions of people4,5
and extinction of many species6
are clear signs.
While the deep causes of this crisis are indeed human selfishness and ignorance of the
natural laws of cause and effect,7,8,9
it is vital, like during any medical or humanitarian crisis,
that we deal with the immediate dangers first, and then focus on alleviating the deeper causes
and establishing a preventive or environmentally sustainable lifestyle. While both research
on the impacts of CO2 emissions on the global C budget10
and the emissions trading scheme11,
12
are important, they neither address the deeper causes nor provide long-term solutions.
To alleviate the deeper causes of the climate change and to establish an environmentally
sustainable lifestyle we need both holistic understanding and actions motivated by goodwill
to all. To develop this holistic understanding and to establish this lifestyle, we can utilise
the Buddha’s teachings of the Four Universal or Noble Truths – the Noble Truth of suffering,
its causes, its cessation or end, and the way to this end.7
While the Gotama Buddha taught
The International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses
Volume 1, Number 1, 2009, http://www.Climate-Journal.com, ISSN 1835-7156
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4. these Four Truths from the Universal perspective to guide people to full understanding and
freedom from suffering,13,14
they are applicable on all spacial scales and to all aspects of
our lives, just as the truth of impermanence is.
Applied to the current global environmental crisis these Four Truths are as follows. The
suffering or stress is the global warming and climate change, environmental pollution and
species extinction. The causes of this range from the superficial causes - emission of green-
house gases and other pollutants, clearing of forests for agriculture, and human overpopula-
tion, to deeper causes - population unsustainable growth and lifestyle, and to the deepest
causes within individuals - selfish desires and ignorance or not understanding the natural
laws of cause and effect. The cessation of this suffering is the ending not only of the visible
signs or symptoms of the crisis but of the deeper causes as well - if we really wish to end
this crisis without it recurring. This ending begins with visions or ideas of a better world we
wish to contribute towards or create, visions based on both deeper understanding and love.
Finally, the way leading to the cessation of this suffering is the Middle Way between the
two extremes of self-indulgence and self-injury, the Noble Eightfold Path: right understanding,
thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness and concentration. This is a gradual
way of self-cultivation, a way of purification and development, beginning with the physical
body and lifestyle. This way of life is environmentally sustainable.
The first stage of this Middle Way taught by the Buddha is traditionally called morality.
It consists of taking on basic rules of conduct called The Five Precepts7,15
and cultivating
right actions, speech and livelihood to develop a lifestyle that is good for us and others as
well.16
This means simplifying and purifying our basic life requisites and establishing a
livelihood beneficial to all. This first stage of the Middle Way is an essential foundation not
only to our personal and social wellbeing, but also to alleviating both the current environ-
mental and social crisis.
2. Significance of the Middle Way of Life
To understand the significance of the Middle Way of life in alleviating the current environ-
mental crisis, we can utilise a simple human ecosystem flowchart model (Figure 1), a model
of global interdependence. This model consists of 7 components: people or human population,
our material possessions, our 4 levels of industries, and finally our natural environment. The
4 levels of human industries are associated with 4 kinds of livelihoods and supply the basic
life requisites. This ecosystem is propelled by the human desire for life and material posses-
sions. Excessive desires lead to excessive demand for and accumulation of material things
and to industrial production of these. The production and transport at each stage of the indus-
trial process adds environmental pollution and the environment responds with warning signs,
like physical fever and skin disease, indicating deeper causes within human society.
Since this ecosystem is driven by human desires and demand for material things, it is easy
to see how very important the choice and moderation in all things is, not just for oneself but
for the whole society and environment. We can also easily imagine how the environmental
pollution would decline if all people adopted a Middle Way of life in food, clothing, home
and other basic life requisites.
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THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPACTS AND
RESPONSES

5. Figure 1: Human Ecosystem Model
3. Establishing an Environmentally Sustainable Lifestyle
While we can learn from the exemplary lives of Buddha and his contemporary disciples the
principles of sustainable living, 17
we need to re-examine our life from the modern global
perspective and establish a lifestyle that is applicable to the global society we live in now.
This means simplifying and purifying our modern life requisites and their use - our food,
clothing, home and workplace, and transport.
This change does not require much time or money, but rather a general understanding of
what a modern sustainable lifestyle means, a standard to measure our lifestyle by and an ef-
fective method to achieve such lifestyle. A commonly known and used method to achieving
a healthier lifestyle consists of evaluating our lifestyle against a healthy standard, reflecting
on what we do well and what we can improve, planning a course of action and carrying it
out. Two simple forms shown in the Appendix contain the main elements of this method
and can be used together to achieve an environmentally sustainable lifestyle. The first form
contains an inspirational image18
to remind ourselves of the goal and provides a place to
record what we have already achieved and what we can improve. The second form provides
a place to record measurements of our progress relative to national and global standards and
hence helps us to see our lifestyle from a wider perspective and avoid extremes.
9
DANUSE MURTY

6. Ecological Footprint - A Measure of Sustainability
To help us evaluate our lifestyle from a global perspective, ecological footprint calculators
have been developed.19, 20, 21
These calculators are valuable self-evaluation and management
tools, as they calculate how much of a productive land area is needed to produce our life
requisites, and hence they give us a basic insight into what we need to do to reduce our en-
vironmental impact. Measuring our eco-footprint enables us to evaluate our lifestyle against
our current national average and against the current globally sustainable eco-footprint.
However, the average globally sustainable eco-footprint is calculated by dividing the
global productive land area by the current global population. Since the human population is
predicted to increase by 2 billion or more over the next few decades, the estimated globally
sustainable eco-footprint will be even less than it is at present. Based on the information
about the population density and land degradation in various countries, 22
populations of
many developing countries are exceeding their environmental capacity to sustain them.
Hence both reducing the average eco-footprint of the developed countries and reducing the
average birth-rate in the developing countries are vital to reducing and stabilising global
CO2 emissions and to achieving a globally sustainable lifestyle.23
From Eco-footprints to a Sustainable Lifestyle
“Everything we buy has an environmental impact. Goods such as clothes, appliances and
toys all need water, energy, land and materials to be produced. An easy way to reduce your
impact is to spend less money on “stuff”. Services such as movies, theatre, and sport have
much lower impacts than goods …. Or better still, put your savings in the bank (or even
donate them)!” (ACF Eco-Calculator, 2008) 21
The biggest contributors to our ecological footprint are our food consumption, energy and
water use at home and at work, waste production and transport.24, 25
Since the rapid global warming is currently the most serious danger to life on our planet
and since it is directly related to our CO2 emissions from fossil fuels, 9
the governments
around the world have focussed on reducing energy use from fossil fuels and on developing
cleaner energy technology. While 100% renewable energy from sources such as solar and
wind generators is an ideal to aim towards, it is currently not affordable by most people.26
Hence the best strategy for most people is to simply reduce one’s overall energy use and
purchase some renewable energy according to one’s budget. Even using just 20% renewable
energy is better then nothing, as it will support renewable energy initiatives and help to bring
the cost down. Other key measures advocated by government and non-government organiz-
ations to reduce our energy use are: replacing the traditional light globes with efficient
fluorescent lamps, switching off appliances when not needed, managing our home heating
and cooling by insulating and shading, using cold water to wash our clothing, and walking,
using bicycles or public transport where possible.25
With the increasing global temperatures, water supply in mid latitudes and semi-arid low
latitudes is predicted to decline and hence hundreds of millions of people are expected to
experience increasing water shortage.9
While Australia already has low and highly variable
fresh water supply in most regions,22
Australian households are currently among the highest
water users in the world.27
Hence the Australian government has placed restrictions on mains
water use in gardens and for washing vehicles, and it has been encouraging people to install
10
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPACTS AND
RESPONSES

7. rainwater tanks and plant native species in their gardens.27
Other water conservation measures
currently promoted are installation of water-efficient showerheads and dual flush toilet sys-
tems. However, as I will discuss later in this section, reducing our consumption of animal
food is also vital to reduce water shortage and land degradation in the long-term.
Due to the increasing population size and to protect the natural environment, governments
around the world have also adopted reduced waste to landfill or “zero” waste policies.28
Hence a waste reduction strategy, consisting of reducing, reusing and recycling packaging
and other materials is now promoted by the government agencies and NGO’s in Australia
and in other technologically developed countries, with recycling only as a last option.25,29
To succeed in achieving waste reduction goals, these initiatives must be supported by advert-
ising agencies and wholesale and retail business organizations through encouraging people
to chose eco-friendly products and of quality rather than quantity.
Synthetic chemicals and their waste products are potentially more dangerous to human
and animal health than CO2, due to their buildup in the soil, water cycle and food web. While
CO2 is a natural gas and non-toxic at the current and predicted atmospheric levels, modern
synthetic chemicals have little known long-term effects on human and animal health.
Chemical hazards have been reported to be the most serious danger in the workplace, with
hazardous chemicals currently killing approximately 440,000 workers annually worldwide.
More than 300 man-made chemicals have been found in the human blood stream, and the
extent of their impact on health is unclear.30
Hence reducing our consumption of synthetic
chemicals and returning to using natural foods, medicines, fibers, packaging, cleaning ma-
terials and other products is a safe and wise response. These traditional products are not only
biodegradable but have been used and so naturally tested by millions of people over many
centuries.
Our food consumption contributes a large fraction to our ecological footprint, dependent
on what we eat. Meat and other animal products constitute 37% of the average Australian
diet and contribute 34 % to the average national ecological footprint.24
While plant foods
constitute 63% of the average diet they contribute only 8% to this footprint. This is because,
weight for weight, the production of animal food requires much more energy, water and land
than does the production of plant food.
Energy utilization efficiency from a lower to a higher feeding level is only 10%, which
means that it takes about 10 kg of plant food to produce 1 kg of meat.31
Hence using up
water and growing crops, such as soybeans and cereals to feed animals is a great waste of
land, water and food crops, and of course of energy. Around the world, large areas of forest
have been cleared for beef cattle farms and ranches, and many natural ecosystems and hab-
itats have been replaced by huge plant monocultures, leading to pest plagues, environmental
degradation and species extinction. Some well known examples of this unsustainable agri-
culture are extensive sheep, beef cattle and wheat farms in Australia, and more recently beef
cattle farms in Brazil that have replaced large areas of the Amazonian rainforest with grass-
land.10, 22
Hence at this time in human history, a vegetarian diet is clearly an important part
of a rational and compassionate response and solution to reducing environmental pollution,
and to saving not merely energy and water but also many species from extinction.
A following reflection from the Buddhist tradition32
is a helpful reminder of the significance
of what we consume and to use it wisely:
11
DANUSE MURTY

8. Serving Food
In this food
I see clearly the presence
of the entire universe
supporting my existence.
Helping Others
The Middle Way of life taught by the Buddha includes our basic responsibilities to take care
of ourselves and of our families, and to contribute through right livelihoods to the society
we live in. Hence it includes encouraging and promoting an environmentally sustainable
lifestyle among those in our care and in our workplace. Through living sustainably we are
helping to achieve all the 8 Millennium Development Goals, 8, 26
since all of these goals are
interdependent. It is not possible to end hunger, poverty and illiteracy, while neglecting our
environment. The most important way of helping or educating other people about environ-
mental sustainability is by living in a sustainable way ourselves. In this way we are showing
or teaching naturally a way that really works.
An important and easy way of helping our families, friends and work associates, is through
offering them healthy food and other environmentally friendly gifts33, 34
. These gifts however
need not be things or money, but a few words or advice that can help them to make their
lifestyle more sustainable. There are now many eco-sustainability resources including
handbooks available freely on the Internet.24, 25, 35, 36
Among these is a short handbook
Creating Environmentally Sustainable Communities through a Middle Way of Life.37
I have
designed this workbook only after I reduced my ecological footprint to approximately 50%
of the Australian average, having learnt from my own and others’ mistakes what is most
helpful. The workbook can help the users develop not only an environmentally sustainable
lifestyle, but also right thought, right effort and other factors of the Middle Way of life, and
hence their higher potential.
At work we can help others by including the environmental sustainability principles in
the workplace policies and procedure manuals and in the customer or clients information
resources. For example, at my workplace I have integrated the eco-sustainability principles
into a volunteers’ manual38
and placed the environmental sustainability information36
on
noticeboards, to inform and help more people towards environmentally sustainable living.
“Whatever you do may seem insignificant, but it is most important that you do it.” (Ma-
hatma Ghandi)
4. Conclusion
Global climate change is a clear evidence of human impacts on the natural environment.
Based on our knowledge of animal ecology and human history regarding population growth
and sustainability, 31, 39, 40
stabilising the human population and establishing nationally and
globally environmentally sustainable lifestyle are clearly a wise response and a long-term
solution to the current climate change crisis. The Middle Way taught by the Buddha, adapted
to the modern world conditions, is a skilful means to achieving environmentally sustainable
lifestyle and communities gradually and peacefully. Ecological footprint calculators and
12
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RESPONSES

9. environmental sustainability forms and workbooks, are simple and cheap aides to achieve
this goal cheaply and quickly.
We are creating our life and future by all our actions, subject to the laws of nature. A gift
of human life is a unique opportunity to use all our talents, knowledge and skills to help al-
leviate global pollution and species extinction and achieve all the 8 UN Millennium Devel-
opment Goals. There is no better inheritance we can leave behind to our children than a
healthy and peaceful world and a way of life to maintain it.
Acknowledgements
I thank the Buddhist Council members and friends Brian White and Mohini Gunesekera for
helpful feedback on the paper draft. I also thank the journal anonymous refererees for their
constructive feedback on the first submission and to my friend Mark Jeffreys for additional
corrections and other feedback to finalise the manuscript.
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www.buddhistcouncil.org/bodhitree
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10. 18. NASA Apolo 17, 1972. Earth from Space. www.nasa.gov
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Melbourne.
23. Stewart N, 2004. Conservation through Having Smaller Families. Sustainable Population Australia,
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25. Australian Government Department of Environment, 2007. Global Warming – Cool It! A Home
Guide to Reducing Energy Costs and Greenhouse Gases. www.environment.gov.au/settle-
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27. NSW Department of Environment, 2008. Living Sustainably – Water. www.livingthing.net.au
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40. Sale C, 2001. Our Wonderful World. Longman, Australia, Melbourne.
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11. Appendix: My Environmentally Sustainable Lifestyle
Date completed
I can also do this
I am already doing this
Globally
Global
National
My value
Eco-calculator
Date
sustainable
average
average
average
My Footprint 1
ACF 2
1. My Footprint: www.myfootprint.com
2. ACF Eco-calculator: www.acfonline.org.au
15
DANUSE MURTY

12. About the Author
Dr. Danuse Murty
Danuse Murty has been cultivating a healthy lifestyle since 1971, including a vegetarian diet
and yoga. She has a BSc in applied mathematics and PhD in mathematical biology from
University of NSW. She has experience in both scientific research and laboratory teaching
of ecology and her PhD and postdoctoral research from 1991-2001 contributed to the Aus-
tralian and international global climate change programmes. Her latest interest is in how to
alleviate the current environmental crisis through establishing environmentally sustainable
lifestyle and communities. In the last 2 years she has given presentations on climate change
from a Buddhist perspective to several Buddhist groups and also at a NSW environmental
educators conference and at interfaith conferences in Sydney. She is currently coordinating
a community computer centre, which is providing free IT services to disadvantaged people
of the local community. This is a grassroots project, which aims to contribute to achieving
Australian social and environmental sustainability goals.
16
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPACTS AND
RESPONSES

13. EDITORS
Amareswar Galla, The University of Queensland, Australia..
Bill Cope, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Viraal Balsari, Vice President, ABN Amro Bank, Mumbai, India.
Erach Bharucha, Bharati Vidyapeeth Univeristy, Pune, India.
Tapan Chakrabarti, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
(NEERI), Nagpur, India.
Thomas Krafft, Geomed Research Corporation, Bad Honnef, Germany.
Shamita Kumar, Bharati Vidyapeeth Univeristy, Pune, India.
R. Mehta, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India,
New Delhi, India.
Kranti Yardi, Bharati Vidyapeeth Univeristy, Pune, India.
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