Buyback of shares
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The document discusses share buybacks by company promoters. It provides three main reasons why promoters may offer to buy back shares: 1) to support falling share prices and boost investor confidence, 2) to increase their ownership stake and defend against potential takeover bids, and 3) if the share price is lower than the company's intrinsic value. The buyback indicates to investors that share prices could rise in the medium term as it shows the promoter's confidence in the company.
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Ram buys a call option from Sam for a stock trading at Rs. 100, with a strike price of Rs. 120 expiring in 5 days. Ram pays Sam a Rs. 2 premium. If the stock price rises above Rs. 120, Ram profits, otherwise he only loses the Rs. 2 premium. Sam profits if the price falls or stays the same.
The document then tracks the notional profits and losses for Ram and Sam over the 5 days. On the settlement date, if the price is above Rs. 120, Ram's account is credited his profits and Sam's is debited his losses. If the
Derivatives market (ev)
The document explains how derivative contracts work in the stock market through an example. It describes a scenario where an investor buys a futures contract for Stock A at Rs. 120, with settlement in 5 days. Each day, the investor's account is credited or debited based on whether the stock price increased or decreased from the previous day. At settlement, the stock price was Rs. 125, so the investor gained Rs. 5 total. However, since the investor only paid 15% margin money of Rs. 18 upfront, the effective return on investment was 27%.
Bottom line
Bikas was a street food vendor in Mumbai who sold bhelpuri. His daily expenses to buy ingredients were Rs. 1000. He would sell all his food for Rs. 1200 each day, making a profit of Rs. 200. His daily top-line was Rs. 1200 in sales, while his bottom-line profit was Rs. 200. Top-line growth means increasing total sales by selling more units, while bottom-line growth can occur by increasing prices or reducing costs, without necessarily increasing the top-line. Understanding the difference between top-line and bottom-line is important for business planning and performance analysis.
Simplifying beta
Beta is a measure of the volatility of a security or fund compared to the market as a whole. It helps investors evaluate risk and make better investment decisions based on their risk profile. A beta of 1 means the security's price movements match the market. A beta below 1 means it is less volatile, while a beta above 1 means it is more volatile than the overall market. Understanding a fund's beta in relation to benchmarks is important for investment decisions in addition to considering its performance.
Futures
Futures contracts allow parties with opposing views on future price movements of a commodity to enter an agreement to buy or sell the commodity at a fixed price on a future date. In the example, a farmer agrees to sell wheat to a bread manufacturer in 3 months at Rs. 110 per unit through a futures contract. When the price rises to Rs. 120, the farmer sells at the agreed lower price but the manufacturer benefits from securing the input at a below market price. Both parties' needs are met through the contract even if their price predictions differed, showing how futures trading helps businesses hedge risks from price fluctuations.
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Rational Investments & Research is an investment advisory and research company that offers financial advice and equity research services for Indian and global stock markets. It follows a long-term value investment approach based on the principles of Benjamin Graham and Warren Buffett. The company evaluates investment opportunities based on the business economics, management honesty and competence, and purchase price with a margin of safety. It does not offer speculative or short-term investment options. The company aims to become an independent investment advisor and add long-term value for clients through a rational investment approach.
How Much Does It Cost To Invest In The Stock Market.pdf
Investing in stocks has various costs that depend on the type of investor and stocks. Common stocks represent ownership in a company but place the investor lowest in priority for repayment if the company fails. Preferred stocks provide less ownership but fixed dividend payments and higher yields. Penny stocks, those priced under $5, are common stocks of small companies. Stock prices fluctuate based on company performance, inflation/deflation rates, interest rates, and foreign market conditions. Determining investment costs requires considering the time horizon and number of shares one can afford to purchase while diversifying among different companies.
Definition of a stock
- Stocks represent ownership in a company. Companies issue stock to raise money for growth in a process called equity financing, selling portions of the company. This allows companies to expand without taking on debt.
- Stock prices change based on supply and demand from investors. Prices rise when demand is high and fall when supply is high. Fundamentals like company earnings and future growth expectations also impact investor sentiment and demand.
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Bonus shares vs stock splits
Bonus shares and stock splits both increase the number of a company's shares, but they differ in their purpose and impact on share price. Bonus shares are issued using a company's reserves and do not change the total market capitalization, causing the individual share price to decrease proportionally. Stock splits reduce the market price of each share to increase liquidity and allow smaller investors to purchase shares, also without changing the total market capitalization. Both actions are generally viewed positively by the market as indicators of a company's growth and performance.
Bonus Shares vs Stock Split
Bonus shares and stock splits both increase the number of a company's shares, but differ in their purpose and impact on share price. With bonus shares, a company issues new shares from reserves to capitalize profits without changing the total market value, lowering the price per share. A stock split reduces the market price of an expensive share by dividing each share into smaller units, allowing more investors to participate while keeping total market value the same. Both are seen positively by the market as indicators of a company's growth and share performance.
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Fundamental Analysis is a study of factors (company specific and external environment) that affect the value of stock. This program will help you to understand the impact of factors on the valuation of the stock, analysis of the environment and interpretation of financial statement.
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What Does It Mean To Invest In The Stock Market.pdf
Investing in the stock market means buying and selling stocks or shares of ownership in companies. To be successful, you must understand how the stock market works by learning the basics of buying and selling stocks, the different types of stocks like common and preferred shares, and the factors that can affect stock prices. Some key considerations for investing include committing time to learn the business, only investing what you can afford to lose as the market is risky, and diversifying your portfolio among several stocks rather than concentrating in just one company. Most people who invest in the stock market lose money, so investors must be prepared to cut their losses.
Tips
Retail investors often make mistakes when investing in stocks such as not researching company fundamentals, buying cheap stocks without considering value, having a short-term outlook, and not reviewing their portfolio regularly. They also tend to hold on to losing stocks for too long rather than cutting their losses, enter markets at peaks and exit at lows, and follow unsolicited tips which can lead them to invest in unsuitable companies. Investors should take a long-term approach, buy undervalued stocks of companies with strong fundamentals, set stop-losses, and not blindly follow tips or allow brokers to trade without oversight.
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Investing in stocks
This document provides an overview of investing in stocks, including:
1) It defines different types of securities like stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and outlines factors to consider when beginning to invest in stocks like a company's financials.
2) It explains why corporations issue common stock and why investors purchase common stock, focusing on potential dividends and stock appreciation.
3) It covers strategies for buying, selling, and classifying different types of stocks and factors that influence investment decisions like financial metrics and analysis theories.
Stock market cont
Stock exchanges allow brokers to buy and sell shares on behalf of investors. Trading can be business-to-business between large brokers or business-to-consumer for individual investors. Brokers charge a commission to buy and sell shares from market makers who create liquidity. Share price indices track the average price of shares in companies to monitor market performance. Speculators hope to profit from rising or falling share prices by buying and selling.
Pritam Deuskar - What to Look for When Buying Stock.pptx
According to Pritam Deuskar Walthyvia, Investing in the stock market is a good way to make money, but it’s also important to understand what you’re getting into. The market is a highly competitive place and there are many ways to make money if you know what you’re doing.
Why bonus shares are issued
Bonus shares are issued by companies to increase the number of shares and reduce the price per share, making it more affordable for retail investors. When a company's profits increase substantially but the number of shares remains the same, the earnings per share and theoretical price per share also increases dramatically. To improve liquidity and allow more investors to participate, companies may issue bonus shares in a ratio such as 1:4, increasing the total shares from 100 to 500. This keeps the overall capital the same while reducing the earnings per share and price per share to a more accessible level for small investors.
Difference between stocks and bonds
Stocks and bonds are two separate ways for a company to raise money in order to fund and expand their company’s operations. While issuing stocks a company is selling a piece of their company in exchange for money. Whenever a company issues a bond, it is issuing debt with an agreement to pay interest for the use of the money.
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Trading is an art, and if you master it, you can make a fortune. The stock market is one of the most profitable platforms for trading, and if you play your cards right, you can make a lot of money. However, it is important to know the basics of trading and the different strategies that can help you succeed in the stock market. In this article, we will discuss the different types of trading, the basics of the stock market, and some strategies that can help you make money.
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Your investing decisions make you cautious and others curious at the same time. Why cautious because you have to be very careful before pouring in your money and others will go curious about how you’re achieving good returns as result. It’s essential to counter some knowledge before taking any step ahead. Investors like you have different styles of investing, some like to play intraday, some are into SIPs, some are long-term investors, and more. Your potential to invest in the stock market requires a plan including the capacity to take risks, the tenure of your investment and things like this.
Various types of stocks offer returns in a discrete way depending upon their nature, market cap, size of the company, background of the company, the products it deals in, etc. In this article, we’ll discuss the concept of growth stocks vs value stocks, their meaning, how they work, and investing guide about them.
Stock market
Stocks represent units of ownership in a company. When you purchase stocks, you become a partial owner of the company and are entitled to potential dividends and voting rights. Stocks can provide high returns through price appreciation, but they also carry high risks since prices can fall and dividends are not guaranteed. A stock market is where buyers and sellers of stocks can exchange ownership of stocks for money.
Stock market
Stocks represent partial ownership in a company. When you purchase stocks, you become a partial owner of the business and are entitled to vote and receive dividends. There are two main types of stock markets - the primary market where companies first issue stock, and the secondary market where existing stocks are traded. Stock prices fluctuate based on supply and demand, and various company and market factors can influence prices. Investing in stocks provides an opportunity for high returns but also carries high risks since prices can fall significantly.
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The document summarizes key points from the first three chapters of the book "The Five rules of successful investing – Part 1". It outlines the five rules of successful investing which are to do your homework, find economic moats, have a margin of safety, hold for the long haul, and know when to sell. It then discusses seven common mistakes to avoid which are swinging for the fences, believing it's different this time, falling in love with products, panicking when the market is down, trying to time the market, ignoring valuation, and relying only on earnings. Finally, it covers the importance of analyzing a company's economic moats to understand their sustained competitive advantages.
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Money market
The money market is a place where large institutions and governments manage short-term cash needs through very short term debt securities maturing in less than one year. It specializes in safe, liquid instruments like treasury bills, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements. While offering lower returns than stocks, these conservative money market securities provide more safety. Individual investors can access the money market through money market mutual funds.
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三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightnessLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.一比一原版(GWU,GW毕业证)加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校毕业证如何办理
GWU,GW毕业证录取书【微信95270640】一比一伪造加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校文凭@假冒GWU,GW毕业证成绩单+Q微信95270640办理GWU,GW学位证书@仿造GWU,GW毕业文凭证书@购买加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校毕业证成绩单GWU,GW真实使馆认证/真实留信认证回国人员证明
全套服务：加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校毕业证成绩单真实回国人员证明 #真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足#铸就十年品质！信誉！实体公司！可以视频看办公环境样板如需办理真实可查可以先到公司面谈勿轻信小中介黑作坊！
可以提供加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校钢印 #水印 #烫金 #激光防伪 #凹凸版 #最新版的毕业证 #百分之百让您绝对满意
印刷DHL快递毕业证 #成绩单7个工作日真实大使馆教育部认证1个月。为了达到高水准高效率
请您先以qq或微信的方式对我们的服务进行了解后如果有加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校毕业证成绩单帮助再进行电话咨询。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单如何办理：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作加利福尼亚大学|尔湾分校毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。口水苦涩无比山娃一边游泳一边念念不忘那元门票尤令山娃气愤的是泳池老板居然硬让父亲买了一大一小二条巴掌般大的裤衩衩走出泳池山娃感觉透身粘粘乎乎散发着药水味有点痒山娃顿时留恋起家乡的小河潺潺活水清凉无比日子就这样孤寂而快乐地过着寂寞之余山娃最神往最开心就是晚上无论多晚多累父亲总要携山娃出去兜风逛夜市流光溢彩人潮涌动的都市夜生活总让山娃目不暇接惊叹不已父亲老问山娃想买什么想吃什么山娃知道父亲赚钱很辛苦在
一比一原版(IC毕业证)帝国理工大学毕业证如何办理
IC毕业证文凭证书【微信95270640】一比一伪造帝国理工大学文凭@假冒IC毕业证成绩单+Q微信95270640办理IC学位证书@仿造IC毕业文凭证书@购买帝国理工大学毕业证成绩单IC真实使馆认证/真实留信认证回国人员证明
如果您是以下情况，我们都能竭诚为您解决实际问题：【公司采用定金+余款的付款流程，以最大化保障您的利益，让您放心无忧】
1、在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业，拿不到官方毕业证+微信95270640
2、面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到帝国理工大学帝国理工大学毕业证学历书；
3、不清楚流程以及材料该如何准备帝国理工大学帝国理工大学毕业证学历书；
4、回国时间很长，忘记办理；
5、回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
6、企事业单位必须要求办理的；
面向美国乔治城大学毕业留学生提供以下服务:
【★帝国理工大学帝国理工大学毕业证学历书毕业证、成绩单等全套材料，从防伪到印刷，从水印到钢印烫金，与学校100%相同】
【★真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明），使馆存档可通过大使馆查询确认】
【★真实教育部认证，教育部存档，教育部留服网站可查】
【★真实留信认证，留信网入库存档，可查帝国理工大学帝国理工大学毕业证学历书】
我们从事工作十余年的有着丰富经验的业务顾问，熟悉海外各国大学的学制及教育体系，并且以挂科生解决毕业材料不全问题为基础，为客户量身定制1对1方案，未能毕业的回国留学生成功搭建回国顺利发展所需的桥梁。我们一直努力以高品质的教育为起点，以诚信、专业、高效、创新作为一切的行动宗旨，始终把“诚信为主、质量为本、客户第一”作为我们全部工作的出发点和归宿点。同时为海内外留学生提供大学毕业证购买、补办成绩单及各类分数修改等服务；归国认证方面，提供《留信网入库》申请、《国外学历学位认证》申请以及真实学籍办理等服务，帮助众多莘莘学子实现了一个又一个梦想。
专业服务，请勿犹豫联系我
如果您真实毕业回国，对于学历认证无从下手，请联系我，我们免费帮您递交
诚招代理：本公司诚聘当地代理人员，如果你有业余时间，或者你有同学朋友需要，有兴趣就请联系我
你赢我赢，共创双赢
你做代理，可以帮助帝国理工大学同学朋友
你做代理，可以拯救帝国理工大学失足青年
你做代理，可以挽救帝国理工大学一个个人才
你做代理，你将是别人人生帝国理工大学的转折点
你做代理，可以改变自己，改变他人，给他人和自己一个机会美景更增添一份性感夹杂着一份纯洁的妖娆毫无违和感实在给人带来一份悠然幸福的心情如果说现在的审美已经断然拒绝了无声的话那么在树林间飞掠而过的小鸟叽叽咋咋的叫声是否就是这最后的点睛之笔悠然走在林间的小路上宁静与清香一丝丝的盛夏气息吸入身体昔日生活里的繁忙与焦躁早已淡然无存心中满是悠然清淡的芳菲身体不由的轻松脚步也感到无比的轻快走出这盘栾交错的小道眼前是连绵不绝的山峦浩荡天地间大自然毫无吝啬的展现它的达
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership Networks
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
OAT_RI_Ep20 WeighingTheRisks_May24_Trade Wars.pptx
How will new technology fields affect economic trade?
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Buyback of shares
- 1. Understanding Buyback of Shares – By Prof. Simply Simple TM We normally hear of promoters raising capital by issuing shares in the market.
- 2. But there are times when the promoter wishes to buy back his shares from the investors.
- 3. At such times he offers a buy back at a price which is better than the market price.
- 4. There are several reasons for him to buy back shares…
- 5. No promoter likes to see the prices of his company falling. Therefore if he feels that the price of shares is falling in the market, he may decide to buy back shares to shore up the prices.
- 6. Another reason the promoter might offer a buy back is to increase his share-holding if he feels that someone in the market is buying a large number of shares of his company in a bid to takeover the company.
- 7. To protect himself from such a takeover bid, the promoter offers a buy back of his shares to his investors at an attractive price.
- 8. The promoter may also buy back shares from the market, if he feels that the price of the share is lower than its intrinsic value.
- 9. In other words, for the promoter, it is another way of giving back money to the investors.
- 10. Hence sometimes it’s useful to observe such buy backs by promoters. The interest taken by the promoter indicates that prices could rise in the medium term.
- 11. We hope through this lesson, you’ve got an idea of buyback of shares by the promoter of a company.