Calicut University 1st year B. Com Module 1

1. BUSINESS MANAGEMENT -2
Scientific Management

3. Frederick Winslow Taylor, (born March 20, 1856, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, U.S.—died March 21, 1915, Philadelphia)
Father of scientific management. American inventor and engineer

4. • Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire in 1872  time and motion study from professor
• Harvard abandoned due to poor eyesight
• 1875Enterprise Hydraulic Works in Philadelphia  Learn the trades of pattern maker and machinist
• 1878Midvale Steel Company machine shop laborer shop clerk machinist gang boss
foreman maintenance foreman head of the drawing office chief engineer
• 1881 introduced time study at the Midvale plant.
- devise methods to extract maximum work from high potential workers
- resentment from many workers  jobless?
- Doubling of productivity  pleased management
• Mathematical calculations (Carl G. Barth) identified the exact workload a man could carry all day long
without suffering exhaustion, taking into account the energy expended during a round trip, the motion of
the elbows and arms, the weight of the load and other factors.
• 1883 Mechanical Engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology
• 1890-93  General manager of the Manufacturing Investment Company

5. • Consulting engineer in management
• Retired at 45
• Promote principles of scientific management  lectures at universities and professional societies
• 1906  The American Society of Mechanical Engineers elected him president
• 1906  Was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree by the University of Pennsylvania
• Publications  “Notes on Belting” (1894), “A Piece-Rate System” (1895), “Shop Management” (1903),
and “On the Art of Cutting Metals” (1906). The Principles of Scientific Management was published
commercially in 1911.
• 1912 Fame increased after his testimony at the hearings before a special committee of the
U.S. House of Representatives to investigate his own and other systems of shop management.

6. Principlesof
ScientificManagement
 Development of scientific methods (replacing rules of thumb)
 Planning  What, How, Where, When
- Standardisation of materials, tools & equipments  Planning department
- Time and motion studies  sequence of operation
 Scientific selection and training of workers
 Co-operation between employer and employees
 Division of work between management and workers  Functional Foremanship
Planning supervisor
1. Instruction Card Clerk: This instructor gives instructions to workers regarding their work.
2. Route Clerk: His role was to mention the route of production
3. Time and Cost Clerk: His role was to arrange the time and costs sheet
4. Disciplinarian: His role was to maintain discipline in the production facility and in the factory
Production supervisor :
1. Speed Boss: Maints the time record for the job assigned to the worker. Checks if the job is completed timely.
2. Gang Boss: The main responsibility of this person is to keep machines in a ready state for work.
3. Repair boss: He takes the responsibility to keep machines and tools in proper working condition.
4. Inspector: The responsibility of quality of work is taken care by this inspector.
 Differential piece rate system
 Mental Revolution

7. Henry Lawrence Gantt (1861-1919)
Generous attitude towards workers
Assistant of F.W. Taylor at Midvale and Bethlehem
Mechanical engineer (Strevonce Institute of Technology)
• Science in management
• Management  Application in all fields
• Gantt chart
• Remuneration of workers – task and bonus
• Importance to service than profit
• Management  Leadership function

8. Frank Bunker Gilbreth
(July 7, 1868 – June 14, 1924)
• Whidden Construction Company  Bricklayer’ helper(17
years)
• “The one best way”  motion study
• Building contractor,
inventor(patents),Engineer,Lecturer(Purdue University)
• Scientific industrial management
• Gilbreth Inc.
• 1st World War  U.S Army
• “Therbligs”
• Sought to make processes more efficient by reducing the
• motions involved  Worker’ welfare
• Fatigue study  Workplace standards
• “Cheaper by the dozen”
https://www.business.com/articles/management-theory-of-
frank-and-lillian-gilbreth/

9. Lillian Moller Gilbreth
(1878-1972)
• American psychologist and engineer
• Psychology Industry & organisation , To study management
• Human element in scientific management
• Time and motion study
• Gilbreth System  The One Best Way to DO Work
• Domestic management  foot-pedal trash can, shelves in
refrigerator doors(butter tray, egg keeper)
• - Height of kitchen fixtures
• After WWI  Rehabilitation of war veterans
• Johnson & Johnson, Macy’
• Private consulting, Volunteer work & Government
service(Hoover, Truman)
• Lectures  Harvard, Yale, Colgate, University of Michigan,
MIT, Stanford, Purdue University etc.
• America’ first lady of engineering

10.  Scientific Management – Definition
 Features:-
- Separation of planning and doing
- Functional foremanship
- Scientific work study  Time, Motion & Fatigue study
- Standardisation
- Scientific selection and training of workers
- Financial Incentives
- Economy
- Mental Revolution