The document discusses major infectious diseases around the world and in India, including influenza, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, AIDS, dengue fever, cholera, and malaria. It provides data on the number of reported cases and deaths for each disease globally and in India in 2014. The document also outlines the transmission routes for infectious diseases, such as direct contact, airborne transmission, insect bites, and contaminated food/water. Finally, it recommends several healthy habits to prevent the spread of germs and infectious diseases, such as hand washing, food safety, vaccination, and avoiding contact with wild animals.

1. Healthy India campaign by
Unnat Bharat
Preventing Disease
Promoting Health

3. Cholera: is an infection of the small intestine
caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera.
Symptoms of cholera infection may include
watery diarrhea, nausea, dehydration and
vomiting.
Measles: an infection of the respiratory system,
immune system and skin caused by Rubella virus.
Symptoms include high temperature, runny nose,
dry cough, diarrhea, vomiting and red blotchy
rashes.
Malaria: caused by single-cell parasitic protozoa
Plasmodium; transmitted to humans via the bite
of the female Anopheles mosquito. Symptoms
include high fever, moderate to severe shaking
chills, aches and nausea.

4. Influenza: commonly called “flu”, it is caused
by influenza virus. Most common symptoms are
cold, fever, runny nose, cough, sore throat,
fatigue and nausea etc.
Smallpox: caused by Variola virus; invades
mouth and throat or the respiratory mucosa and
lymph nodes. The first symptoms of smallpox are
high fever, fatigue, headaches, and backaches.
Poliomyelitis: an acute, viral, infectious
disease spread from person to person, primarily
via the fecal-oral route. Symptoms include fever,
sore throat, headache, vomiting, fatigue, pain or
stiffness in arms or legs, and muscle weakness.

5. Dengue fever: caused by the bite of Aedes
aegypti mosquito infected with a dengue virus.
Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle joint
pains, and a skin rash similar to measles.
Typhoid fever: caused by the bacterium
Salmonella; transmitted by the ingestion of food or
water contaminated with the feces of an infected
person. Symptoms include abdominal pain, loss of
appetite, diarrhea or constipation, rashes etc.
Tuberculosis: caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. Symptoms include coughing up blood,
chest pains, weakness, Unintentional weight loss,
fever, chills loss of appetite and night sweats.

6. HIV/AIDS: caused by HIV that attacks and weakens
the immune system. Most common symptoms
include frequent fevers, weight loss, painful
swallowing, extreme exhaustion, skin rashes etc.
Swine flu: an infection caused by any one of
several types of swine influenza viruses. The most
common cause of death in humans is respiratory
failure, pneumonia, high fever and dehydration.
Ebola: caused by Ebola viruses. Symptoms usually
begin with sudden influenza like stage characterized
by feeling tired, fever, decreased appetite, muscle
and joint pain, headache, and sore throat.

8. 1%
3%6% 9%
27%
1%
53%
Reported cases of major
infectious disesaes worldwide
Influenza
Tuberculosis
Typhoid fever
AIDS
Dengue fever
Cholera
Malaria
500,000
1,500,000
216,500
1,500,000
25,000
130,000
584,000
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
Numberofdeaths
worldwide
Major infectious diseases
Death toll worldwide due to major infectious diseases

9. 2 1,911 3,249 10,322
326,826
612,985
1,108,760
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
ReportedcasesinIndia
(2014)
Major infectious diseases
Reported cases of major infectious diseases in
India (2014)
Reported
cases in
India
(2014)
0 27 506 4,966 5,328
140,093
225,346
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
NumberofdeathsinIndia
(2014)
Major infectious diseases
Death toll due to major infectious diseases in
India (2014)
Death
toll in
India
(2014)

10. Direct
Person to Person
Animal to Person
Droplet Spread
Mother to Unborn
Child
Indirect
Airborne
Transmission
Insect Bites
Food and Drinking
Water Contamination
Contaminated Objects

12. The spray of droplets during coughing and sneezing can
spread infectious disease. You can even infect another
person through the droplets created when you speak.
Droplets fall to the ground within a few feet, so this type
of transmission requires close proximity.
A pregnant woman may pass germs that cause infectious
diseases to her unborn baby. Some germs can pass
through the placenta. Germs in the vagina can be
transmitted to the baby during birth.

13. Disease-causing organisms also can be passed by indirect contact. Many germs
can linger on an inanimate object, such as a tabletop, doorknob or faucet handle.
When you touch a doorknob handled by someone ill with the flu or a cold, for
example, you can pick up the germs he or she left behind. If you then touch your
eyes, mouth or nose before washing your hands, you may become infected.
Some infectious agents can travel long distances and
remain suspended in the air for an extended period of
time. You can catch a disease like measles by entering a
room well after someone with measles has departed.
Some infectious agents are transmitted by insects,
especially those that suck blood. These include
mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks. The insects become infected
when they feed on infected hosts, such as birds, animals,
and humans. The disease is then transmitted when the
insect bites a new host. Malaria, West Nile Virus (WNV),
and Lyme disease are all spread this way.

14. Some organisms can live on objects for a short
time. If you touch an object, such as a door
knob, soon after an infected person, you are
exposed to infection. Transmission occurs
when you touch your mouth, nose, or eyes
before thoroughly washing your hands. Germs
can also be spread through contaminated
blood products and medical supplies.
Another way disease-causing germs can infect you is
through contaminated food and water. This mechanism
of transmission allows germs to be spread to many
people through a single source. E. coli, for example, is a
bacterium present in or on certain foods — such as
undercooked hamburger or unpasteurized fruit juice.
Improperly canned foods can create an environment
ripe for Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism.

15. Healthy habits prevent germs and infectious diseases from spreading. Learn,
practice, and teach healthy habits.
 Handle & Prepare Food Safely
Food can carry germs. Wash hands, utensils, and surfaces often when preparing any
food, especially raw meat. Always wash fruits and vegetables. Cook and keep foods
at proper temperatures. Don't leave food out - refrigerate promptly.
 Wash Hands Often
Keeping your hands clean is one of the best ways to keep from getting sick and
spreading illnesses. Cleaning your hands gets rid of germs you pick up from other
people, from the surfaces you touch and from the animals you come in contact with.
Remember: If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based wipe or hand
gel!
 Clean & Disinfect Commonly Used Surfaces
Germs can live on surfaces. Cleaning with soap and water is usually enough.
However, you should disinfect your bathroom and kitchen regularly. Disinfect other
areas if someone in the house is ill.
 Stay At Home When Sick
By going to work when you are sick, you increase the risk of spreading illness to
those around you. It is generally recommended that people stay at home to stop the
spread of illness.

16.  Cough & Sneeze into Your Sleeve
Influenza (flu) and other serious respiratory illnesses like whooping cough, and
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) are spread by cough, sneezing, or
unclean hands. Use a tissue or your sleeve to cover your mouth and nose when
you cough or sneeze to help stop the spread of germs. Dispose of the tissue after
use as soon as possible and wash your hands afterwards.
 Don't Share Personal Items
Avoid sharing personal items that can't be disinfected, like toothbrushes and
razors, or sharing towels between washes. Needles should never be shared,
should only be used once, and then thrown away properly.
 Get Vaccinated
Vaccines can prevent many infectious diseases. You should get some vaccinations
in childhood, some as an adult, and some for special situations like pregnancy
and travel. Make sure you and your family is up-to-date on your vaccinations.
 Avoid Touching Wild Animals
You and your pets should avoid touching wild animals which can carry germs
that cause infectious diseases. If you are bitten, talk to your doctor. Make sure
that your pet's vaccinations are up-to-date.

17. Life is not merely to be alive, but to be well. Balanced diet,
regular physical activity and lifestyle management play a
key role in the prevention and control of many diseases.
Healthy India campaign by
Unnat Bharat Nirman