The document provides information on various topics related to building construction including: - Staking out a building site and establishing boundaries and reference points. - Formwork, shoring, and different materials used for forms like lumber, plywood, and steel. - Tools used at construction sites ranging from hand tools to power tools and heavy equipment. - Foundations and substructures of buildings like footings, foundation walls, and basements. - Site investigation techniques to evaluate soil conditions.

1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS
MA. CLARE REYES DIMAKILING

2. STAKING-OUT
DRIVING OF STAKES FOR BATTER
BOARDS TO LOCATE CORNERS
AND FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDING.

3. STAKES
WOODEN STICKS USED AS POST
SHARPENED AT ONE END AND
DRIVEN INTO THE GROUND TO
SERVE AS BOUNDARIES OF BATTER
BOARDS.

4. STRINGS
PLASTIC OR GALVANIZED WIRES
STRUNG ACROSS BATTER BOARDS.

5. LEVELING
DONE W/ CARPENTER’S LEVEL / TRASIT.
LEVEL OR LITTLE HIGHER THAN THE
TOP OF FINISHED FLOOR LINE.

6. BATTER BOARDS
WOOD STICKS NAILED
HORIZONTALLY AT THE STAKES
REFERENCE POINT OF THE BUILDING
MEASUREMENTS ARE ESTABLBISHED

7. SPIRIT LEVEL
INSTRUMENT CAPABLE OF VERTICAL
AND HORIZONTAL LINE CHECK.

8. PLUMB BOMB
WEIGHT ATTACHED TO A STRING,
USED FOR VERTICAL LINE CHECK.

9. PLASIC HOSE
FILLED WITH WATER
METHOD OF LEVELING
HORIZONTALLY BATTER BOARDS
WITHOUT TRANSIT.

10. 3-4-5 MULTIPLES
MANUAL METHOD OF SQUARING
THE CORNERS OF BUILDING LINES
IN STAKING.

11. FORMWORK
TO SHAPE AND SUPPORT FRESH
CONCRETE UNTIL CURED AND
ABLE TO SUPPORT ITSELF.

12. SHORING
TEMPORARY SUPPORTS DESIGN TO
CARRY FORMS FOR BEAMS AND
SLABS.

13. LUMBER FORMS
SHOULD ONLY BE PARTIALLY
SEASONED.

14. PLYWOOD FORMS
SMOOTH SURFACE IS REQUIRED,
SHOULD BE WATERPROOF, GRADE A,
AT LEAST ½ “ THICK.

15. STEEL FORMS
MAY BE IN A FORM OF PANS FOR
CONCRETE JOIST CONSTRUCTION OR
STEEL DECKING OR CORRUGATED
STEEL FOR CONCRETE SLABS.

16. PHENOLIC RESIN
GOOD RESISTANCE TO AGING
USED EXTENSIVELY IN
MANUFACTURING OF ADHESIVES,
EXTERIOR AND MARINE PLYWOODS.

17. SIZE OF LUMBER
2-IN. STOCK
COLUMNS, BEAMS, AND GIRDER
BOTTOM.

18. SIZE OF LUMBER
1-IN. STOCK
FLOOR PANELS, BEAMS, GIRDER
SIDES

19. SIZE OF LUMBER
2X4s
STRUTS, POSTS, SHORES, AND
UPRIGHTS

20. SIZE OF LUMBER
1 OR 2IN. STOCK
FOR CLEATS

21. CRUDE OIL AND
PETROLINE
USE TO PREVENT CONCRETE FROM
ADHERING TO THE WOOD
PREVENT FORMS FROM DAMAGE

22. WIRE TIES/ BOLT AND
RODS
USED TO HOLD WALL FORMS
TOGETHER

23. SCAFFOLDS
TEMPORARY PLATFORMS
DESIGNED TO SUPPORT WORKERS
AND MATERIALS ON FACE OF A
STRUCTURE.

24. LEDGER
HORIZONTA
L BRACE
BRACE
 ADJUS-
TABLE &
FIXED TYPE
STANDARD
 VERTICAL
COMPONENT

25. HAND TOOL
TOOLS THAT USE POWER
DELIVERED BY MAN ONLY.

26. POWER TOOLS
EMPLOY POWER SUPPLIED BY
FORCES OTHER THAN COMING
FROM HUMANS.

27. EQUIPMENT
REFERS TO LARGE, COMPLEX TOOLS
AND MACHINES DESIGNED TO DO
A PARTICULAR JOB.

28. HEAVY EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT WHICH IS VERY LARGE
AND VERY POWERFUL

29. PRY BAR
USED TO FORCE OPEN BOARDS
USED IN FORMING CONCRETE.

30. FOLDING RULE
TAPE MEASURE ARE THE MOST
COMMON TOOLS FOR MEASURING
BOARDS, PIPES, WIRE, ETC.

31. DIGITAL RULE
TO MEASURE RELATIVELY LONG
DISTANCES SUCH AS THOSE IN
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION.

32. FRAMING SQUARE
LAYING OUT TOOL, USED TO
MEASURE 90-DEGREE ANGLES AT
THE CORNERS OF FRAMEWORKS.

33. LEVEL
LONG STRAIGHT THAT CONTAINS ONE
OR MORE VIALS OF LIQUID AND USED
TO DETERMINE IF THE HORIZONTAL OR
VERTICAL IS EXACT.

34. CHALKLINE
CHALKBOX IS USED FOR MARKING
LINES.

35. CLAW HAMMER
ORDINARY HAMMER USED TO
DRIVE OR REMOVE NAILS.

36. SLEDGEHAMMER
HEAVY HAMMER USED TO DRIVE
STAKES INTO THE GROUND.

37. STANDARD SCREWDRIVER
FLAT TIP AND IS DESIGNED TO FIT A
STANDARD SLOTTED SCREW.

38. PHILLIP SCREWDRIVER
X-SHAPED TIP AND IS USED TO
TURN PHILIPS-HEAD SCREW ONLY.

39. SPIRAL RATCHET
SCREWDRIVER
THAT WHICH RELIES ON A PUSHING
FORCE RATHER THAN A TWISTING
FORCE.

40. RIPSAW
HAS CHISEL-LIKE TEETH DESIGNED

41. CROSSCUT SAW
USED TO CUT ACROSS THE GRAIN
OF WOOD.

42. BACKSAW
SPECIAL TYPE OF HANDSAW THAT
HAS A VERY THIN BLADE AND
MAKES VERY STRAIGHT CUTS SUCH
AS THOSE ON TRIMS AND
MOULDING.

43. HACKSAW
USED TO CUT METALS.

44. WOOD CHISEL
USED TO TRIM WOOD AND CLEAR
AWAY EXCESS MATERIAL FROM
WOOD JOIST.

45. COLD CHISEL
USED TO TRIM METALS.

46. NAIL SET
USED TO DRIVE FINISHING NAILS
BELOW SURFACE OF A WOODEN
TRIM OR MOLDING.

47. PIPE WRENCH
USED TO TURN ROUND OBJECTS
LIKE PIPES.

48. BRICK TROWEL
USED TO PLACE AND TRIM MORTAR
BETWEEN BRICKS OR CONCRETE
BLOCKS.

49. BULL FLOAT
USED TO SMOOTHEN OUT THE
SURFACE OF WET CONCRETE.

50. BLIND RIVETER
USED TO FASTEN PIECES OF SHEET
METAL TOGETHER.

51. POWER DRILL
USED TO DRILL HOLES IN WOOD,
METAL AND CONCRETE.

52. POWER SCREWDRIVER/
SCREWGUN
USED TO INSTALL AND REMOVE
SCREWS.

53. RADIAL ARM SAW
USED FOR CROSSCUTTING WOOD
& CONSISTS OF A MOTOR-DRIVEN
SAW BLADE THAT IS HUNG ON A
ARMS OVER A TABLE.

54. TABLE SAW
USED FOR CUTTING LARGE SHEETS OF
WOOD AND WOOD COMPOSITES
AND CONSISTS OF A BLADE MOUNTED
ON AN ELECTRIC MOTOR BENEATH A
TABLE-LIKE SURFACES.

55. PORTABLE CIRCULAR SAW
USED FOR CUTTING MATERIALS
THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO CUT WITH
STATINARY TOOLS.

56. POWER MITER SAW
CIRCULAR SAW MOUNTED OVER A
SMALL TABLE USED TO CUT
VARIOUS AGLES IN WOOD.

57. SABER SAW
USED TO CUT CURVES OR HOLES IN
FLOORS AND ROOFS FOR PIPES AND
HAS SMALL KNIFE-SHAPED BLAED
THAT MOVES UP AND DOWN.

58. PNEUMATICS HAMMER/
JACKHAMMER
USED TO BREAK UP CONCRETE OR
ASPHALT PAVING.

59. ROTARY HAMMER
LIKE ELECTRIC DRILL THAT
OPERATES WITH BOTH
RECIPROCATING ACTION AND IS
USED TO DRILL HOLES IN
CONCRETE.

60. NAILERS/ NAIL GUN
FASTEN MATERIALS TOGETHER BY
SHOOTING NAILS INTO THE
BUILDING MATERIALS.

61. POWDER-ACTUATED
STUD DRIVER
KIND OF NAILER THAT IS POWERED
BY GUNPOWDER AND IS USED TO
DRIVE ONG PINS INTO WOOD

62. STAPLERS
LIKE NAILER BUT ARE LOADED WITH
U-SHAPED STAPLES INSTEAD OF
NAILS.

63. CONVEYOR
EQUIPMENT WHICH MOVES
MATERIALS OTHER THAN FLUIDS.

64. TRANSIT
EQUIPMENT USED BY SURVEYORS
TO MEASURE HORIZONTAL &
VERTICAL ANGLES TO OBTAIN LAND
ELEVATION.

65. SURVEYOR’S LEVEL
WHICH IS USED TO DETERMINED AN
UNINDENTIFIED ELEVATION FROM A
KNOWN ONE.

66. WATER PUMP
USED TO PUMP WATER OUT OF
HOLES IN THE GROUND SO THAT
CONSTRUCTION WORK CAN
COMMERCE.

67. CONCRETE PUMP
USED TO MOVE CONCRETE FROM
THE CONCRETE MIXER TO THE
CONCRETE FORM.

68. CONCRETE MIXER
MIXES CONCRETE INGREDIENTS BY
MEANS OF A ROTATING DRUM.

69. ARC WELDING
MACHINE
USED TO WELD MATERIALS BY
MELTING PORTION OF METAL.

70. HEAVY EQUIPMENT
BULLDOZER
TRACTOR BLADE WHICH MOVES
EARTHAND CLEARS LAND OF
BUSHES AND TREES.

71. CRANES
MACHINES THAT LIFT LARGE AND
HEAVY MATERIALS.

72. CRAWLER CRANE
CRANE MOUNTED ON METAL
TREADS SO THAT IT CAN MOVE
OVER ROUGH TERRAIN.

73. TRUCK CRANE
MOUNTED ON A TRUCK FRAME SO
THAT IT CAN BE DRIVEN IN THE SITE.

74. TOWEL CRANE /
CLIMBING CRANE
USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF TALL
BUILDING BECAUSE IT HAS BUILT-IN
JACK.

75. EXCAVATOR
MACHINE USED FOR DIGGING OR
SCOOPING EARTH FROM A PLACE &
DEPOSITING IT IN ANOTHER.

76. BACKHOE
USED TO GENERAL DIGGING

77. TRENCHER
SPECIAL KIND WHICH DIGS
TRENCHES OR LONG, NARROW
DITCHESFOR PIPELINES OR CABLES.

78. FRONT-END LOADER
LARGE SHOVELING MACHINE THAT
CAN SCOOP OR DEPOSIT LARGE
AMOUNT OF MATERIAL.

79. SUPERSTRUCTURE
PORTION OF BUILDING ABOVE THE
GROUND.

80. SUBSTRUCTURE
HABITABLE PORTION OF THE
BUILDING FOUND BELOW THE
GROUND.

81. FOUNDATION
STRUCTURAL PORTION OF
BUILDING THAT TRANSFER THE
BUILDING LOAD INTO THE SOIL.

82. SLAB ON FILL
SLAB WHICH RESTS ON GROUND
AND NOT SUSPENDED.

83. CRAWL SPACE
BUILDING W/OUT BASEMENT, AN
UNFINISHED ACCESSIBLE SPACE
BELOW THE 1ST FLR WHICH IS
USUALLY LESS THAN FULL STOREY.

84. BASEMENT
LOWER STOREY OF BUILDING,
EITHER PARTLY OR ENTIRELY BELOW
GRADE

85. FOUNDATION BED
NATURAL MATERIAL WHICH
CONSTRUCTION RESTS.

86. FOUNDATION WALLS
FORMS THE PERMANENT RETAINING
WALL OF STRUCTURE BELOW
GRADE.

87. FOUNDATION
PIERS/COLUMNS
COLUMS TO DISTINGUISH FROM
SIMILAR CONSTRUCTION ABOVE
GRADE.

88. GRADE BEAM
SUPPORTS THE EXTERIOR WALL OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE AND BEARS
DIRECTLY ON COLUMN FOOTING.

89. FOOTING COURSES
LOWER PORTION OF WALLS,
SPREAD TO PROVIDE SAFE BASE.

90. ROCK
UNDISTURBED ROCK MASSES
FORMING AN UNDISTURBED PART
OF ORIGINAL ROCK-FORMATION.

91. DECAYED ROCK
SAND, CLAYS, OTHER MATERIALS
RESULTING FROM DISINTEGRATION
OF ROCK MASSES.

92. LOOSE ROCK
ROCK MASSES DETACHED FROM
LEDGE OF WHICH HEY ORIGINALLY
FORMED A PART.

93. GRAVEL
DETACHED ROCK PARTICLES,
GENERALLY WARM-WORN,
ROUNDED

94. BOULDERS
LARGER THAN GRAVEL, RESULT OF
HAVING BEEN TRANSPORTED BY
WATER A CONSIDERABLE DISTANCE.

95. SAND
NON-COHERENT ROCK PARTICLES.

96. CLAY
A PLASTIC MAT’L FROM
DECOMPOSITION & HYDRATION OF
FELDSPATHIC ROCK.

97. HARD-PAN
MIXTURE OF CLAY OR OTHER
CEMENTING MATERIAL W/ SAND,
GRAVEL, & BOULDERS.

98. SILT
FINELY DIVIDED EARTHY MAT’L
DEPOSITED FROM RUNNING WATER.

99. MUD
FINELY DIVIDED EARTHLY MAT’L;
CONTAINING VEGETABLE MATTER.

100. MOULD
EARTHY MAT’L CONTAINING LARGE
PORTION OF HUMUS / VEGETABLE
MATTER.

101. LOAM
EARTHY MAT’L CONTAINING
PORTION OF VEGETABLE MATTER.

102. PEAT
COMPRESSED & PARTIALLY
CARBONIZED VEGETABLE MATTER.

103. FILLED GROUND
ARTIFICIAL AND SOME NATURAL
FILLS TO A MORE OR LESS
UNIFORM.

104. SITE INVESTIGATION
ARCHITECT IS REQUIRED TO GET AS
MUCH VALUABLE DATA ABOUT SITE
EXCAVATION.

105. TEST PITS
OPEN PIT IS THE MOST SUITABLE
METHOD SINCE IT CALLS FOR AN
ACTUAL INSPECTION.

106. TEST BORINGS
EXCAVATIONS THAT ARE CARRIED
NO DEEPER THAN THE PROPOSED
LEVEL.

107. LOADING TESTS
MAT’LS FORMING FOUNDATION
BED ARE MADE TO ASSIST IN
DETERMINING ITS SAFE BEARING
CAPACITY.

108. COURSE-GRAINED SOIL
RELATIVELY LARGE PARTICLES,
VISIBLE TO NAKED EYES.

109. FINE-GRAINED SOIL
CONSIST OF MUCH SMALLER
PARTICLES, SUCH AS SILT AND CLAY.

110. WOOD CHISEL
USED TO TRIM WOOD AND CLEAR
AWAY EXCESS MATERIAL FROM
WOOD JOIST.