The document discusses the different types of gender for nouns in the English language. It defines gender as indicating whether a noun refers to a male or female person or animal. There are four types of gender: masculine for male nouns, feminine for female nouns, common for nouns that can refer to both male and female, and neuter for non-living objects. It provides many examples for each gender type and exercises for the learner to practice identifying and changing noun gender.
The document discusses the different types of gender for nouns in the English language. There are four types of gender: masculine, feminine, common, and neuter. Masculine nouns refer to males, feminine nouns refer to females, common nouns can refer to both males and females, and neuter nouns refer to objects rather than people or animals. The document provides numerous examples for each gender type and exercises for the reader to practice identifying and changing noun gender.
The document defines gender and describes the four types: masculine, feminine, common, and neuter. It provides examples for each gender type for people and animals. It then lists 50 pairs of masculine and feminine nouns. The document contains exercises asking the reader to identify the gender of given nouns and change sentences by altering the gender of underlined nouns. It concludes by listing resources on nouns and gender.
The document defines gender and describes the four types of gender for nouns in the English language: masculine, feminine, common, and neuter. It provides examples for each gender type and lists 50 pairs of masculine and feminine nouns. The document also includes exercises for learners to practice identifying and changing noun gender. The overall purpose is to teach English language learners about noun gender in English.
This document lists common nouns in English and their associated genders. It categorizes the nouns into persons, animals, and non-living things. For persons and animals, it typically lists the feminine noun alongside the masculine counterpart. Non-living things are categorized as neuter, having no gender.
The document discusses ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II and his rule over Egypt. After defeating the powerful Hittite empire in the Battle of Kadesh, Ramesses had no enemies left to fight. To maintain his authority as a warrior king without battles, he emphasized his religious role and declared himself a living god to remain in power. Reliefs at the Temple of Abu Simbel depict this transition and how Ramesses solved the problem of being too successful a military leader by becoming worshipped as divine.
Superheroes are fictional characters with extraordinary powers who protect people and combat crime. Some of the top superheroes include: Superman from Krypton who has blue eyes and black hair and is handsome and strong; Spiderman from NYC who has blond hair and blue eyes and can jump very high and climb walls like a spider; Batman from New York who is strong and agile and can run very fast and attacks with his shield; Wolverine who is strong and brave and can regenerate his organs and skeleton and is a member of the X-Men.
This document is a story told in questions and answers about Harriet Tubman, who escaped slavery and then made multiple missions to rescue slaves through the Underground Railroad. It describes her childhood, escaping from slavery, helping other slaves reach freedom, and her work as a spy for the Union Army during the Civil War.
The document discusses the different types of gender for nouns in the English language. It defines gender as indicating whether a noun refers to a male or female person or animal. There are four types of gender: masculine for male nouns, feminine for female nouns, common for nouns that can refer to both male and female, and neuter for non-living objects. It provides many examples for each gender type and exercises for the learner to practice identifying and changing noun gender.
The document discusses the different types of gender for nouns in the English language. There are four types of gender: masculine, feminine, common, and neuter. Masculine nouns refer to males, feminine nouns refer to females, common nouns can refer to both males and females, and neuter nouns refer to objects rather than people or animals. The document provides numerous examples for each gender type and exercises for the reader to practice identifying and changing noun gender.
The document defines gender and describes the four types: masculine, feminine, common, and neuter. It provides examples for each gender type for people and animals. It then lists 50 pairs of masculine and feminine nouns. The document contains exercises asking the reader to identify the gender of given nouns and change sentences by altering the gender of underlined nouns. It concludes by listing resources on nouns and gender.
The document defines gender and describes the four types of gender for nouns in the English language: masculine, feminine, common, and neuter. It provides examples for each gender type and lists 50 pairs of masculine and feminine nouns. The document also includes exercises for learners to practice identifying and changing noun gender. The overall purpose is to teach English language learners about noun gender in English.
This document lists common nouns in English and their associated genders. It categorizes the nouns into persons, animals, and non-living things. For persons and animals, it typically lists the feminine noun alongside the masculine counterpart. Non-living things are categorized as neuter, having no gender.
The document discusses ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II and his rule over Egypt. After defeating the powerful Hittite empire in the Battle of Kadesh, Ramesses had no enemies left to fight. To maintain his authority as a warrior king without battles, he emphasized his religious role and declared himself a living god to remain in power. Reliefs at the Temple of Abu Simbel depict this transition and how Ramesses solved the problem of being too successful a military leader by becoming worshipped as divine.
Superheroes are fictional characters with extraordinary powers who protect people and combat crime. Some of the top superheroes include: Superman from Krypton who has blue eyes and black hair and is handsome and strong; Spiderman from NYC who has blond hair and blue eyes and can jump very high and climb walls like a spider; Batman from New York who is strong and agile and can run very fast and attacks with his shield; Wolverine who is strong and brave and can regenerate his organs and skeleton and is a member of the X-Men.
This document is a story told in questions and answers about Harriet Tubman, who escaped slavery and then made multiple missions to rescue slaves through the Underground Railroad. It describes her childhood, escaping from slavery, helping other slaves reach freedom, and her work as a spy for the Union Army during the Civil War.
B.sc i ecls_u-2_framing sentences and vocabularyRai University
This document provides information on sentence structure and parts of speech in English. It defines what a sentence is and its key components - subject, verb, predicate. It describes the different types of sentences (declarative, interrogative, imperative etc.), subjects (simple, complete, compound) and predicates (simple, complete, compound). It also discusses parts of speech like nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, conjunctions etc. and provides examples. There are exercises included to identify subjects, verbs, predicates in sentences and to frame questions. The document also covers synonyms, homophones, homonyms and provides lists of words and their synonyms.
This document discusses various aspects of reading comprehension and techniques. It defines reading comprehension as understanding what is read by decoding text, making connections, and deep thinking. Comprehension requires vocabulary and the ability to draw conclusions. The document contrasts active reading, which involves understanding and evaluating relevance, with passive reading. It also discusses the importance of pronunciation, enunciation, and techniques like skimming, scanning, meta guiding, and critical reading.
This document discusses noun numbers (singular and plural) and rules for forming plurals in English. It covers 4 main rules:
1. Nouns ending in ch, sh, x, s, ss add "es" to form the plural.
2. Nouns ending in o add "es" to form the plural.
3. Nouns ending in a consonant + y drop the y and add "ies" to form the plural.
4. Nouns ending in f or fe add "ves" to form the plural.
There are exceptions to each rule. The document also discusses irregular plural forms and words that stay the same in both singular and plural. Exercises
This document provides rules for using articles (a, an, the) in English sentences. It discusses when to use articles with countable nouns, singular vs. plural nouns, proper nouns, uncountable nouns, names of countries, languages, meals, years and days. It includes examples for each rule and practice exercises testing the rules. The key points are that articles are used with countable nouns, to indicate singular vs. plural, and with plural proper nouns. They are not used with uncountable nouns, names of countries/languages/meals or before years.
This document defines nouns and discusses their different types:
1) It defines a noun as a name of a person, place, animal or thing. There are five kinds of nouns: proper, common, collective, material, and abstract.
2) Proper nouns begin with capital letters and refer to unique individuals, places or events. Common nouns represent members of a class. Collective nouns are singular but refer to groups. Material nouns refer to substances things are made of. Abstract nouns refer to concepts that have no physical existence.
3) Examples of each noun type are provided and exercises are included to identify nouns and whether they should be capitalized.
B.sc agri i paam unit 4 agricultural meteorologyRai University
Agricultural meteorology is the study of meteorology and climatology in relation to agriculture. It involves characterizing agricultural climates, planning crops for stable production, managing crops based on weather forecasts, monitoring crop health and growth, modeling crop-climate relationships, and researching how climate impacts crops. Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions while climate describes average weather patterns over many years. Important meteorological instruments used in agriculture include anemometers to measure wind speed, thermometers for temperature, psychrometers for humidity, barometers for pressure, hygrometers for relative humidity, rain gauges, and wind vanes. Weather forecasts of various timescales help farmers plan operations and protect crops and livestock.
B.sc agri i paam unit 5 indian rainfall and atmosphereRai University
The document summarizes key aspects of the hydrological cycle and atmospheric layers. It describes how water evaporates from oceans and transpired by plants, forms clouds that precipitate back to land and oceans. The main atmospheric layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere - are outlined based on temperature and composition. The hydrological cycle involves constant circulation of water between oceans, atmosphere and land through evaporation, transpiration, condensation and precipitation.
This document discusses dry land and farming systems approach (FSA) in India. It begins by noting that about 50% of India's cropped area is rain-fed agriculture due to limited irrigation. Productivity is low on these dry lands due to poor management. It then defines dry land farming as areas receiving less than 750mm of rainfall annually without irrigation. Dry land crops must complete their lifecycle without water. The document contrasts dry land and rain-fed farming and lists characteristics of dry land areas. It describes FSA as a multi-disciplinary approach that views farms holistically to improve production, income, and farmer welfare through sustainable systems. The objectives and methodologies of FSA are outlined, including analyzing existing systems and new options
Rai University provides high quality education for MSc, Law, Mechanical Engineering, BBA, MSc, Computer Science, Microbiology, Hospital Management, Health Management and IT Engineering.
The document discusses various types of retailers including specialty stores, department stores, supermarkets, convenience stores, and discount stores. It then covers marketing decisions for retailers related to target markets, product assortment, store services, pricing, promotion, and store location. The document also discusses wholesaling, including the functions of wholesalers, types of wholesalers, and marketing decisions faced by wholesalers.
This document discusses marketing channels and channel management. It defines marketing channels as sets of interdependent organizations that make a product available for use. Channels perform important functions like information gathering, stimulating purchases, negotiating prices, ordering, financing inventory, storage, and payment. Channel design considers customer expectations, objectives, constraints, alternatives that are evaluated. Channel management includes selecting, training, motivating, and evaluating channel members. Channels are dynamic and can involve vertical, horizontal, and multi-channel systems. Conflicts between channels must be managed to balance cooperation and competition.
The document discusses integrated marketing communication and its various elements. It defines integrated marketing communication as combining different communication modes like advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling, and direct marketing to provide a complete communication portfolio to audiences. It also discusses the communication process and how each element of the marketing mix communicates to customers. The document provides details on the key components of an integrated marketing communication mix and how it can be used to build brand equity.
Pricing is a key element in determining the profitability and success of a business. The price must be set correctly - if too high, demand may decrease and the product may be priced out of the market, but if too low, revenue may not cover costs. Pricing strategies should consider the product lifecycle stage, costs, competitors, and demand factors. Common pricing methods include penetration pricing for new products, market skimming for premium products, value pricing based on perceived worth, and cost-plus pricing which adds a markup to costs. Price affects demand through price elasticity, with elastic demand more sensitive to price changes.
The document discusses various aspects of branding such as definitions of a brand, brand positioning, brand name selection, brand sponsorship, brand development strategies like line extensions and brand extensions, challenges in branding, importance of packaging, labeling, and universal product codes. It provides examples of well-known brands and analyzes their branding strategies. The key points covered are creating emotional value for customers, building relationships and loyalty, using brands to project aspirational lifestyles and values to command premium prices.
This document outlines the key stages in the new product development (NPD) process. It begins with generating ideas for new products, which can come from internal or external sources. Ideas are then screened using criteria like market size and development costs. Successful concepts are developed and test marketed to customers. If testing goes well, the product proceeds to commercialization with a full market launch. The NPD process helps companies focus their resources on projects most likely to be rewarding and brings new products to market more quickly. It describes common challenges in NPD like defining specifications and managing resources and timelines, and how to overcome them through planning and cross-functional involvement.
A product is an item offered for sale that can be physical or virtual. It has a life cycle and may need to be adapted over time to remain relevant. A product needs to serve a purpose, function well, and be effectively communicated to users. It also requires a name to help it stand out.
A product hierarchy has multiple levels from core needs down to specific items. These include the need, product family, class, line, type, and item or stock keeping unit.
Products go through a life cycle with stages of development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Marketing strategies must adapt to each stage such as heavy promotion and price changes in introduction and maturity.
This document discusses barriers between marketing researchers and managerial decision makers. It identifies three types of barriers: behavioral, process, and organizational. Specific behavioral barriers discussed include confirmatory bias, the difficulty balancing creativity and data, and the newcomer syndrome. Process barriers include unsuccessful problem definition and research rigidity. Organizational barriers include misuse of information asymmetries. The document also discusses ethical issues in marketing research such as deceptive practices, invasion of privacy, and breaches of confidentiality.
The document discusses best practices for organizing, writing, and presenting a marketing research report. It provides guidance on structuring the report with appropriate headings, formatting the introduction and conclusion/recommendation sections, effectively utilizing visuals like tables and graphs, and tips for an ethical and impactful oral presentation of the findings. The goal is to clearly communicate the research results and insights to the client to inform their decision-making.
This document discusses marketing research and its key steps and methods. Marketing research involves collecting, analyzing and communicating information to make informed marketing decisions. There are 5 key steps in marketing research: 1) define the problem, 2) collect data, 3) analyze and interpret data, 4) reach a conclusion, 5) implement the research. Common data collection methods include interviews, surveys, observations, and experiments. The data is then analyzed using statistical techniques like frequency, percentages, and means to interpret the findings and their implications for marketing decisions.
Bdft ii, tmt, unit-iii, dyeing & types of dyeing,Rai University
Dyeing is a method of imparting color to textiles by applying dyes. There are two major types of dyes - natural dyes extracted from plants/animals/minerals and synthetic dyes made in a laboratory. Dyes can be applied at different stages of textile production from fibers to yarns to fabrics to finished garments. Common dyeing methods include stock dyeing, yarn dyeing, piece dyeing, and garment dyeing. Proper dye and method selection are needed for good colorfastness.
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.4 publicrevenue-presentation-130208082149-phpapp02Rai University
The government requires public revenue to fund its political, social, and economic activities. There are three main sources of public revenue: tax revenue, non-tax revenue, and capital receipts. Tax revenue is collected through direct taxes like income tax, which are paid directly to the government, and indirect taxes like sales tax, where the burden can be shifted to other parties. Non-tax revenue sources include profits from public enterprises, railways, postal services, and the Reserve Bank of India. While taxes provide wide coverage and influence production, they can also reduce incentives to work and increase inequality.
Public expenditure has increasingly grown over time to fulfill three main roles: protecting society, protecting individuals, and funding public works. The growth can be attributed to several causes like increased income, welfare state ideology, effects of war, increased resources and ability to finance expenditures, inflation, and effects of democracy, socialism, and development. There are also canons that govern public spending like benefits, economy, and approval by authorities. The effects of public expenditure include impacts on consumption, production through efficiency, incentives and allocation, and distribution of resources.
B.sc i ecls_u-2_framing sentences and vocabularyRai University
This document provides information on sentence structure and parts of speech in English. It defines what a sentence is and its key components - subject, verb, predicate. It describes the different types of sentences (declarative, interrogative, imperative etc.), subjects (simple, complete, compound) and predicates (simple, complete, compound). It also discusses parts of speech like nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, conjunctions etc. and provides examples. There are exercises included to identify subjects, verbs, predicates in sentences and to frame questions. The document also covers synonyms, homophones, homonyms and provides lists of words and their synonyms.
This document discusses various aspects of reading comprehension and techniques. It defines reading comprehension as understanding what is read by decoding text, making connections, and deep thinking. Comprehension requires vocabulary and the ability to draw conclusions. The document contrasts active reading, which involves understanding and evaluating relevance, with passive reading. It also discusses the importance of pronunciation, enunciation, and techniques like skimming, scanning, meta guiding, and critical reading.
This document discusses noun numbers (singular and plural) and rules for forming plurals in English. It covers 4 main rules:
1. Nouns ending in ch, sh, x, s, ss add "es" to form the plural.
2. Nouns ending in o add "es" to form the plural.
3. Nouns ending in a consonant + y drop the y and add "ies" to form the plural.
4. Nouns ending in f or fe add "ves" to form the plural.
There are exceptions to each rule. The document also discusses irregular plural forms and words that stay the same in both singular and plural. Exercises
This document provides rules for using articles (a, an, the) in English sentences. It discusses when to use articles with countable nouns, singular vs. plural nouns, proper nouns, uncountable nouns, names of countries, languages, meals, years and days. It includes examples for each rule and practice exercises testing the rules. The key points are that articles are used with countable nouns, to indicate singular vs. plural, and with plural proper nouns. They are not used with uncountable nouns, names of countries/languages/meals or before years.
This document defines nouns and discusses their different types:
1) It defines a noun as a name of a person, place, animal or thing. There are five kinds of nouns: proper, common, collective, material, and abstract.
2) Proper nouns begin with capital letters and refer to unique individuals, places or events. Common nouns represent members of a class. Collective nouns are singular but refer to groups. Material nouns refer to substances things are made of. Abstract nouns refer to concepts that have no physical existence.
3) Examples of each noun type are provided and exercises are included to identify nouns and whether they should be capitalized.
B.sc agri i paam unit 4 agricultural meteorologyRai University
Agricultural meteorology is the study of meteorology and climatology in relation to agriculture. It involves characterizing agricultural climates, planning crops for stable production, managing crops based on weather forecasts, monitoring crop health and growth, modeling crop-climate relationships, and researching how climate impacts crops. Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions while climate describes average weather patterns over many years. Important meteorological instruments used in agriculture include anemometers to measure wind speed, thermometers for temperature, psychrometers for humidity, barometers for pressure, hygrometers for relative humidity, rain gauges, and wind vanes. Weather forecasts of various timescales help farmers plan operations and protect crops and livestock.
B.sc agri i paam unit 5 indian rainfall and atmosphereRai University
The document summarizes key aspects of the hydrological cycle and atmospheric layers. It describes how water evaporates from oceans and transpired by plants, forms clouds that precipitate back to land and oceans. The main atmospheric layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere - are outlined based on temperature and composition. The hydrological cycle involves constant circulation of water between oceans, atmosphere and land through evaporation, transpiration, condensation and precipitation.
This document discusses dry land and farming systems approach (FSA) in India. It begins by noting that about 50% of India's cropped area is rain-fed agriculture due to limited irrigation. Productivity is low on these dry lands due to poor management. It then defines dry land farming as areas receiving less than 750mm of rainfall annually without irrigation. Dry land crops must complete their lifecycle without water. The document contrasts dry land and rain-fed farming and lists characteristics of dry land areas. It describes FSA as a multi-disciplinary approach that views farms holistically to improve production, income, and farmer welfare through sustainable systems. The objectives and methodologies of FSA are outlined, including analyzing existing systems and new options
Rai University provides high quality education for MSc, Law, Mechanical Engineering, BBA, MSc, Computer Science, Microbiology, Hospital Management, Health Management and IT Engineering.
The document discusses various types of retailers including specialty stores, department stores, supermarkets, convenience stores, and discount stores. It then covers marketing decisions for retailers related to target markets, product assortment, store services, pricing, promotion, and store location. The document also discusses wholesaling, including the functions of wholesalers, types of wholesalers, and marketing decisions faced by wholesalers.
This document discusses marketing channels and channel management. It defines marketing channels as sets of interdependent organizations that make a product available for use. Channels perform important functions like information gathering, stimulating purchases, negotiating prices, ordering, financing inventory, storage, and payment. Channel design considers customer expectations, objectives, constraints, alternatives that are evaluated. Channel management includes selecting, training, motivating, and evaluating channel members. Channels are dynamic and can involve vertical, horizontal, and multi-channel systems. Conflicts between channels must be managed to balance cooperation and competition.
The document discusses integrated marketing communication and its various elements. It defines integrated marketing communication as combining different communication modes like advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling, and direct marketing to provide a complete communication portfolio to audiences. It also discusses the communication process and how each element of the marketing mix communicates to customers. The document provides details on the key components of an integrated marketing communication mix and how it can be used to build brand equity.
Pricing is a key element in determining the profitability and success of a business. The price must be set correctly - if too high, demand may decrease and the product may be priced out of the market, but if too low, revenue may not cover costs. Pricing strategies should consider the product lifecycle stage, costs, competitors, and demand factors. Common pricing methods include penetration pricing for new products, market skimming for premium products, value pricing based on perceived worth, and cost-plus pricing which adds a markup to costs. Price affects demand through price elasticity, with elastic demand more sensitive to price changes.
The document discusses various aspects of branding such as definitions of a brand, brand positioning, brand name selection, brand sponsorship, brand development strategies like line extensions and brand extensions, challenges in branding, importance of packaging, labeling, and universal product codes. It provides examples of well-known brands and analyzes their branding strategies. The key points covered are creating emotional value for customers, building relationships and loyalty, using brands to project aspirational lifestyles and values to command premium prices.
This document outlines the key stages in the new product development (NPD) process. It begins with generating ideas for new products, which can come from internal or external sources. Ideas are then screened using criteria like market size and development costs. Successful concepts are developed and test marketed to customers. If testing goes well, the product proceeds to commercialization with a full market launch. The NPD process helps companies focus their resources on projects most likely to be rewarding and brings new products to market more quickly. It describes common challenges in NPD like defining specifications and managing resources and timelines, and how to overcome them through planning and cross-functional involvement.
A product is an item offered for sale that can be physical or virtual. It has a life cycle and may need to be adapted over time to remain relevant. A product needs to serve a purpose, function well, and be effectively communicated to users. It also requires a name to help it stand out.
A product hierarchy has multiple levels from core needs down to specific items. These include the need, product family, class, line, type, and item or stock keeping unit.
Products go through a life cycle with stages of development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Marketing strategies must adapt to each stage such as heavy promotion and price changes in introduction and maturity.
This document discusses barriers between marketing researchers and managerial decision makers. It identifies three types of barriers: behavioral, process, and organizational. Specific behavioral barriers discussed include confirmatory bias, the difficulty balancing creativity and data, and the newcomer syndrome. Process barriers include unsuccessful problem definition and research rigidity. Organizational barriers include misuse of information asymmetries. The document also discusses ethical issues in marketing research such as deceptive practices, invasion of privacy, and breaches of confidentiality.
The document discusses best practices for organizing, writing, and presenting a marketing research report. It provides guidance on structuring the report with appropriate headings, formatting the introduction and conclusion/recommendation sections, effectively utilizing visuals like tables and graphs, and tips for an ethical and impactful oral presentation of the findings. The goal is to clearly communicate the research results and insights to the client to inform their decision-making.
This document discusses marketing research and its key steps and methods. Marketing research involves collecting, analyzing and communicating information to make informed marketing decisions. There are 5 key steps in marketing research: 1) define the problem, 2) collect data, 3) analyze and interpret data, 4) reach a conclusion, 5) implement the research. Common data collection methods include interviews, surveys, observations, and experiments. The data is then analyzed using statistical techniques like frequency, percentages, and means to interpret the findings and their implications for marketing decisions.
Bdft ii, tmt, unit-iii, dyeing & types of dyeing,Rai University
Dyeing is a method of imparting color to textiles by applying dyes. There are two major types of dyes - natural dyes extracted from plants/animals/minerals and synthetic dyes made in a laboratory. Dyes can be applied at different stages of textile production from fibers to yarns to fabrics to finished garments. Common dyeing methods include stock dyeing, yarn dyeing, piece dyeing, and garment dyeing. Proper dye and method selection are needed for good colorfastness.
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.4 publicrevenue-presentation-130208082149-phpapp02Rai University
The government requires public revenue to fund its political, social, and economic activities. There are three main sources of public revenue: tax revenue, non-tax revenue, and capital receipts. Tax revenue is collected through direct taxes like income tax, which are paid directly to the government, and indirect taxes like sales tax, where the burden can be shifted to other parties. Non-tax revenue sources include profits from public enterprises, railways, postal services, and the Reserve Bank of India. While taxes provide wide coverage and influence production, they can also reduce incentives to work and increase inequality.
Public expenditure has increasingly grown over time to fulfill three main roles: protecting society, protecting individuals, and funding public works. The growth can be attributed to several causes like increased income, welfare state ideology, effects of war, increased resources and ability to finance expenditures, inflation, and effects of democracy, socialism, and development. There are also canons that govern public spending like benefits, economy, and approval by authorities. The effects of public expenditure include impacts on consumption, production through efficiency, incentives and allocation, and distribution of resources.
Public finance involves the taxing and spending activities of government. It focuses on the microeconomic functions of government and examines taxes and spending. Government ideology can view the community or individual as most important. In the US, the federal government has more spending flexibility than states. Government spending has increased significantly as a percentage of GDP from 1929 to 2001. Major items of federal spending have shifted from defense to entitlements like Social Security and Medicare. Revenues mainly come from individual income taxes, payroll taxes, and corporate taxes at the federal level and property, sales, and income taxes at the state and local levels.
This document provides an overview of public finance. It defines public finance as the study of how governments raise money through taxes and spending, and how these activities affect the economy. It discusses why public finance is needed to provide public goods and services, redistribute wealth, and correct issues like pollution. The key aspects of public finance covered are government spending, revenue sources like income taxes, and how fiscal policy around spending and taxation can influence economic performance.
The document discusses the classical theory of inflation and how it relates to money supply. It states that inflation is defined as a rise in the overall price level in an economy. The quantity theory of money explains that inflation is primarily caused by increases in the money supply as controlled by the central bank. When the money supply grows faster than the amount of goods and services, it leads to too much money chasing too few goods and a rise in prices, or inflation. The document also notes that hyperinflation, which is a very high rate of inflation, can occur when governments print too much money to fund spending.
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.2 introduction to macro economicsRai University
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of national economies and the policies that governments use to affect economic performance. It discusses key issues macroeconomists address such as economic growth, business cycles, unemployment, inflation, international trade, and macroeconomic policies. It also outlines different macroeconomic theories including classical, Keynesian, and unified approaches.
Market structure identifies how a market is composed in terms of the number of firms, nature of products, degree of monopoly power, and barriers to entry. Markets range from perfect competition to pure monopoly based on imperfections. The level of competition affects consumer benefits and firm behavior. While models simplify reality, they provide benchmarks to analyze real world situations, where regulation may influence firm actions.
This document discusses the concept of perfect competition in economics. It defines perfect competition as a market with many small firms, identical products, free entry and exit of firms, and complete information. The document outlines the key features of perfect competition including: a large number of buyers and sellers, homogeneous products, no barriers to entry or exit, and profit maximization by firms. It also discusses the short run and long run equilibrium of a perfectly competitive firm, including cases where firms experience super normal profits, normal profits, or losses.
2. Define: Gender
• Gender indicates whether a person or an
animal is male or female. - Definition
• The word ‘gender’ is originated from Latin
“genus” which means kind or sort.
3. Kinds of Gender:
• In English language Genders are of four kinds:
1) Masculine Gender – A noun which denotes a
male person or an animal is known as Masculine
Gender. Example: boy, brother, father, husband,
uncle, wizard, king, son, etc.
2) Feminine Gender – A noun which denotes a
female person or an animal is known as
Feminine Gender. Example: girl, sister, mother,
wife, aunt, witch, queen, daughter, etc.
4. 3) Common Gender – A noun which denotes both male
and female person or animal is known as Common
Gender. Example: parents, driver, teacher, student,
servant, thief, person, enemy, friend, etc.
4) Neuter Gender – A noun which denotes neither male
nor female person or an animal is known as Neuter
Gender. Neuter Gender is used for non-living or
inanimate objects. Example: pen, knife, eraser, table,
chair, pencil, lamp, radio, album, photograph, car,
etc.
5. MASCULINE GENDER FEMININE GENDER
1) Father Mother
2) Uncle Aunt
3) Gentleman Lady
4) Hero Heroine
5) Prince Princess
6) Author Authoress
7) Host Hostess
8) Great Uncle Great Aunt
9) Czar Czarina
10) Peacock Peahen
6. MASCULINE GENDER FEMININE GENDER
11) Poet Poetess
12) Shepherd Shepherdess
13) Steward Stewardess
14) Wizard Witch
15) Lord Lady
16) Gander Goose
17) Son Daughter
18) Nephew Niece
19) Monk Nun
20) Bachelor Spinster
9. MASCULINE GENDER FEMININE GENDER
41) Sales man Sales woman
42) Sales boy Sales girl
43) Washer man Washer woman
44) Bridegroom Bride
45) Policeman Policewoman
46) Widower Widow
47) Cock Hen
48) Boar (male pig) Sow
49) Buck (male rabbit/deer) Doe
50) Fiancé Fiancée
10. EXERCISE A
Give the correct form of Gender:
MASCULINE FEMININE
1) Brother -
2) Bachelor -
3) Cow
4) Poet -
5) Lion -
6) Prince -
7) Manservant -
11. EXERCISE B
Change the gender of the underlined noun and re-write the
sentence:
1) The conductor of bus is absent.
The conductress of the bus is absent.
2) There is a fox under the tree.
There is a vixen under the tree.
3) Have you met the policeman?
Have you met the policewoman?