The document discusses the effects of descending activation of the parabrachial nucleus on baroreflex function, examining the neurotransmitters released in the medulla that influence reflex gain. It also explores how alterations in inhibitory inputs in the hypothalamus affect resting blood pressure and respiratory rate in individuals with cardiovascular disease. Additionally, it considers the changes in excitation or inhibition in various brain regions related to these mechanisms.

1. C. What happens to baroreflex function during descending activation of the parabrachial
nucleus? Please include what neurotransmitters are released in the medulla and how these might
contribute to associated changes in reflex gain changes in response to parabrachial activation? D.
How does a change in inhibitory inputs (afferents or receptors) in the hypothalamus of
individuals with cardiovascular disease contribute to a change in resting blood pressure and
respiratory rate? Please provide how some of the brain regions identified in "a." above may be
altered (greater excitation/inhibition).