The document discusses food phosphates, including what they are, why our bodies need them, where they are found naturally in foods, why the food industry uses them, how much is used and where, where they come from, whether we get enough in our diets, how the body controls phosphate levels, and questions around safety and health effects of phosphates in modern diets. It provides details on the roles and functions of phosphates in foods, the human body, and various food processing applications.
Students learned about the six essential nutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. They completed tasks to review this information, including answering questions about food and energy, creating a mind map about healthy eating, and debating whether Thai or Western food is better. Different strategies were used including group work, reading comprehension activities, and comparing foods from different families to analyze nutritional information. The lesson aimed to help students understand and communicate about the key nutrients required for health.
This document provides an overview of food science and the five basic tastes detected by the human tongue: salty, sweet, bitter, sour, and umami. It discusses the four basic food types - carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol - and how each provides calories. Key aspects of food science covered include the digestive system, flavors, MSG, and molecular gastronomy.
This document provides information about nutrition. It defines nutrition as the science of how nutrients interact with other substances in food and their relationship to an organism's health. It also defines terms like catabolism, anabolism, and absorption. It discusses the main types of nutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. For each, it provides sources and daily intake requirements. It also describes deficiencies that can result from not getting enough of certain nutrients.
This document discusses carbohydrates as a nutrient for fish. It begins by defining nutrients and describing the six major nutrient types, including carbohydrates. It then discusses carbohydrate digestion in fish and the factors that affect carbohydrate digestibility. While carbohydrates provide a cheap source of energy for fish feeds, their utilization depends on the fish species. The document concludes by listing the carbohydrate content of various fish feeds and restating that carbohydrates serve as an energy source for fish growth.
The document discusses various topics related to nutrition including definitions of nutrition, types of nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals), and daily intake requirements. It defines nutrition as the interaction between food, nutrients, and an organism. It also defines various micronutrients and macronutrients and lists some of their main food sources and deficiencies.
The human digestive tract begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. It contains the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Accessory organs include the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion involves ingestion, mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste. Enzymes and acids in saliva, stomach, pancreas and intestines break down food into smaller molecules for absorption. Nutrients then enter the bloodstream and cells while waste is excreted.
This document discusses functional components found in salmon and krill. It describes collagen, omega-3 fatty acids, protein hydrolysates, and chitin that can be extracted from these seafood using supercritical fluid extraction. The extracted components have various health benefits and can be incorporated into foods like red wine and milk through emulsification. Strict regulations regarding food labeling and claims must be followed when adding these functional ingredients to products.
The document provides instructions for using SMS services to check business volume (BV), personal volume (PV), and bonus updates from a direct selling company. It lists the exact SMS formats and mobile number to send SMS requests for BV/PV, bonus, password, help, monthly offers, and monthly repurchase offer closing details. It also provides a toll-free number for bonus cheque/voucher queries, bank transfer information, and product/delivery complaints. Finally, it recommends logging into myvestige.in for additional network and product information.
Students learned about the six essential nutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. They completed tasks to review this information, including answering questions about food and energy, creating a mind map about healthy eating, and debating whether Thai or Western food is better. Different strategies were used including group work, reading comprehension activities, and comparing foods from different families to analyze nutritional information. The lesson aimed to help students understand and communicate about the key nutrients required for health.
This document provides an overview of food science and the five basic tastes detected by the human tongue: salty, sweet, bitter, sour, and umami. It discusses the four basic food types - carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol - and how each provides calories. Key aspects of food science covered include the digestive system, flavors, MSG, and molecular gastronomy.
This document provides information about nutrition. It defines nutrition as the science of how nutrients interact with other substances in food and their relationship to an organism's health. It also defines terms like catabolism, anabolism, and absorption. It discusses the main types of nutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. For each, it provides sources and daily intake requirements. It also describes deficiencies that can result from not getting enough of certain nutrients.
This document discusses carbohydrates as a nutrient for fish. It begins by defining nutrients and describing the six major nutrient types, including carbohydrates. It then discusses carbohydrate digestion in fish and the factors that affect carbohydrate digestibility. While carbohydrates provide a cheap source of energy for fish feeds, their utilization depends on the fish species. The document concludes by listing the carbohydrate content of various fish feeds and restating that carbohydrates serve as an energy source for fish growth.
The document discusses various topics related to nutrition including definitions of nutrition, types of nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals), and daily intake requirements. It defines nutrition as the interaction between food, nutrients, and an organism. It also defines various micronutrients and macronutrients and lists some of their main food sources and deficiencies.
The human digestive tract begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. It contains the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Accessory organs include the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion involves ingestion, mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste. Enzymes and acids in saliva, stomach, pancreas and intestines break down food into smaller molecules for absorption. Nutrients then enter the bloodstream and cells while waste is excreted.
This document discusses functional components found in salmon and krill. It describes collagen, omega-3 fatty acids, protein hydrolysates, and chitin that can be extracted from these seafood using supercritical fluid extraction. The extracted components have various health benefits and can be incorporated into foods like red wine and milk through emulsification. Strict regulations regarding food labeling and claims must be followed when adding these functional ingredients to products.
The document provides instructions for using SMS services to check business volume (BV), personal volume (PV), and bonus updates from a direct selling company. It lists the exact SMS formats and mobile number to send SMS requests for BV/PV, bonus, password, help, monthly offers, and monthly repurchase offer closing details. It also provides a toll-free number for bonus cheque/voucher queries, bank transfer information, and product/delivery complaints. Finally, it recommends logging into myvestige.in for additional network and product information.
Phytase is an enzyme that helps monogastric animals like poultry and swine break down and absorb phosphorus from grains. It reduces the need for supplemental phosphorus in animal feed. Phytase increases phosphorus availability from phytate, the main form of phosphorus in plants. This allows less phosphorus to be supplemented to feed and excreted in manure. Phytase efficacy depends on factors like diet phytate level, source (fungal or bacterial), and processing conditions like temperature.
An Introduction to Phytase Enzyme in Poultry Feed- ABTL EnzymeABTLEnzymes1
ABTL Enzyme offers Phytase Enzyme in Poultry Feed. Phytate is a polyanionic molecule with the potential to chelate positively charged nutrients in poultry.
Phytate (myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5,6) hexakis -phosphate), a naturally compound formed during maturation of plant seeds and grains is a common constituent of plantderived foods. This paper is aimed to review the scientific information concerning the potential health benefits and
adverse effects associated with phytate in foods. The adverse health effects of phytate in the diet is its effect on mineral uptake. Minerals of concern in this regard would include Zn2+, Fe2+/3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Cu2+. Especially zinc and iron deficiencies were reported as a consequence of high phytate intakes. In addition, a the adverse effect on the nutritional value of protein by dietary phytate is discussed. Consumption of phytate, however, seems not to have only adverse health effects but also potential benefits on human health. Dietary phytate was reported to prevent kidney stone formation, protect against diabetes mellitus, caries, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease as well as against a variety of cancers.
B.Sc Agri Fertilizer - Types, Application, Mode of ActionPrakash B
The document discusses fertilizers, which are substances added to soil to promote plant growth by providing essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. There are two main types: inorganic fertilizers that are chemically synthesized and provide readily available nutrients, and organic fertilizers derived from natural sources that release nutrients slowly and improve soil health. Fertilizers play a crucial role in agriculture by replenishing depleted soil nutrients and increasing crop yields, but excessive use can cause environmental problems so application rates must be responsible.
Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by German chemist Hennig Brand from urine. It is generally colorless, odorless, and non-volatile. Phosphorus plays a major role in DNA, RNA, cellular energy transport via ATP, and as a structural component of cell membranes. It is found naturally in foods like milk, meat, eggs, and nuts. Phosphorus is absorbed through the small intestine with the help of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Both deficiency and excess of phosphorus can lead to health issues.
High untreated phytic acid in the diet, may lead to mineral deficiencies, sp...banafsheh61
Abstract—Wheat bread, rice and unfermented soy, are the main part of the many industrialized country’s people diet. Due to improper preparation and fermentation, Phytic-acid, The compound which bounds with calcium, magnesium and zinc and reduce the absorption of these important minerals, is one important cause of mineral deficiencies in men and women. Improper sourdough fermentation and not enough time to fermentation process, will not reduce the amounts of phytic-acid in bread and legumes. The certain mineral deficiency during pregnancy is one of the main health issues that is important to be considered by physicians. Magnesium, iron, zinc and calcium are three of the main mineral for the healthy mother and child which could be depleted by consuming high-phytate diets.
Calcium is a mineral found in many foods that is essential for building strong bones and teeth and maintaining blood pressure and heart function. The recommended daily calcium intake varies from 700-1300mg depending on age and gender. Not getting enough calcium can weaken bones over time by withdrawing calcium from the bones to maintain blood levels.
The document discusses phosphorus, an essential mineral found in every cell of the human body. It is primarily stored in bones and teeth, where it makes up about 80% of total phosphorus. Another 10% is found in muscles, blood, and tissues. Phosphorus is necessary for bone and teeth formation, high-energy compounds like ATP, phospholipids, nucleic acids, and protein/enzyme activation. Too much phosphorus can be toxic, especially white phosphorus which causes chemical burns, while red phosphorus is safer. Blood and tissues contain phosphorus, with levels regulated by parathyroid hormone and renal excretion. Certain diseases impact phosphorus levels in the blood and bones.
Fertilizers and crop-nutrition programs help produce the food required for a growing world population. In addition, these industrial products and solutions contribute to reduced emissions, improved air quality and support safe and efficient operations.
This document provides an overview of topics related to human nutrition and dietetics. It discusses:
1. The fundamentals of nutrition, macro/micronutrients, metabolism of macronutrients, energy homeostasis, management of public health issues like obesity and PEM, micronutrient classification/role, non-nutritive food components, antioxidants, dietary supplements, factors influencing eating.
2. Food sources including plant, animal and marine sources. The physiological functions of food including providing energy, building the body, regulating activities, and improving resistance to disease.
3. The constituents of food including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. Classification and types of carbo
1) The phosphorus cycle begins with phosphorus being released from rocks through weathering processes like rain and wind.
2) Phosphorus enters the soil and is absorbed by plants through their roots, and then moves up the food chain as herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores.
3) Decomposers like mushrooms and bacteria feed on dead organisms and waste, releasing phosphorus back into the soil to be reabsorbed by plants, completing the cycle.
4) However, human use of phosphorus fertilizers is disrupting the natural cycle by adding excess phosphorus to soils, which is then washed into waterways by rain and causes harmful algal blooms by
The PFOS Solution
Through our research, we found that our PristineRevival under-counter water systems already remove PFOS from drinking water! From the beginning, we wanted to give you the best drinking water that is properly mineralized, without all the contaminants or harmful acids.
Animal feed accounts for 60-70% of livestock and poultry production costs. Supplementing feed with enzymes can help producers save costs by enabling animals to produce more meat faster and cheaper. There are several types of enzymes that play important roles in animal feed digestion. Proteases break down proteins, carbohydrases improve carbohydrate digestibility, and phytases allow animals to access phosphorus stored in plant feeds. Using enzymes can boost feed efficiency, lower feed costs, and reduce environmental impacts.
The document provides information on maintaining a healthy low phosphorus diet for those with kidney disease. It recommends checking nutrition labels for phosphorus content, reading ingredient lists to identify phosphate additives, and offers alternatives to common high-phosphorus foods and drinks. Tips are also provided on properly taking phosphate binder medications, including setting reminders, not skipping doses, and asking for help if the treatment plan is not working. High phosphorus levels are explained as potentially leading to bone disease, heart disease, and other complications over time.
This document summarizes the biogeochemical phosphorus cycle in soil and the role of soil microorganisms. It discusses how (1) soil microbes produce phosphatases that mineralize organic phosphorus into soluble inorganic phosphates, and (2) microbes like fungi and bacteria produce organic acids that solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphates, making phosphorus available to plants. It also describes how bacteria are able to utilize phosphonates, organophosphates, and inorganic phosphates, and the enzymes involved in releasing phosphate from these sources for bacterial uptake and use.
Food Phosphates & Non Phosphates Aditya Birla Chemicalsdivdel
Functional Ingredients (Food Phosphates & Non Phosphates) from Aditya Birla Chemicals (Thailand) for Seafood, Meat, Cheese and Bakery Processing requirements.
Isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from soil Likhith KLIKHITHK1
A number of bacterial species provide beneficial effects to a plant and these are mostly present in rhizosphere and hence called rhizobacteria. This group of bacteria has been termed plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Phosphorus is an essential element for plant development and growth making up about 0.2 % of plant dry weight. Plants acquire P from soil solution as phosphate anions. However, phosphate anions are extremely reactive and may be immobilized through precipitation with cations such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 3+ and Al 3+. In these forms, P is highly insoluble and unavailable to plants. Different bacterial species has ability to solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphate compounds, such as tricalcium phosphate, di calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and rock phosphate to soluble form, Hence theses bacteria's are referred to as phosphate solubilizing bacteria.
Phytase is an enzyme that helps monogastric animals like poultry and swine break down and absorb phosphorus from grains. It reduces the need for supplemental phosphorus in animal feed. Phytase increases phosphorus availability from phytate, the main form of phosphorus in plants. This allows less phosphorus to be supplemented to feed and excreted in manure. Phytase efficacy depends on factors like diet phytate level, source (fungal or bacterial), and processing conditions like temperature.
An Introduction to Phytase Enzyme in Poultry Feed- ABTL EnzymeABTLEnzymes1
ABTL Enzyme offers Phytase Enzyme in Poultry Feed. Phytate is a polyanionic molecule with the potential to chelate positively charged nutrients in poultry.
Phytate (myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5,6) hexakis -phosphate), a naturally compound formed during maturation of plant seeds and grains is a common constituent of plantderived foods. This paper is aimed to review the scientific information concerning the potential health benefits and
adverse effects associated with phytate in foods. The adverse health effects of phytate in the diet is its effect on mineral uptake. Minerals of concern in this regard would include Zn2+, Fe2+/3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Cu2+. Especially zinc and iron deficiencies were reported as a consequence of high phytate intakes. In addition, a the adverse effect on the nutritional value of protein by dietary phytate is discussed. Consumption of phytate, however, seems not to have only adverse health effects but also potential benefits on human health. Dietary phytate was reported to prevent kidney stone formation, protect against diabetes mellitus, caries, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease as well as against a variety of cancers.
B.Sc Agri Fertilizer - Types, Application, Mode of ActionPrakash B
The document discusses fertilizers, which are substances added to soil to promote plant growth by providing essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. There are two main types: inorganic fertilizers that are chemically synthesized and provide readily available nutrients, and organic fertilizers derived from natural sources that release nutrients slowly and improve soil health. Fertilizers play a crucial role in agriculture by replenishing depleted soil nutrients and increasing crop yields, but excessive use can cause environmental problems so application rates must be responsible.
Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by German chemist Hennig Brand from urine. It is generally colorless, odorless, and non-volatile. Phosphorus plays a major role in DNA, RNA, cellular energy transport via ATP, and as a structural component of cell membranes. It is found naturally in foods like milk, meat, eggs, and nuts. Phosphorus is absorbed through the small intestine with the help of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Both deficiency and excess of phosphorus can lead to health issues.
High untreated phytic acid in the diet, may lead to mineral deficiencies, sp...banafsheh61
Abstract—Wheat bread, rice and unfermented soy, are the main part of the many industrialized country’s people diet. Due to improper preparation and fermentation, Phytic-acid, The compound which bounds with calcium, magnesium and zinc and reduce the absorption of these important minerals, is one important cause of mineral deficiencies in men and women. Improper sourdough fermentation and not enough time to fermentation process, will not reduce the amounts of phytic-acid in bread and legumes. The certain mineral deficiency during pregnancy is one of the main health issues that is important to be considered by physicians. Magnesium, iron, zinc and calcium are three of the main mineral for the healthy mother and child which could be depleted by consuming high-phytate diets.
Calcium is a mineral found in many foods that is essential for building strong bones and teeth and maintaining blood pressure and heart function. The recommended daily calcium intake varies from 700-1300mg depending on age and gender. Not getting enough calcium can weaken bones over time by withdrawing calcium from the bones to maintain blood levels.
The document discusses phosphorus, an essential mineral found in every cell of the human body. It is primarily stored in bones and teeth, where it makes up about 80% of total phosphorus. Another 10% is found in muscles, blood, and tissues. Phosphorus is necessary for bone and teeth formation, high-energy compounds like ATP, phospholipids, nucleic acids, and protein/enzyme activation. Too much phosphorus can be toxic, especially white phosphorus which causes chemical burns, while red phosphorus is safer. Blood and tissues contain phosphorus, with levels regulated by parathyroid hormone and renal excretion. Certain diseases impact phosphorus levels in the blood and bones.
Fertilizers and crop-nutrition programs help produce the food required for a growing world population. In addition, these industrial products and solutions contribute to reduced emissions, improved air quality and support safe and efficient operations.
This document provides an overview of topics related to human nutrition and dietetics. It discusses:
1. The fundamentals of nutrition, macro/micronutrients, metabolism of macronutrients, energy homeostasis, management of public health issues like obesity and PEM, micronutrient classification/role, non-nutritive food components, antioxidants, dietary supplements, factors influencing eating.
2. Food sources including plant, animal and marine sources. The physiological functions of food including providing energy, building the body, regulating activities, and improving resistance to disease.
3. The constituents of food including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. Classification and types of carbo
1) The phosphorus cycle begins with phosphorus being released from rocks through weathering processes like rain and wind.
2) Phosphorus enters the soil and is absorbed by plants through their roots, and then moves up the food chain as herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores.
3) Decomposers like mushrooms and bacteria feed on dead organisms and waste, releasing phosphorus back into the soil to be reabsorbed by plants, completing the cycle.
4) However, human use of phosphorus fertilizers is disrupting the natural cycle by adding excess phosphorus to soils, which is then washed into waterways by rain and causes harmful algal blooms by
The PFOS Solution
Through our research, we found that our PristineRevival under-counter water systems already remove PFOS from drinking water! From the beginning, we wanted to give you the best drinking water that is properly mineralized, without all the contaminants or harmful acids.
Animal feed accounts for 60-70% of livestock and poultry production costs. Supplementing feed with enzymes can help producers save costs by enabling animals to produce more meat faster and cheaper. There are several types of enzymes that play important roles in animal feed digestion. Proteases break down proteins, carbohydrases improve carbohydrate digestibility, and phytases allow animals to access phosphorus stored in plant feeds. Using enzymes can boost feed efficiency, lower feed costs, and reduce environmental impacts.
The document provides information on maintaining a healthy low phosphorus diet for those with kidney disease. It recommends checking nutrition labels for phosphorus content, reading ingredient lists to identify phosphate additives, and offers alternatives to common high-phosphorus foods and drinks. Tips are also provided on properly taking phosphate binder medications, including setting reminders, not skipping doses, and asking for help if the treatment plan is not working. High phosphorus levels are explained as potentially leading to bone disease, heart disease, and other complications over time.
This document summarizes the biogeochemical phosphorus cycle in soil and the role of soil microorganisms. It discusses how (1) soil microbes produce phosphatases that mineralize organic phosphorus into soluble inorganic phosphates, and (2) microbes like fungi and bacteria produce organic acids that solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphates, making phosphorus available to plants. It also describes how bacteria are able to utilize phosphonates, organophosphates, and inorganic phosphates, and the enzymes involved in releasing phosphate from these sources for bacterial uptake and use.
Food Phosphates & Non Phosphates Aditya Birla Chemicalsdivdel
Functional Ingredients (Food Phosphates & Non Phosphates) from Aditya Birla Chemicals (Thailand) for Seafood, Meat, Cheese and Bakery Processing requirements.
Isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from soil Likhith KLIKHITHK1
A number of bacterial species provide beneficial effects to a plant and these are mostly present in rhizosphere and hence called rhizobacteria. This group of bacteria has been termed plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Phosphorus is an essential element for plant development and growth making up about 0.2 % of plant dry weight. Plants acquire P from soil solution as phosphate anions. However, phosphate anions are extremely reactive and may be immobilized through precipitation with cations such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 3+ and Al 3+. In these forms, P is highly insoluble and unavailable to plants. Different bacterial species has ability to solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphate compounds, such as tricalcium phosphate, di calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and rock phosphate to soluble form, Hence theses bacteria's are referred to as phosphate solubilizing bacteria.
4. Food phosphates: questions and answers 2 > 3
Introduction:
What are food
phosphates?
Phosphates are inorganic compounds, based
on the element phosphorus (P), combined
with oxygen to form phosphates (PO4), the
form in which phosphorus is present in
nature. Phosphorus is found widely in
nature, in rocks, soil, and water, and
in all living organisms, mostly
in the form of phosphates.
Phosphates are essential
for plant growth, crops,
and human health.
<< back to contents
5. However, phosphates are generally
present in nature at low levels,
because the only primary source is
the slow erosion of rocks.
Phosphorus is often thus “ limit-
ing ” for plant growth. For this rea-
son, human civilisations in the past
had to make considerable efforts to
ensure that phosphate supply to
agriculture was maintained, by col-
lecting and returning animal and
human wastes to land. Today, man
ensures phosphorus supply to crops
by extracting phosphates from nat-
ural rock, to produce phosphate
fertilisers.
Food phosphates are also made
from phosphate rock, after inten-
sive purification. Heat combination
with different mineral salts (sodi-
um, potassium, calcium, magne-
sium or iron) produces a wide
range of specific compounds for dif-
ferent purposes. Nearly all phos-
phates extracted from rock are used
in fertilisers, detergents or agricul-
tural animal feed supplements, and
only around 1% is used by the food
phosphate industry.
Modern diets usually contain large-
ly adequate levels of phosphate for
human health, so food phosphates
are not generally used as a dietary
additive. They are used for a range
of purposes including maintaining
natural colours and flavours, acidity
buffering, leavening, stabilisation
of texture, shelf-life quality, and as
a support for calcium, magnesium
and iron mineral enrichments.
In the body, they are broken down to
simple phosphate ions (PO4), the
basic building block of the many dif-
ferent biological molecules which
include phosphorus. Excess phos-
phate is excreted by the kidneys
when dietary intake exceeds the
body’s needs.
Food phosphates have been used
safely for over 100 years. The
European Union’s Scientific Panel
on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and
Allergies assessed food phosphates
in 2005 i
, within its ongoing studies
of vitamins and minerals. The
Committee concluded that there is
no evidence of adverse effects.
<< back to contents
6. Food phosphates: questions and answers 4 > 5
Why do our bodies need
phosphates?
Phosphorus is the 6th most abundant element in our bodies ii
, present most-
ly as phosphates. Phosphates and their compounds are essential for the
health of all living organisms: man, animals and plants. They are at the cen-
tre of all life, as key components of DNA (genes), cell structures, cellular
energy cycles, bones and teeth, and in the capture of the sun’s energy by
plants (photosynthesis).
Because our bodies constantly excrete phosphates, through the kidneys, it is
essential to have a regular adequate intake in our diets.
<< back to contents
7. Phosphates in the human body:
our bones and teeth (dentin and enamel) are built of calcium phosphate based structures
(hydroxyapatite): this accounts for 85% of the phosphorus in our bodies
phosphorus is also essential for the production of collagen, the fibre which makes up
ligaments and tendons, as well as contributing to bone structure, cartilage, skin and the eye
the structure of each of our cells is based on phospholipid membranes
the transfer of energy within cells, on which depend all body functions, from thought
through to muscle function and motion, is based on adenosine tri- / di- phosphate
metabolism (ADP, ATP)
our genetic material DNA is based on a deoxyribose – phosphate chain
phosphorus is a key component of many proteins
important for acid-base regulation in our bodies (pH balance)
needed to produce myelin, the covering of nerve and brain cells which allows impulses
to transmit signals (1/3 of the brain’s dry weight is phosphorus fatty acids)
phospholipids in the blood stop fats depositing on artery walls, and so prevent heart disease
necessary to enable the body to use certain vitamins (A, D, E, K)
phosphates are necessary for many other biological processes within our bodies
Phosphorus content:
Human body
Bones 12%
Teeth 8%
Brain 0.3%
Overall 1 - 1.2%
Plants
Plant tissues 0.05 - 1%
<< back to contents
8. Food phosphates: questions and answers 6 > 7
Which foods contain
phosphates?
Because phosphates are
essential for life, and are
present in so many different
biological functions, they are
naturally present in nearly
all foods.
% phosphorus (P) by weight
Grain products 0.1 - 0.3%
Fish and meat 0.2%
Milk and dairy products 0.1 - 0.9%
Fruit 0.015%
Broccoli 0.07%
Phosphorus per serving
Milk, low fat, 200 ml glass 200 mg
Bread whole grain, 1 slice (25g) 65 mg
Bread, white, 1 slice (25g) 24 mg
Oat bran, 1 cup, 100g 730 mg
1 egg 104 mg
Lentils, 1 cup, 200g 356 mg
Fish, 1 fillet, 150g 400 - 450 mg
Beef, portion, 150g 260 - 320 mg
Peach, 100g 20 mg
Banana, 120g 26 mg
Cola drink, 200 ml 24 - 40 mg
Orange juice, 200 ml 33 mg
Drinking water (maximum authorised
concentration in Europe), 200 ml 0.44 mg
Average dietary intake mg/person/day
Total average dietary intake 1000 - 1500 mg
Contribution from added food phosphates 320 mg
<< back to contents
9. Although added food phosphate compounds
are used for a variety of specific purposes to
improve different foods (including meats,
cheese and dairy products, cakes and bis-
cuits, soft drinks, ...), the contribution of
added food phosphates to total phosphorus
intake is low. In the USA, dietary intake of
phosphorus from added food phosphates is
estimated at 320 mg/person/day iii
, that is 20-
30% of dietary intake of phosphorus from
natural foods.
Food phosphates are added to foods at very
low levels. Maximum authorised added lev-
els can vary from 0.07% up to 4% food phos-
phates, depending on application. In prac-
tice, levels used are around 0,35% in meat,
2,5% in processed cheese, 0,4% in cakes for
leavening, or 0,05% in cola drinks for acidity
and flavour.
Total phosphorus level in diet thus depends
more on the type of food being eaten than on
the presence of added phosphates. High pro-
tein diets (meat, fish, eggs, cheese ...) will
be high in phosphorus because of their nat-
ural phosphorus content.
<< back to contents
10. Food phosphates: questions and answers 8 > 9
Why does the food
industry need
phosphates?
Food phosphates are used in many different
areasofthefoodindustrytoimprovefoodprod-
ucts. A range of phosphate compounds is avail-
able with differing characteristics and func-
tions (level of acidity, number of phosphate
groups, combined with different minerals ...).
Phosphates are authorised as food additives
worldwide, because detailed studies, con-
firmed by decades of widespread use, have
shown them to be safe (USA iv
, Europe v
).
The flexibility and wide range of phosphates
allow the food industry to find and develop the
functions it needs, adapted to a given food
type and quality, in order to improve quality or
offer new products to consumers.
For the consumer, food phosphates mean a
more reliable quality of food products (stabil-
ity of natural flavours and textures) when a
product cannot be consumed immediately.
Without them, many farm products would not
last long enough to reach the consumer.
<< back to contents
11. Furthermore food phosphates offer specific functions without which many processed and
consumer-ready foods and preparations would not exist. Food phosphates also bring the
assurance of a completely safe food additive, based on natural phosphates and minerals
which are anyway widely found in foods.
Buffering
capacity
Sequestering
effect
Polyanionic
functions
Shelf life
improvement of
natural products
Leavening
agents
Texture quality
Ripening of
cheese
Anti-caking
Mineral
enrichment
Stability and
quality of
medicines
Quality and
safety
Ensure a stable acidity (pH) of foods and drinks, thus
preserving natural flavour and colour
Prevent natural mineral ions in foods from causing
discoloration or deteriorated flavour (rancidity)
during storage or processing
Prevent crystals forming in seafoods
Maintain ingredients in suspension or prevent
coagulation • Retain natural juices, particularly in
meat and seafood products
Improve the biological stability of foodstuffs, by
inhibiting reproduction of certain bacteria, during
storage before consumption
Used with sodium bicarbonate to make cakes and
pastries “ rise ”, and stay light, during cooking,
balancing the alkalinity of the bicarbonate
Enable smooth mixing of fats, proteins and moisture
in processed cheese, evaporated milk, and other dairy
products
By improving availability of calcium, facilitate the
development of beneficial bacteria in cheese
Improve the free-flowing properties of powdered or
dried foods
Provide fortification of diet or baby foods with
calcium, magnesium, iron and phosphorus
Phosphates physical and chemical properties make
them effective excipients for a variety of drugs and
medicines in tablet, powder and solution forms
Food phosphates are often added to drinking water
supply to prevent lead or other toxic metals being
dissolved from pipes and contaminating tap water
Advantages of food phosphates
Maintain
flavour and
food quality
Baking
Dairy
products
Prevent
sticking
Health
supplements
Pharma-
ceuticals
Drinking
water
<< back to contents
12. Food phosphates: questions and answers 10 > 11
How much food
phosphates
Approximately 100,000 tons/ year of food phosphates are used in Europe (EU-25), that is
approximately 25,000 tons of phosphorus (P) / year. This can be compared with a total
phosphorus through-flow, just for The Netherlands, of around 600,000 tons P / year vi
.
85 - 90% of total phosphate use in Europe goes to fertilisers and agricultural animal feed
supplements. Food phosphates represent approximately 1% and phosphate use in drinking
water treatment around 0.1%.
is used and where ?
The properties of food phosphates vary considerably, depending on the mineral present,
and for products based on the same mineral, e.g.:
- monocalcium phosphate serves as a leavening agent in baking to make biscuits tender
- dicalcium phosphate is used as a polishing agent in toothpaste
- tricalcium phosphate is the conditioning agent in table salt that keeps it flowing freely.
Where food phosphates are used
Bakery products Cakes, biscuits, pastries...
Meat and poultry products Fresh and cooked hams, chicken and other poultry, burgers,
sausages...
Seafood products Frozen fish, shellfish, shrimps
Processed cheese Spreadable and ready-sliced cheeses
Dairy products Evaporated milk, creams
Potato products French fries
Soups and sauces Ready-to-serve and gourmet sauces and preparations
Starch-based products Ingredients for soups and sauces
Powdered foodstuffs Dried soups, dried milk, instant pasta dishes...
Beverages, soda
and juice products Cola drinks, wines, beers, soft drinks
Dietery supplements Mineral diet fortifiers
Pharmaceuticals Tablets, powders, solutions
Drinking water Safety of tap water distribution networks
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13. Where do food
phosphates
come from ?
Food phosphates are manufactured from
natural phosphate rock, after intensive
purification. Natural phosphate rock
deposits are found in a number of countries
across the world, including Morocco, South
Africa, Israel, Finland, Kazakhstan and the
USA. The rock used to extract phosphates
for industry is generally of “ sedimentary ”
origin. That phosphorus comes from mil-
lions of years of deposits of sea organisms
onto ocean beds, which have then been
crushed into rock and raised onto land by
geological events.
Phosphates are extracted from the natural rock
either by dissolving it in acid, or by a thermal
furnace process. The first route produces
“ green ” phosphoric acid which is then
intensely purified before use to manufacture
food phosphates. The second route produces
elemental phosphorus, which after oxidation is
reactedwithwatertogivepurephosphoricacid.
Manufacturers of food phosphates in the European Union:
BK Giulini Chemie & Co (Germany) www.bk-giulini.com
Chemische Fabrik Budenheim (Germany) www.budenheim-cfb.com
Prayon (Belgium) www.prayon.com
Thermphos International B.V. (The Netherlands) www.thermphos.com
The different specific phosphate com-
pounds available to the food industry are
then produced using a combination of heat
processes (to condense poly-phosphates)
and a variety of different purified food min-
erals (sodium, potassium, calcium, magne-
sium, iron...), followed by drying, granula-
tion and conditioning to enable efficient
application to foods (homogenous powders,
solutions...).
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14. Food phosphates: questions and answers 12 > 13
Do we get enough
in our diets ?
phosphates
Recommended daily intake of phosphorus (mgP/day)vii
Infants and children (0 - 10 years) 120 increasing to 800 mgP/day
10 - 19 years 1,250 mgP/day
Adults 700 mgP/day
Pregnant and breast feeding women 800 - 900 mgP/day
Because phosphorus is essential for our
health, nature has made us relatively effi-
cient in taking it into our bodies. Some 55 -
70% of phosphates in our food is effectively
absorbed by our digestive system.
The minimum daily dietary intake of phos-
phorus, necessary to ensure good health, is
700 - 800 mg phosphorus (P) / day for
adults. The balance between dietary levels
of phosphates and of calcium and other
minerals is also important, as high levels of
one may affect digestive uptake of the other,
but with normal diets this is not an issue.
Phosphorus is widely present in many foods,
so that the average intake in European coun-
tries, at 1000 - 1500 mg/person/day, is in fact
considerably higher than these minimum
requirements.
The main source of phosphates in our diet is
protein, in particular in meats and dairy
products. Whole grain cereal products and
breads contain more phosphorus than white
flour, but much of it is in a form used for
storage in the plant (phytin), which is poor-
ly available to the human digestive system.
In some particular cases, however, dietary
phosphorus supplements may be necessary.
A minority of older women may have phos-
phorus intakes below or near dietary
requirements, and if they are receiving cal-
cium supplements to treat osteoporosis
(bone wasting) this will reduce digestive
phosphate uptake, and phosphate dietary
supplements may also be necessaryviii
.
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15. How do our bodies control
phosphate
levels ?
Phosphorus (as phosphates) is constantly
being absorbed by our bodies from foods, and
used in the production of bone structure,
proteins, cell membranes, DNA and other
biological molecules. At the same time,
phosphates are being released back into blood
by the renewal of bone structure and the
breakdown or metabolism of these molecules.
The concentration of soluble phosphates in
our body fluids is critically important for
health: to supply the many bodily functions
and molecules which need it ; because of
interactions with calcium metabolism ; and
because phosphate plays a central role in
adjusting the body’s acidity – alkalinity
balance (pH buffering). The body fluid
phosphate concentration varies in daily
cycles, and is regulated by hormones, in
particular PTH (parathyroid hormone), and
1,25-dihydorxyvitamin D.
These hormones act by transmitting instruc-
tions to the kidneys. 80-90% of phosphate
passing out through the kidneys is usually
re-absorbed taken back into the blood in the
renal tubules. Phosphate which is excess to
the body’s needs is not re-absorbed, and so is
evacuated to urine.
Scientific evidence, and the experience of
populations with different diets, show that
healthy individuals can tolerate phosphate
intakes significantly higher than in modern
diets (EFSAi
), with the excess being evacuat-
ed by the kidneys without adverse effects,
but individuals suffering from kidney prob-
lems may need to limit phosphorus intake
and to control calcium – phosphorus ratios
in their diet.
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16. Food phosphates: questions and answers 14 > 15
Are high levels of
phosphates
in food dangerous ?
Many studies have been carried out on different food phos-
phate products in order to assess their safety as food addi-
tives. These studies have consistently shown that phosphate
food ingredients are non toxic, and that they are used in the
body in exactly the same way as phosphates naturally pres-
ent in foods. These studies confirm the experience of
decades of use of inorganic phosphates in foods, without any
recorded negative effects: phosphates were first used in
foods around a century ago, with baking powders and J.L.
Kraft’s processed cheese. The only limits to the use of food
phosphates are thus related to general limits of dietary phos-
phorus levels.
At very high levels, phosphates can have health impacts,
including temporary nausea in humans, and in animal experi-
ments with extremely high doses, kidney
dysfunction. These impacts are not rele-
vant at the levels of phosphorus found in
practice in foods, with or without added
food phosphates, and only occur with
artificially high phosphate levels
achieved in test studies by deliberate
phosphate supplements.
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17. The European Union’s official scientific
panel concluded in 2005 (EFSAi
) “ Adverse
effects of excessive phosphorus intake ...
were not observed in studies in humans,
except in patients with end stage renal dis-
ease ” (serious kidney deficiencies).
Upper limits for intake levels for phosphorus
have been suggested, by the United National
Food and Agriculture Organisation and by
the USA and Canada, as levels susceptible to
avoid any risk, at 3000 - 5000 mgP/day. These
limits are considerably higher than dietary
intake.
Germany’s Federal ix
Institute for Risk
Assessment concluded that “ The risk
assessment did not reveal any signs that
supplementation with a maximum of 250 mg
per kg body weight phosphorus as phosphate
per day in addition to their customary diet
would lead to clearly adverse reactions in
otherwise healthy adults.”
Margin of safety for phosphorus intake in foods
Mean daily phosphorus intake (UK, 2003 x
) 1260 mgP/day
Very high dietary intake: 97.5 percentile = highest 2.5%
of the population (UK 2003) 2110 mgP/day
Food phosphates, daily intake (high estimate based on USA figures) 320 mgP/day
Recommended maximum daily intake (adult) 4000 - 5000 mgP/day
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18. Food phosphates: questions and answers 16 > 17
Are levels of phosphates
in modern diets
bad for the health ?
This question does not specifically concern
added food phosphates, which make up only
a minor proportion of total dietary phospho-
rus intake (10 - 30%), but rather the general
increase in high phosphorus content diets.
The increasing consumption of meats and
protein-rich foods, may have led to an
increase in dietary phosphorus intake in
Europe, as for example in Germany from
1440 mgP/ day in 1973/74,
to 1570 mgP/day in
1978/79 and to 1569
mgP/l in 1997/99
(BfRix
).
However, unlike for salt, there is no evidence
that this general increase in diet phospho-
rus levels is related to health risks. This is
because body metabolism naturally ensures
phosphorus balance and rapidly eliminates
excess phosphorus through the kidneys to
urine.
What is certain, is that the general increase
in dietary phosphorus intakes is mainly the
result of increasing rich diets, with an
increasing content of protein rich foods, in
particular meats, and is not particularly
related to added food phosphates. What is
also certain, is that modern diets are - for
many people in Europe - increasingly
unhealthy, and when combined with a lack of
exercise, pose real dangers of significant
health problems and widespread obesity.
The European Scientific Panel on Dietetic
Products, Nutrition and Allergies concluded
in 2005 that “ There is no evidence of
adverse effects associated with the current
intakes of phosphorus (EFSAi
) ”.
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19. How do increased diet
phosphates
levels affect osteoporosis ?
The structure of bones and teeth is based
upon calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite).
Development of bones, but also their main-
tenance throughout life, therefore requires
considerable inputs of both of these ele-
ments. The calcium phosphate structure is
in fact continuously broken down and rebuilt
throughout life. Bone structures also include
the protein collagen, whose production
requires phosphate.
Osteoporosis is a condition affecting princi-
pally the elderly, in particular women after
the menopause. Symptoms are a loss of cal-
cium phosphate from bones, with an overall
loss of bone mass, and bones becoming frag-
ile and easily broken. This can result from a
deficiency in calcium in the diet, but also
from hormonal unbalance, because the
breakdown / rebuilding of bone calcium
phosphate is hormonally controlled.
The ratio of calcium to phosphate can affect
both calcium uptake in the digestive system
and bone structure maintenance. In human
milk, the calcium to phosphate ratio is 1.5 to
1 (by weight) and this is thought to be the
optimal ratio for infants (EU Directives
require a ratio in infant formula of between
1.2 and 2.0 to 1).
In adults, however, a number of studies xi
have confirmed that increased phosphorus
levels in diets did not affect calcium uptake,
calcium excretion from the kidneys or hor-
monal control of bone structure. On the con-
trary, insufficient phosphate intake may in
some cases be contributing to osteoporosis,
and dietary supplements of phosphate
should then be supplied along with the more
usual dietary calcium supplement treatment
(Heaneyxi
).
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20. Food phosphates: questions and answers 18 > 19
Do phosphates
In a number of cases, parents or education-
alists have suggested that moving to low
phosphate diet has helped children suffering
from “ Attention Deficit Disorder ” (ADD),
that is, different forms of hyperactivity, con-
centration or behaviour difficulties. In some
cases, tests with individual children or small
numbers of individuals have been reported
where a return to a normal diet or the inclu-
sion of a phosphate supplement in the diet
caused a temporary return of such problems,
when these had apparently been resolved by
moving to a low phosphate diet.
These reports are not based on rigorous sci-
entific methods, and scientists and official
bodies xii
have expressed doubt as to their
meaning, suggesting that the improvements
might be due to other food components or
diet changes, or to modifications in family or
education environments and attitudes.
Several scientifically controlled medical
studies xiii
, using groups of children identi-
fied as having “ ADD ” type problems,
showed no improvement related to reduced
dietary phosphorus intake. These studies
did however show improvements related to
better child - parent and child - educator
communications.
There is no evidence that sensitivity to high
dietary phosphorus levels is a general issue.
Above all, there can be no doubt that modern
society needs to reverse the move to diets
increasingly rich in meats, fats and
processed food, and to increase instead con-
sumption of vegetables, fruit and fibres, as
well as rediscovering the benefits of
daily exercise.
cause hyperactivity ?
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21. Further information:
What are phosphates ?
http://www.phosphatefacts.com
What is phosphorus ?
http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/phosphorus.html
European Food Safety Authority Opinion, 2005:
http://www.efsa.eu.int/science/nda/nda_opinions/1098_en.html
German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Opinion, 2005:
http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/238/use_of_minerals_in_foods.pdf
Phosphorus contents of different foods
(USDA National Nutrient Database):
www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR17/wtrank/sr17a305.pdf
Whole Foods Market, the world’s leading retailer of
natural and organic foods:
http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/wholebody/ingredients/phosphates.html
European Food Phosphate Producers Association:
http://www.cefic.be/Templates/shwAssocDetails.asp ?
NID=5&HID=22&ID=29
Federation of European Food Additives, Food Enzymes
and Food Culture Industries (ELC):
http://www.elc-eu.org/
European Chemical Industries Council (Cefic),
“ responsible care ” initiative:
http://www.cefic.be/Templates/shwStory.asp ?NID=471&HID=8
Companies manufacturing food phosphates in Europe:
BK Giulini Chemie & Co (Germany) www.bk-giulini.com
Chemische Fabrik Budenheim (Germany) www.budenheim-cfb.com
Prayon (Belgium) www.prayon.com
Thermphos International B.V. (The Netherlands) www.thermphos.com
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22. Footnotes
i EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) «Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products,
Nutrition and Allergies on a request from the Commission related to the tolerable Upper Intake
Level of Phosphorus», adopted 1 July 2005
www.efsa.eu.int/science/nda/nda_opinions/catindex_en.html
ii Hydrogen 63%, oxygen 25% (including body water content), carbon 9.5%, nitrogen 1.4%, calcium
0.33%, phosphorus 0.22%
iii Calvo MS and Park YK (1996), J Nutr 126:1168S-1180S.
iv US Federal (FDA) legislation (sec. 182.1810)
v EU legislation Directive 1995/2
vi «Phosphate recovery from animal manure the possibilities in the Netherlands», Van Ruiten
Adviesbureau/Projectbureau BMA, November 1998
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/departments/mineralogy/research-groups/phosphate-
recovery/VanRuiten.pdf
vii D-A-CH (2000) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ernährung,
Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährungsforschung, Schweizerische Vereinigung für
Ernährung: Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. 1. Auflage, Umschau Braus GmbH,
Verlagsgesellschaft, Frankfurt/Main.
viii «Phosphorus Nutrition and the Treatment of Osteoporosis», R. Heaney, Mayo Clin Proc, January
2004, n°79, pages 91-97
http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/Abstract.asp?AID=650&UID=&Abst=Abstract
ix BfR German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung) «Use of
Minerals in Foods Toxicological and nutritional-physiological aspects», 2005
http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/238/use_of_minerals_in_foods.pdf
x EVM (2003) Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals. Phosphorus. Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins
and Minerals. United Kingdom, May 2003, p. 293-298.
xi Spencer H, Menczel J, Lewini I, Samachson J (1965). Effect of high phosphorus intake on calcium
and phosphorus metabolism in man. J Nutr 86: 125-132. Heaney RP and Rafferty K (2001).
Carbonated beverages and urinary calcium excretion. Am J Clin Nutr 74: 343-347. Grimm M,
Muller A, Hein G, Funfstuck R, Jahreis G (2001). High phosphorus intake only slightly affects
serum minerals, urinary pyridinium crosslinks and renal function in young women. Eur J Clin
Nutr 55: 153-161. Whybro A, Jagger H, Barker M, Eastell R. (1998). Phosphate supplementation in
young men: lack of effect on calcium homeostasis and bone turnover. Europ J Clin Nutr 52: 29-33.
xii German Ministry for Health 1978.
xiii «Influence of food stuffs on the behaviour of children with attention-deficit and hyperactivity
disorder. Studies to verify the efficiency of psychological therapies and phosphate-varied
nutrition», Verlag für Medienpraxis und Kulturarbeit Ludwigshafen, H. Preis, 1999
http://www.uni-landau.de/fb8/fb_inhalte/mitarbeiter/preis/preis.htm
xiv See http://www.homeschoolmath.net/teaching/add-adhd-diet.php
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