Bragfost 2012

Impacts of the urban form on comfort
levels in outdoor spaces and on the
built environment

Prof. Dr. Eduardo L. Krüger
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil
Departamento de Construção Civil
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR
Curitiba. Paraná

ekruger@utfpr.edu.br

BRAZILIAN-GERMAN FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIA
Brasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’

Context
• Indoors (built spaces) - Brazil
– Bioclimatic Zoning of Brazil “Zoneamento Bioclimático Brasileiro”
– Brazilian Building Performance Standards “Normas de
Desempenho de Edificações – Térmica, Acústica, Lumínica“ http://
www.labeee.ufsc.br
– Brazilian Energy Efficiency Rating of Commercial and Residential
Buildings “Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade do Nível de
Eficiência Energética“ http://www.inmetro.gov.br/
• Outdoors
– Municipalities


Outline
• Principles (“Comfort”)

• Sample studies
– Curitiba, Brazil
– Israel (2005-2006)
– UK (2010-2011)

• Conclusions - topics for discussion


“Comfort”
• Urban form and comfort / life quality – effects on
microclimate; daylighting availability at pedestrian level
and in the indoor space; air quality issues; urban noise;
accessibility ...

• Relevant cause & effect factors
– Morphology and wind profiles
– Shape, orientation, thermal mass (storage), water bodies, albedo
and microclimate
– Vegetation, evapotranspiration and microclimate
– Shape, orientation and shadowing/mutual shadowing effects


Relevant factors
Urban form and wind in urban settings

ROSSI (2004 )
Effects of urban form
on air flow

Relevant factors
Urban form and urban microclimate
OKE, 1978

Relevant factors
Thermal impacts of urban morphology


Relevant factors
Urban form and implications on overshadowing

Acoma Pueblo , New Mexico, looking northeast. Terraces, windows
and doors face southward to capture the winter sun. (Drawing by Gary
S. Shigemura in Energy and Form by Ralph L. Knowles.) More contemporary “solutions” for the
problem of buildings casting shadows on others
(detail shadow)


Relevant factors
Urban form and pollutants dispersion


Urban form parameters
Height to Width Factor

H/W = 0.33 H/W = 1

H/W = 0.66 H/W = 2

BRAZILIAN-GERMAN FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY2005
FONTE: SUGA, SYMPOSIA

Urban form parameters
Sky View Factor - SVF

SVF = 23%

SVF = 46%

BRAZILIAN-GERMAN 2009
Fonte: MINELLA, FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIA

Research Methods
 Field measurements and surveys (street user’s thermal
perception)
 Physical modelling
 Simulation studies
 Establishing linkages between urban form and observed
effects


Research carried out in Glasgow, UK
Visiting researcher (CAPES) (2010-2011)
Research carried out in Israel
Post-doc (CAPES) (2005-2006)

Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil
(since 1999)


 Field measurements for heat mapping
 Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians
 Simulation studies (daylighting – solar envelope)
 Simulation studies (pollutants dispersion/microclimate)


 Field measurements for heat mapping (Rossi 2004)


 Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians (Minella
2009; Rossi 2012) CNPq funded 2008-2010
Comfort questionnaire (based on ISO 10551)

Date: …………
Time: …………
Part 1: background and personal information
Gender (circle it): Male
Female
Age: …………
Weight: ………… Height: …………
Time of residency (Glasgow or UK, circle it):
less than 6 months
more than 6 months
Time spent outdoors (minutes): …………

Part 2: current clothing garments (clothing ensembles
as in ISO 9920) refer to Table Annex A

Part 3: How do you feel at this precise moment?
(-3) cold
(-2) cool
(-1) slightly cool
(0) neutral
(+1) slightly warm
(+2) warm
(+3) hot

Part 4: Please state how you would prefer to be now:
(+3) much warmer
(+2) warmer
(+1) a little warmer
(0) neither warmer nor cooler
(-1) a little cooler
(-2) cooler
(-3) much cooler


 Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians (Minella
2009; Rossi 2012) CNPq funded 2008-2010 - RESULTS
Data 25,0
Over 2000 surveys (approx. 1650 valid
20,0
votes)

ΔMRT-T (°C)
Different seasons (Jan-Aug 2009) 15,0

15 urban situations 10,0

SVF ranging 0.2-0.55
5,0
Resulting studies
Applicability of comfort indices: 0,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6
y = 52.992x - 7.088
2 SVF
Comparisons between actual thermal R = 0.57

sensation versus selected comfort indices
(including UTCI)
Diurnal effect of SVF on outdoor comfort,
Ta and Tmrt
Ventilation profiles and air quality
(simulations with ENVI-met, from
calibrated model)


 Simulation studies (daylighting) (Suga 2005)


 Simulation studies (solar envelope) (Tamura 2010)


 Simulation studies (pollutants dispersion) (Rasia 2011)


 Simulation studies (microclimate) (Minella –ongoing)


 Simulation studies (microclimate) (Minella –ongoing)

Procedure adopted for the SOVALP Project in Geneva, Switzerland


Research carried out in Sede Boqer, Israel
Post-doctorate (CAPES) at Ben-Gurion University of
the Negev (2005-2006)

 Physical modelling with OASUS
 Simulation studies of impacts in the built environment


the Negev (2005-2006)

 Physical modelling with OASUS (D. Pearlmutter)

OASUS Open-Air Scaled Urban Surface


the Negev (2005-2006)

 Physical modelling with OASUS (D. Pearlmutter)


the Negev (2005-2006)

 Simulation studies of impacts in the built environment


Visiting researcher (CAPES) at Glasgow Caledonian
University (2011-2012)

 Urban Heat Island – Heat Mapping
 Simulation studies (microclimate)



 Urban Heat Island – Inter-urban temperature differences



 Urban Heat Island – Intra-urban temperature differences



 Urban Heat Island – Results
30

25

20
Temperature in degC

15

10

5

0

-5
00:00

02:00

05:00

07:00

09:00

12:00

14:00

16:00

18:00

19:00

21:00

23:00
01:00

03:00

04:00

06:00

08:00

10:00

11:00

13:00

15:00

17:00

20:00

22:00

Delta T T urban T rural



 Simulation studies (microclimate) 215

205

195

185

Nile Street 175

165
Bath Street 155

145

Buchanan Street 135

125

115

Y (m)
105

95

85

75

65

55

45

35

25

15

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

BRAZILIAN-GERMAN FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIA X (m)

<Left foot>

CONCLUSIONS - TOPICS FOR
DISCUSSION
 Field measurements and surveys (street user’s thermal
perception) as an aid to UHI analyses and as relevant
database for calibrating and verifying existing comfort
indices
 Physical modelling : applicable under certain conditions
 Simulation studies : important tool for checking
daylighting potentials and solar
accessibibility, somewhat limited yet with regard to
urban microclimate modelling
 Establishing linkages between urban form and observed
effects!!!


CONCLUSIONS - TOPICS FOR
DISCUSSION
 How to incorporate findings in master plans and urban
design guidelines?
 Is it feasible for researchers to participate in urban
planning initiatives and how could that be promoted?
 What possible lessons could be learnt from the German
experience in climate responsive urban design?
 Possible collaborations with German researchers...?


Collaborations
 Baruch Givoni (Prof. Emeritus UCLA)
 Man in the Desert team (Israel): Evyatar Erell, David
Pearlmutter, Isaac Meir
 IIfADo (Dortmund/Germany): Peter Bröde, Dusan Fiala
(ErgonSim—Comfort Energy Efficiency)
 Uni Freiburg: Andreas Matzarakis
 GCU/Glasgow/IAUC Secretary: Rohinton Emmanuel
 Lund University (Sweden): Erik Johansson, Sophia
Thorsson


Thanks for listening!

ekruger@utfpr.edu.br

Bragfost 2012

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