This document discusses the differences between the words "by" and "until". It provides examples of how each word is used to indicate timeframes. "By" is used to refer to a deadline or specific time something must be completed by, such as "I need to finish this by 5pm". "Until" refers to a period of time stretching from the present until a specified future time, like "I will be on vacation until next Friday". The document emphasizes that "by" indicates an action must be finished at or before a set time, while "until" describes a continuous state or situation lasting up to a point in time.