Borates are naturally occurring compounds of boron that have insecticidal and fungicidal properties. They have been used for over 100 years to control pests like termites, carpenter ants, and wood decay fungi. Borates work by inhibiting cellular processes, which is lethal over time. They provide a high margin of safety for humans due to low exposure and elimination from the body. Borates are effective against a wide range of wood-destroying organisms because they can penetrate wood and kill insects and fungi through different modes of action.
COURSE Borates and the Facts About Wood (2).pptxPestCEUs
Borates are naturally occurring compounds of boron that are effective insecticides and fungicides. They have been used for over 100 years to control pests in wood. Borates penetrate deep into wood, providing protection for decades, as they are inorganic and do not break down. Their mode of action inhibits cellular processes, making resistance virtually impossible. While lethal to insects and fungi, borates are safe for humans due to much lower exposure levels and more efficient elimination from the body.
COURSE Borates and the Facts About Wood (2).pptxPestCEUs
Borates are naturally occurring compounds of boron that are effective insecticides and fungicides. They have been used for over 100 years to control pests in wood. Borates penetrate deep into wood, providing protection for decades, as they are inorganic and do not break down. Their mode of action inhibits cellular processes, making resistance virtually impossible. While lethal to insects and fungi, borates are safe for humans due to much lower exposure levels and more efficient elimination from the body.
Borates provide effective and long-lasting control of various wood-destroying pests like termites and fungi. Borates penetrate deep into wood, especially when the wood has high moisture content. They control pests through contact or ingestion, without developing resistance. While lethal to insects, borates have a high margin of safety for humans due to smaller exposure levels and more efficient elimination from the body. Proper application of borates to wood surfaces can control common pests like subterranean termites, powderpost beetles, and decay fungi for decades.
Borates provide effective and long-lasting control of various wood-destroying pests like termites and fungi. Borates penetrate deep into wood, especially when the wood has high moisture content. They control pests through contact or ingestion, without posing significant risk to humans. Borates are approved for both preventative and remedial treatment of wood infestations.
Boron, in the form of borates, is a naturally occurring element that is effective against wood destroying pests like termites and fungi. Borates penetrate deep into wood, providing protection even at low moisture levels. For humans, borates have a high margin of safety due to low absorption and rapid excretion from the body. When used to treat wood, borates control pests through contact or ingestion while allowing safe use near people and in the environment.
Boron is a low toxicity mineral that is effective as a wood preservative when applied as a liquid mixture or foam. It is absorbed into wood where it kills insects and prevents decay by interfering with organisms in their digestive systems. Boron treated wood is also flame retardant, helping to limit the spread of house fires. Proper mixing and application are important to ensure boron is absorbed effectively without causing damage to plants. Equipment must be thoroughly cleaned after use to prevent boron from crystallizing in hoses and tanks.
Course Borates What You Need To Know (1).pptxPestCEUs1
Boron is a low toxicity mineral that is effective as a wood preservative when applied as a liquid mixture or foam. It kills insects by interfering with their digestion or metabolism. When used to treat wood during construction, it provides long-lasting protection against termites and other pests for decades. Boron treated wood must be sealed if exposed to constant moisture to prevent the boron from leaching out. Boron also makes wood less flammable when absorbed in sufficient amounts. Proper cleaning of application equipment is important due to boron's tendency to crystallize.
Boron is a low toxicity mineral that is effective as a wood preservative when used as a pesticide. It leaves a long lasting residue on wood that can last decades by interfering with insect metabolism. While generally safe for human consumption, care must be taken when applying boron to plants to avoid toxicity. Boron products are commonly mixed with water and applied as a spray to wood during construction. The boron then diffuses into the wood over time to control pests like termites. Proper mixing and application are important for boron to be effective.
COURSE Borates and the Facts About Wood (2).pptxPestCEUs
Borates are naturally occurring compounds of boron that are effective insecticides and fungicides. They have been used for over 100 years to control pests in wood. Borates penetrate deep into wood, providing protection for decades, as they are inorganic and do not break down. Their mode of action inhibits cellular processes, making resistance virtually impossible. While lethal to insects and fungi, borates are safe for humans due to much lower exposure levels and more efficient elimination from the body.
COURSE Borates and the Facts About Wood (2).pptxPestCEUs
Borates are naturally occurring compounds of boron that are effective insecticides and fungicides. They have been used for over 100 years to control pests in wood. Borates penetrate deep into wood, providing protection for decades, as they are inorganic and do not break down. Their mode of action inhibits cellular processes, making resistance virtually impossible. While lethal to insects and fungi, borates are safe for humans due to much lower exposure levels and more efficient elimination from the body.
Borates provide effective and long-lasting control of various wood-destroying pests like termites and fungi. Borates penetrate deep into wood, especially when the wood has high moisture content. They control pests through contact or ingestion, without developing resistance. While lethal to insects, borates have a high margin of safety for humans due to smaller exposure levels and more efficient elimination from the body. Proper application of borates to wood surfaces can control common pests like subterranean termites, powderpost beetles, and decay fungi for decades.
Borates provide effective and long-lasting control of various wood-destroying pests like termites and fungi. Borates penetrate deep into wood, especially when the wood has high moisture content. They control pests through contact or ingestion, without posing significant risk to humans. Borates are approved for both preventative and remedial treatment of wood infestations.
Boron, in the form of borates, is a naturally occurring element that is effective against wood destroying pests like termites and fungi. Borates penetrate deep into wood, providing protection even at low moisture levels. For humans, borates have a high margin of safety due to low absorption and rapid excretion from the body. When used to treat wood, borates control pests through contact or ingestion while allowing safe use near people and in the environment.
Boron is a low toxicity mineral that is effective as a wood preservative when applied as a liquid mixture or foam. It is absorbed into wood where it kills insects and prevents decay by interfering with organisms in their digestive systems. Boron treated wood is also flame retardant, helping to limit the spread of house fires. Proper mixing and application are important to ensure boron is absorbed effectively without causing damage to plants. Equipment must be thoroughly cleaned after use to prevent boron from crystallizing in hoses and tanks.
Course Borates What You Need To Know (1).pptxPestCEUs1
Boron is a low toxicity mineral that is effective as a wood preservative when applied as a liquid mixture or foam. It kills insects by interfering with their digestion or metabolism. When used to treat wood during construction, it provides long-lasting protection against termites and other pests for decades. Boron treated wood must be sealed if exposed to constant moisture to prevent the boron from leaching out. Boron also makes wood less flammable when absorbed in sufficient amounts. Proper cleaning of application equipment is important due to boron's tendency to crystallize.
Boron is a low toxicity mineral that is effective as a wood preservative when used as a pesticide. It leaves a long lasting residue on wood that can last decades by interfering with insect metabolism. While generally safe for human consumption, care must be taken when applying boron to plants to avoid toxicity. Boron products are commonly mixed with water and applied as a spray to wood during construction. The boron then diffuses into the wood over time to control pests like termites. Proper mixing and application are important for boron to be effective.
The hard fibrous material that forms the main substance of the trunk or branches of a tree or shrub, used for fuel or timber.
Wood is a versatile material with many uses, namely: for building shelter, wood works, canoes, for making paper, for coal production etc
Boron-based products are a low toxicity and long-lasting method for controlling pests like termites and cockroaches. Boron leaves a residue on wood that can last decades or even a century. It is effective as a wood preservative because boron kills the protozoa and bacteria in insect guts. For termite control, boron should be mixed at a 10% concentration and applied to wood through spraying or foam injection. Boron both poisons insects and acts as a repellent to prevent infestations.
White rot fungi degrade all wood components including lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. They can remove up to 100% of wood weight and leave decayed wood looking white. Brown rot fungi primarily degrade carbohydrates while lignin remains, removing up to 65% of wood weight and leaving it brown and crumbly. White rot fungi typically decay hardwoods while brown rot fungi prefer softwoods. The two types of rot fungi have different impacts on wood components and colors during decay.
A presentation on Marine Bio-Deterioration, which covers basic concepts & almost all aspects related to it... It can be use for understanding it in a much elaborative level...
Food and drinking water commonly contain some boron. Boron is used for instance in laundry products. Could boron exposure affect my health? Under what conditions could it be beneficial or harmful to the environment?
Lichens , types of lichens based on growth and habitat, importance of lichens, fungal habits and colonization strategies, Air borne fungi and micotoxins.
Growing demand for food has led to increased use of pesticides and fertilizers, contaminating the environment including water bodies. Widespread pesticide contamination has been reported in aquatic ecosystems. It is important to study pesticide pollution and find safe use and control methods. Pesticides can enter the body through various routes like dermal absorption, ingestion, inhalation and eyes and cause harm. Their presence in water depends on factors like runoff, spray drift, and industrial effluents. Pesticides can accumulate in tissues of aquatic plants and animals and biomagnify in the food chain. Effects of pesticides on fish include morphological changes, behavioral changes, and impacts on reproduction.
This document discusses the many uses and benefits of bamboo. It begins by providing background on bamboo, including that it is a type of grass and plays an important ecological role. The document then discusses how bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants, can reach full height in 4-6 months, and has a unique root system. Several sections then outline where in the world bamboo resources are primarily found, the bamboo slat manufacturing process, interesting health and environmental benefits of bamboo, and common bamboo products.
Effective Prevention Tips for Sudden Oak Death.pdfTree Doctor USA
Discover effective prevention tips and treatment options for Sudden Oak Death with Tree Doctor USA. Learn to identify symptoms, implement prevention measures, and promote tree health.
The document discusses adverse effects of oxygen demanding waste. It defines biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) as the amount of oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms to decompose organic matter in waste. High BOD levels can deplete oxygen in water bodies, harming aquatic life. The document outlines several factors that can contribute to high BOD, such as temperature increases promoting faster microbial growth, and eutrophication from excess nutrients causing algal blooms. Improper waste disposal such as littering and inadequate treatment of sewage and industrial runoff introduces oxygen-depleting organic matter into the environment.
Course Controlling wood boring beetles in homes (1).pptxNanetteLaunius
This document provides information about various types of wood-boring beetles that can infest houses. It describes the appearance, habits, and damage caused by lyctid, anobiid, and bostrichid powderpost beetles, as well as old house borers. Control methods discussed include addressing wood moisture issues, using surface treatments or mechanical removal of infested wood, and targeted insecticide applications. Proper identification of the beetle species is important for determining the appropriate control strategy.
Do-It-Yourself Termite Control: You Can Do It!"
So, you've got termites, and you're thinking about handling the problem yourself. Well, you can!
DIY termite treatment means you take charge. It saves money, gives you a sense of accomplishment, and lets you call the shots.
But, here's the catch: Before you start, you've got to know what you're doing. Learn about termites and the ways to stop them. And, when you're using chemicals, be careful to keep things safe for you and the environment.
Just remember, DIY works best for small termite issues or stopping them from showing up. If you've got a big problem or they've damaged your home, it's time to bring in the experts. They're ready to tackle the tough stuff.
Wood-boring beetles are a major cause of damage to wood structures in homes. There are several types of wood-boring beetles that infest homes, including lyctid powderpost beetles, anobiid powderpost beetles, and bostrichid powderpost beetles. These beetles vary in size, shape, the types of wood they infest, and whether the larvae reinfest the same wood. Control methods depend on the severity and location of the infestation, and may include reducing wood moisture, surface treatments, mechanical removal, heating, or insecticide applications.
Wood-boring beetles are a major cause of damage to wood structures in homes. There are several types of wood-boring beetles that infest homes, including lyctid powderpost beetles, anobiid powderpost beetles, and bostrichid powderpost beetles. These beetles go through life cycles where the larvae bore into and feed on wood, while the adult beetles emerge through small exit holes, often leaving a powdery wood dust. The type of wood, its moisture level, and environmental conditions affect the severity of damage caused by each beetle species. Control methods include managing wood moisture, using surface treatments on wood, and insecticide applications if an active infestation is detected
This Presentation gives a brief overview and studies Bamboo as a construction material in the field of Architecture, It contains a Basic overview to Bamboo, It's prerequisite prepping of Bamboo before using it, Techniques of Construction and it's use in Architecture details.
This was produced as an Assignment Submission for the Subject - Traditonal Method and Technologies for 3rd Semester Architecture
Chapter 22 Ecology Lesson 3 - Water pollution_Conservationj3di79
Sewage and inorganic waste pollute water sources in several ways:
1) Untreated sewage releases bacteria that use up oxygen in water, killing other organisms and potentially spreading disease.
2) Dumping of inorganic wastes like mercury poisoned people through Minamata disease and pollutes waterways.
3) Pesticides and insecticides used in agriculture accumulate up food chains and can poison top predators over time due to bioaccumulation.
Chapter 22 Our Impact on the Ecosystem Lesson 3 water pollution conservationj3di79
Sewage and inorganic waste pollute water sources in several ways:
1) Untreated sewage releases bacteria that use up oxygen in water, killing other organisms and potentially spreading disease.
2) Dumping of inorganic wastes like mercury poisoned people through Minamata disease and pollutes waterways.
3) Pesticides and insecticides used in agriculture accumulate up food chains and can poison top predators over time due to bioaccumulation.
Recent Advances in Biopesticides BY Ghulam Murtazamurtaza8513
Biopestides are being manufactured all across the world but due to limited resources the research in biopesticides is not upto the mark. however advancement has been made in recent decades to protect crops from the attack of different insect pest in order to meet the agricultural productivity.
COURSE Sources and Causes of Conducive Conditions (1).pptxNanetteLaunius
This document discusses sources of moisture that can lead to structural damage if ignored, including excessive watering of plants near structures, leaky plumbing, and poor drainage. It also identifies areas where wood contacts soil as risks for termite and fungus infestation. The inspection process is outlined, including exterior examination of the structure and surrounding soil, interior inspection with a focus on plumbing fixtures and appliances, attic inspection, and crawl space inspection with attention to areas under porches, patios, and plumbing vent locations. Thorough inspection of all accessible areas as well as documentation of any inaccessible areas is emphasized.
This document provides information on integrated pest management (IPM) techniques and strategies. It discusses the basics of IPM, including monitoring pest activity and only applying pesticides when necessary. It promotes more precise applications like crack and crevice treatments over broadcast applications. It also discusses the use of dusts, baits, and vacuuming in IPM plans. The document outlines how to identify and address conditions that contribute to pest infestations. It emphasizes the importance of communication and assigning responsibilities between pest control technicians and customers.
The hard fibrous material that forms the main substance of the trunk or branches of a tree or shrub, used for fuel or timber.
Wood is a versatile material with many uses, namely: for building shelter, wood works, canoes, for making paper, for coal production etc
Boron-based products are a low toxicity and long-lasting method for controlling pests like termites and cockroaches. Boron leaves a residue on wood that can last decades or even a century. It is effective as a wood preservative because boron kills the protozoa and bacteria in insect guts. For termite control, boron should be mixed at a 10% concentration and applied to wood through spraying or foam injection. Boron both poisons insects and acts as a repellent to prevent infestations.
White rot fungi degrade all wood components including lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. They can remove up to 100% of wood weight and leave decayed wood looking white. Brown rot fungi primarily degrade carbohydrates while lignin remains, removing up to 65% of wood weight and leaving it brown and crumbly. White rot fungi typically decay hardwoods while brown rot fungi prefer softwoods. The two types of rot fungi have different impacts on wood components and colors during decay.
A presentation on Marine Bio-Deterioration, which covers basic concepts & almost all aspects related to it... It can be use for understanding it in a much elaborative level...
Food and drinking water commonly contain some boron. Boron is used for instance in laundry products. Could boron exposure affect my health? Under what conditions could it be beneficial or harmful to the environment?
Lichens , types of lichens based on growth and habitat, importance of lichens, fungal habits and colonization strategies, Air borne fungi and micotoxins.
Growing demand for food has led to increased use of pesticides and fertilizers, contaminating the environment including water bodies. Widespread pesticide contamination has been reported in aquatic ecosystems. It is important to study pesticide pollution and find safe use and control methods. Pesticides can enter the body through various routes like dermal absorption, ingestion, inhalation and eyes and cause harm. Their presence in water depends on factors like runoff, spray drift, and industrial effluents. Pesticides can accumulate in tissues of aquatic plants and animals and biomagnify in the food chain. Effects of pesticides on fish include morphological changes, behavioral changes, and impacts on reproduction.
This document discusses the many uses and benefits of bamboo. It begins by providing background on bamboo, including that it is a type of grass and plays an important ecological role. The document then discusses how bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants, can reach full height in 4-6 months, and has a unique root system. Several sections then outline where in the world bamboo resources are primarily found, the bamboo slat manufacturing process, interesting health and environmental benefits of bamboo, and common bamboo products.
Effective Prevention Tips for Sudden Oak Death.pdfTree Doctor USA
Discover effective prevention tips and treatment options for Sudden Oak Death with Tree Doctor USA. Learn to identify symptoms, implement prevention measures, and promote tree health.
The document discusses adverse effects of oxygen demanding waste. It defines biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) as the amount of oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms to decompose organic matter in waste. High BOD levels can deplete oxygen in water bodies, harming aquatic life. The document outlines several factors that can contribute to high BOD, such as temperature increases promoting faster microbial growth, and eutrophication from excess nutrients causing algal blooms. Improper waste disposal such as littering and inadequate treatment of sewage and industrial runoff introduces oxygen-depleting organic matter into the environment.
Course Controlling wood boring beetles in homes (1).pptxNanetteLaunius
This document provides information about various types of wood-boring beetles that can infest houses. It describes the appearance, habits, and damage caused by lyctid, anobiid, and bostrichid powderpost beetles, as well as old house borers. Control methods discussed include addressing wood moisture issues, using surface treatments or mechanical removal of infested wood, and targeted insecticide applications. Proper identification of the beetle species is important for determining the appropriate control strategy.
Do-It-Yourself Termite Control: You Can Do It!"
So, you've got termites, and you're thinking about handling the problem yourself. Well, you can!
DIY termite treatment means you take charge. It saves money, gives you a sense of accomplishment, and lets you call the shots.
But, here's the catch: Before you start, you've got to know what you're doing. Learn about termites and the ways to stop them. And, when you're using chemicals, be careful to keep things safe for you and the environment.
Just remember, DIY works best for small termite issues or stopping them from showing up. If you've got a big problem or they've damaged your home, it's time to bring in the experts. They're ready to tackle the tough stuff.
Wood-boring beetles are a major cause of damage to wood structures in homes. There are several types of wood-boring beetles that infest homes, including lyctid powderpost beetles, anobiid powderpost beetles, and bostrichid powderpost beetles. These beetles vary in size, shape, the types of wood they infest, and whether the larvae reinfest the same wood. Control methods depend on the severity and location of the infestation, and may include reducing wood moisture, surface treatments, mechanical removal, heating, or insecticide applications.
Wood-boring beetles are a major cause of damage to wood structures in homes. There are several types of wood-boring beetles that infest homes, including lyctid powderpost beetles, anobiid powderpost beetles, and bostrichid powderpost beetles. These beetles go through life cycles where the larvae bore into and feed on wood, while the adult beetles emerge through small exit holes, often leaving a powdery wood dust. The type of wood, its moisture level, and environmental conditions affect the severity of damage caused by each beetle species. Control methods include managing wood moisture, using surface treatments on wood, and insecticide applications if an active infestation is detected
This Presentation gives a brief overview and studies Bamboo as a construction material in the field of Architecture, It contains a Basic overview to Bamboo, It's prerequisite prepping of Bamboo before using it, Techniques of Construction and it's use in Architecture details.
This was produced as an Assignment Submission for the Subject - Traditonal Method and Technologies for 3rd Semester Architecture
Chapter 22 Ecology Lesson 3 - Water pollution_Conservationj3di79
Sewage and inorganic waste pollute water sources in several ways:
1) Untreated sewage releases bacteria that use up oxygen in water, killing other organisms and potentially spreading disease.
2) Dumping of inorganic wastes like mercury poisoned people through Minamata disease and pollutes waterways.
3) Pesticides and insecticides used in agriculture accumulate up food chains and can poison top predators over time due to bioaccumulation.
Chapter 22 Our Impact on the Ecosystem Lesson 3 water pollution conservationj3di79
Sewage and inorganic waste pollute water sources in several ways:
1) Untreated sewage releases bacteria that use up oxygen in water, killing other organisms and potentially spreading disease.
2) Dumping of inorganic wastes like mercury poisoned people through Minamata disease and pollutes waterways.
3) Pesticides and insecticides used in agriculture accumulate up food chains and can poison top predators over time due to bioaccumulation.
Recent Advances in Biopesticides BY Ghulam Murtazamurtaza8513
Biopestides are being manufactured all across the world but due to limited resources the research in biopesticides is not upto the mark. however advancement has been made in recent decades to protect crops from the attack of different insect pest in order to meet the agricultural productivity.
COURSE Sources and Causes of Conducive Conditions (1).pptxNanetteLaunius
This document discusses sources of moisture that can lead to structural damage if ignored, including excessive watering of plants near structures, leaky plumbing, and poor drainage. It also identifies areas where wood contacts soil as risks for termite and fungus infestation. The inspection process is outlined, including exterior examination of the structure and surrounding soil, interior inspection with a focus on plumbing fixtures and appliances, attic inspection, and crawl space inspection with attention to areas under porches, patios, and plumbing vent locations. Thorough inspection of all accessible areas as well as documentation of any inaccessible areas is emphasized.
This document provides information on integrated pest management (IPM) techniques and strategies. It discusses the basics of IPM, including monitoring pest activity and only applying pesticides when necessary. It promotes more precise applications like crack and crevice treatments over broadcast applications. It also discusses the use of dusts, baits, and vacuuming in IPM plans. The document outlines how to identify and address conditions that contribute to pest infestations. It emphasizes the importance of communication and assigning responsibilities between pest control technicians and customers.
Course Roof Rats What You Need To Know.pptxNanetteLaunius
Roof rats are medium-sized rodents that often live near humans. They can enter homes through small openings and like to nest in attics and high places. Roof rats can carry diseases like hantavirus and typhus that can infect humans. Signs of a roof rat infestation include droppings, gnawing damage, grease marks, and nesting materials in attics or on roofing. Proper inspections look for these signs and try to identify food sources and entry points to best target control methods.
This document discusses various insect pests that can infest stored food products. It describes the feeding habits and life cycles of internal feeders like granary and rice weevils that lay eggs inside grain kernels, external feeders like drugstore beetles that feed outside grains, and scavengers like flour beetles that feed on damaged kernels. It provides identifying details of several common pests found in homes like Indian meal moths, cigarette beetles, and Mediterranean flour moths. It concludes with control recommendations to remove and destroy infested materials, thoroughly clean, and apply residual pesticides in cracks and crevices.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is neither a new approach nor is it practiced by only a limited number of companies. It predates recorded history and is practiced universally. IPM differs from conventional pest control by considering threshold levels, applying two or more control methods, and taking a truly integrated approach considering all pests. The key steps in IPM are inspection, identification, establishing threshold levels, employing two or more control measures including sanitation, mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical methods, and evaluating effectiveness through follow-up inspections.
Course INSECTS and their Relatives (1).pptxNanetteLaunius
This document provides information about common household pests, including cockroaches. It describes the key characteristics of cockroaches, such as their segmented bodies, molting lifecycles, and nocturnal habits. Two common household cockroach species are discussed in detail: the German cockroach and the brown-banded cockroach. The German cockroach carries its egg case until hatching and prefers warm, moist areas near food, while the brown-banded cockroach glues its egg case to surfaces and is the smallest common household cockroach. Cockroaches can spread diseases and allergens if not properly controlled.
Carpet beetles and clothes moths are fabric pests that can cause damage to materials containing animal proteins like wool and fur. Carpet beetles lay eggs near food sources and the larvae then feed on materials like wool carpeting or pet hair. The adult carpet beetles fly and feed on pollen. Clothes moths also lay eggs on fabrics and the larvae then feed, with the webbing clothes moth creating temporary tunnels and the casemaking moth encasing itself. Both go through molting stages before pupating. Treatment involves vacuuming, applying residual pesticides, and freezing or heating infested items to kill all life stages of the pests.
Complete Green and Organic Pest Control (1).pptxNanetteLaunius
This document discusses green, organic, and integrated pest management (IPM). It defines green and organic pest control, noting that green does not have a set standard and organic refers specifically to using natural/low-risk pesticides. IPM is described as using multiple control techniques with lower environmental impact than pesticides alone. The 5 steps of IPM are outlined as inspecting/monitoring, assessing the problem, setting tolerance thresholds, implementing control plans starting with non-chemical methods, and evaluating success. Effective pest control plans involve communication between all parties, identifying pest tolerances, and only using pesticides as a last resort measure.
Complete Green and Organic Pest Control.pptxNanetteLaunius
This document discusses green, organic, and integrated pest management (IPM). It defines green and organic pest control, noting green does not have a unified standard. Organic refers to a specific process using biorational pesticides and IPM protocols. The five steps of IPM are outlined, including inspecting, determining tolerance levels, implementing non-chemical controls first before possible pesticide use, and evaluating. Non-chemical controls like exclusion and sanitation are described. Biological controls and low-impact organic pesticides that are considered biorational are discussed. Documentation and communication are important parts of any organic pest control plan.
Bed bugs are small, reddish-brown insects that feed on human blood. They hide in tiny spaces near where humans sleep. Females lay about 200 eggs over their lifetime. It takes bed bugs 4 to 9 weeks to develop from egg to adult. Inspecting for bed bugs requires a bright light and careful examination of mattresses, bed frames, furniture and cracks in walls and floors. Vacuuming is important to remove bed bugs and eggs, along with applying insecticide to hiding places. Multiple treatments may be needed along with monitoring to fully eliminate a bed bug infestation.
Rodents like rats and mice can carry diseases that infect humans. Diseases spread by rodent fleas and urine include typhus, plague, leptospirosis, and rat bite fever. Symptoms range from fever and muscle aches to meningitis and liver failure. Rodent control is important to prevent disease transmission through sanitation and removal of infected animals and their droppings. Secondary pests like fleas and mites sometimes remain after rodents leave and bite people, so exclusion and miticide treatment are also recommended.
Commensal rodents like rats and mice can carry diseases and pose health risks to humans. They can transmit diseases indirectly through fleas and mites or directly through contact with rodent excreta and saliva. Diseases spread this way include hantavirus, which affects the lungs; leptospirosis, which can cause meningitis, liver failure, and kidney damage; and typhus, carried by fleas. To control rodents and limit disease transmission, it is important to eliminate food and shelter, use sanitation and exclusion, and consult a pest management professional when needed.
COURSE Borates and the Facts About Wood (1).pptxNanetteLaunius
Borates are naturally occurring compounds that are effective insecticides and fungicides. They are derived from mineral deposits and are an essential micronutrient for plants. Borates have been used for over 100 years to control pests. When borates are applied to wood, they diffuse into the wood and provide long-lasting protection against termites, wood-boring beetles, carpenter ants, and fungi by inhibiting their cellular processes. Borates provide a margin of safety for humans compared to insects due to differences in exposure levels and elimination rates.
Course Rodent Biology, Health and Disease (1).pdfNanetteLaunius
This document summarizes rodent biology and health concerns related to rodent infestations. It discusses the most common commensal rodent pests, rats and mice, including differences in appearance, reproduction rates, and behaviors. Key points covered include how rodents can spread diseases like hantavirus and leptospirosis through their urine and feces. Fleas that feed on infected rodents can also transmit diseases like typhus and plague to humans. Effective control requires removing food sources, sealing entry points, trapping rodents, and thorough cleaning to remove allergens and prevent disease transmission.
Rodents like rats and mice can carry diseases that pose health risks to humans. They can spread hantavirus through their urine and droppings, which can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Exposure occurs through inhalation. Rodents also pose the risk of leptospirosis and rat bite fever through contact with their urine or bites/scratches. Fleas that feed on infected rodents can transmit typhus and plague to humans through their bites. Controlling rodents and thoroughly cleaning and sanitizing areas they inhabited are important to prevent disease transmission.
Course Rodent Biology, Health and Disease.pptxNanetteLaunius
This document summarizes rodent biology and health concerns related to rodent infestations. It discusses the most common commensal rodent species, including rats and mice, and their characteristics. It also outlines various diseases that can be spread from rodents to humans, such as hantavirus, leptospirosis, and rat bite fever. Secondary pests like fleas that can spread typhus and plague are also mentioned. The document stresses the importance of thorough sanitation and rodent control to prevent disease transmission when dealing with rodent infestations.
Ants are social insects that live in colonies with different types of individuals specialized for different tasks. Most ants are wingless workers that forage, rear young, and defend the colony. Ants can be identified by their narrow waist and elbowed antennae. Determining if ants have one node or two nodes is the first step in identification. Common one-node ant species include carpenter, Argentine, odorous house, velvety tree, white-footed, ghost, and cornfield ants. Common two-node species include pavement, pharaoh, red imported fire, southern fire, thief, and bigheaded ants. Effective ant control requires locating nests, using baits, sealing entry points, and improving
This document discusses termite treatment methods and foundations. It covers that subterranean termites live in ground colonies and enter structures through foundations, while drywood termites infest wood without ground contact. Fumigation with Vikane gas is effective for drywood termites in all areas, while subterranean termites require foundation treatments applying termiticides along the foundation. Foundation types like supported, floating and monolithic slabs can influence where subterranean termites enter structures.
This document discusses standards for integrated pest management (IPM) in rodent control. It emphasizes that the most effective long-term solutions combine exclusion methods like sealing entry points smaller than 1/2 inch with other non-poison techniques. While poisons are readily available, trapping and exclusion alone can solve many rodent problems without using pesticides. The document then provides guidance on materials and tools for exclusions, highlighting various sealants, meshes, and foams to repair different types of entry points in structures, including soffits, vents, weep screeds, and air conditioner lines. Effective exclusions require identifying and properly sealing all rodent access points.
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1. Borates Facts and Wood Myths
Assured Control with a Margin of Safety
Borates are naturally-occurring insecticides and fungicides. In fact, products formulated from borates, cannot be
synthesized or manufactured like conventional pesticides. Instead, borate insecticides and fungicides are derived from
scarce mineral deposits found chiefly in the western United States. Boron is one of the 109 elements on the chemist's
Periodic Table of Elements. Too reactive to exist in its pure form in nature, boron is found in mineral deposits as a
crystalline group of "borates" (oxides of boron), that include boric acid, borax and others. As one of the earth's elements, it
is not surprising that small amounts of boron, in the form of borates, are found in the soil, sea, plants and animals. All the
roles that borates play in nature have not been discovered. However, biologists know that borates are an essential
micronutrient for plant life and also play an important nutritional role in animal life. Researchers are currently trying to
determine if borates play an essential role in human life. Borate chemical properties are used in many commercial and
industrial applications. Borates are used in the production of products as diverse as detergents, cosmetics, medicines,
flame retardants, hydraulic fluids, fiberglass insulation, microelectronics, fertilizers, ceramics and glass.
Borate use in Pest Control
When and how borates were first used in pest control is not documented. It is possible that borate miners in the 1800s
may have discovered that they did not suffer from the flea and lice infestations so common at the time. What is known is
that borates have been used for more than 100 years to control pests. One advertisement from the 1880s promoted a
formulated borate cockroach bait product. By the 1940s borate formulations were being used to protect wood. Because
they are water-soluble, borates will diffuse into wood using the wood's own moisture. Once diffused into the wood, borates
protect against termites, wood destroying beetles, carpenter ants, fungi and other wood destroying organisms. This
protection can last for decades because borates are inorganic compounds that do not break-down boron was introduced
in the United States in 1991 by U.S. Borax, the world leader in borate technology. The product's introduction into the
United States follows more than 40 years of successful use to protect wood in Europe, Australia and New Zealand.
Boron has a proven Mode of Action
Borates have long been known to be slow-acting stomach poisons to insects and a contact poison to wood destroying
fungi. Borates are not directly lethal to an organism. Rather, they inhibit necessary oxidative metabolic activity at the
cellular level - a constant energy-producing process necessary for life. Over time, inhibition of fundamental biochemical
activity results in death. Because the mode of action is fundamental, borate efficacy is absolute and effective against a
broad spectrum of pests. Importantly, this fundamental mode of action also means that development of insect resistance
to borates is virtually impossible.
Human Margin of Safety
While highly effective against insects and fungi, borates provide a significant margin of safety for humans. While the mode
of action is the same for all living cells, human exposure to borates from pest control applications simply does not pose a
significant risk for several reasons:
Human exposure levels from pest control applications are insignificant in comparison to insect dosage levels
because humans are physically so many times larger than insects.
Borate exposure is further limited in humans because of the way human bodies efficiently eliminate borates. In
humans, any elevated exposure to borates is rapidly processed by the kidneys and eliminated through urination.
Chronic borate exposure is limited because borates do not bioaccumulate in humans or other mammals.
Borate exposure is limited because borates are not absorbed through intact skin.
Borate mammalian toxicity is relatively low. Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate has an acute oral LD50 of 2,550
mg/kg in rats, an acute dermal LD50 of greater than 2,000 mg/kg in rabbits, and an acute inhalation toxicity
(LC50) of 2.0 mg/h in rats.
In conclusion, borate insecticides provide a margin of safety for humans but are lethal to insects because insects are
exposed to a much greater dose in relation to their body size and weight. The primary exposure route for insects -
ingestion from eating treated wood or by grooming -provides a lethal dose, and insects can also be exposed through
direct contact and absorption through their body wall. Once ingested, insects cannot eliminate borates from their bodies in
the way humans can. Borates are a contact poison to wood destroying fungi. The mode of action is the same as with
2. insects, but fungi do not ingest the borates like insects. Instead, a treated wood environment puts fungi constantly and
directly in contact with the lethal borate.
Borate environmental profile
Borate use in pest control poses a low risk to the environment. While an essential micronutrient to plants, an excessive
dosage of borates can be phytotoxic to trees, shrubs and other plants around or in a structure. If a borate solution is
accidentally sprayed on plants, the plants and surrounding area should be washed down with plenty of water to dilute the
borates. Borates have a low toxicity to fish. The LC50 for trout is 350 ml/L. However, care must be taken to keep boron
applications or overspray from any body of water. Borate applications to wood do not result in airborne residues.
Using Boron to Control Wood-Destroying Organisms
In the past, different pesticide formulations and active ingredients have been used for control of wood-destroying
organisms (WDOs), beetles, decay fungi and termites above ground. These products often presented problems. Some
had strong odors, none penetrated wood well and the effective residual life was short. Fumigation, while still required in
many cases, is expensive and provides no residual protection against reinfestation. Boron Insecticide is a product that can
effectively solve many of these problems. It is easy to mix and apply and has no odor. Its residual life is indefinite if the
treated wood is protected from running water. Boron penetrates far better than do other residual insecticides used to
control wood-boring insects. In order to understand the potential for attack on wood by insects and fungi, it is necessary to
become familiar with the relative importance of the specific classes and parts of wood, and the moisture in the wood. This
understanding will also provide information on how boron penetrates wood.
Two types of wood
There are two types of wood, hardwoods and softwoods. Hard woods come from trees that have leaves: oaks, maples or
walnut, etc. and softwoods come from trees having needles: the pines,firs and spruces.
When alive, the wood directly under the bark that is involved in the movement of sap is called sapwood. The wood in the
center of the tree is often darker in color, and is called heartwood. Generally the sapwood and early wood are the target of
insect attack. Stored products in wood cells attract beetles and termites attack early wood. Heartwood, however, has
stopped functioning in the movement of sap, and has had a number of substances deposited in it, which also impart
resistance to attack by insects and decay fungi. It is often more resistant to the movement of water and is more difficult to
penetrate with insecticides.
Wood moisture levels
When freshly cut logs are processed into usable lengths of wood, the wood then used in construction is kiln dried, having
moisture levels of 15% or less. However, while wood is in storage or after it is in use, it slowly reacts to the moisture in the
air around it and assumes equilibrium moisture.
A. Cambium - living cells that form new wood
B. Outer bark - dead, protective layer
C. Inner bark - living: transports food from the leaves
D. Sapwood - living and dead cells: transports sap and stores food
E. Heartwood - inactive, dead cells containing extractives
F. Pith - spongy center of original stem
G. Wood ray - cells which move sap across the grain
H. Annual growth ring - early - and latewood produced in one year
There are many factors that influence the final moisture level reached. Also,
within structures the levels may vary during the year. Such things as ventilation,
drainage, heating and air conditioning, humidity and condensation, etc.,
influence moisture content of the building and, therefore, of its wood. In addition,
wood-boring organisms attacking structural wood are often dependent on
relatively high moisture contents to initiate attack and in some cases, to continue
their attack on the wood. Termites will attack "dry" wood but bring moisture into
the wood. Wood decay fungi need even higher moisture contents to begin their
3. attack. That will continue as the wood becomes wetter until the cell cavities are filled with water.
The moisture needs of these organisms are important to understand, since the wood moisture content will affect the rate
and depth to which boron will diffuse into wood. At low moisture contents, some diffusion will occur, but surface amounts
of borate are extremely high. However, treating wood with a high moisture content means that boron will diffuse deeply
into the wood to protect against or eliminate WDOs.
Subterranean termites
Subterranean termites, the insect that causes the greatest amount of damage to
structural wood in the U.S., will damage both hardwoods and softwoods. It is typical of
subterranean termites to consume the softer early wood first, leaving the layered
appearance in the damaged wood. The initial damage begins on the wood surface,
but termites can tunnel and produce galleries throughout the wood. In larger
dimensioned timbers, these tunnels or galleries can penetrate deeply into the wood.
While destroying wood, termites also increase the moisture content of wood in which
they are feeding. In some instances, subterranean termites may find a moisture
source above ground and survive without any contact with the soil. In these cases the usual soil treatment will not solve
the problem, or control can be delayed for months. Locating and eliminating the moisture source is critical for control.
Even if the termites are controlled by treatment, wood decay can take over and continue to destroy any of the wet wood.
Termites enter the wood from the surface, so the first target treatment area for application is the surface. If an infestation
is already present in the wood, the higher moisture content should increase the movement of the boron. Boron treatment
will control both termites and wood decay even when alternative moisture sources are available. However, elimination of
the moisture source is recommended in any case.
Drywood termites
Drywood termites feed internally in both hardwoods and softwoods and can survive in wood that is quite dry (3%). Again,
these insects enter from the surface so even though the wood they attack is fairly dry, boron on the surface will prevent
initial attack. In established infestations, Boron can be injected into the termite galleries or the wood itself to obtain control.
Dampwood termites
Dampwood termites require no ground contact, but attack wood with a high moisture content and often coexist with wood
decay. These termites can be controlled by spraying or brushing wood with boron because the high moisture level in the
wood enhances Boron penetration.
Powderpost beetles
There are two types of powderpost beetle that attack wood in structures. The lyctid powderpost beetle, sometimes called
true powderpost beetle, will attack the earlywood of certain hardwoods. Their eggs are
laid in rather large pores (wood cells) in the earlywood and the larvae tunnel directly
into the surrounding wood. This means that their attack will usually be rather scattered
and damage is restricted to particular parts of the wood. As the larvae complete
development and prepare for emergence as adult beetles to the outside, they tunnel
close to the surface of the wood. Lyctids may attack wood that is quite dry but a surface
Boron treatment will deposit high amounts of borate and thereby prevent initial attack
and kill any larvae feeding just beneath the surface.
The other type of powderpost beetle, the anobiid, will attack both hardwoods and softwoods that have higher moisture
content than normal. There is variation among the anobiid species, but they tend to be problems primarily in damp, poorly
ventilated crawl spaces. The eggs are laid on the wood surface and the larvae bore directly into the wood. They usually
tunnel within the sapwood and only occasionally into heartwood. As the larvae mature, they also tunnel back to the
surface in preparation for the emergence as adults. Applications of Boron protect the surface of the wood and stop larvae
from entering the surface of the wood. The higher moisture level enables the borate to
penetrate and kill larvae in the wood.
4. Old house borers
Old house borers are found in the sapwood of softwoods. The eggs are laid in cracks in the wood surface and the larvae
bore into the wood below. The old house borer only requires 10% moisture to infest wood, so they may be found in wood
in drier parts of buildings. They may bore deeply within large timbers, but frequently they tunnel quite near the surface.
Again, surface treatment with boron will stop initial infestation and kill larvae tunneling near the surface.
Carpenter ants
Carpenter ants construct nests in hardwoods and softwoods, but do not consume the excavated wood. Though they
usually start their nests in damp wood, they can extend their galleries into dry areas. In addition, they sometimes form
satellite nests in wood that is no wetter than the surrounding structural members. Because of their habit of moving from
outdoor infestations to indoor locations, they crawl over wood surfaces that they have not attacked. This makes them
susceptible to picking up boron dust that has been applied outside their nest galleries. As they groom themselves, they
take insecticide into their stomachs and are poisoned.
In addition, since they often start their attack on the wood surface, boron solution applications to the surface have proven
very effective at preventing carpenter ant penetration.
Decay fungi
The common Brown and White rot fungi require wood moisture of 25% or more to maintain an infestation and to destroy
the wood. Their destruction is internal and only in later stages of development will you see the fungus growing on the
wood surface. Boron is a contact poison to these organisms. Surface treatments will protect the wood against attack. If
already under attack, the high moisture will allow the boron to penetrate deeply into the wood, to the source of the
problem. (One strain of fungi, Poria Incrassata has water-conducting strands that carry water from soil into building
elements.)
Wood Facts and Fictions
Dry rot.
There really is no such thing as dry rot. Wood needs 4 things to decay: water, oxygen, food (wood) and favorable
temperature (40F - 105F). Keep wood below 22% MC and you are generally safe.
Rot is catchy.
Only when conditions are right will the infection develop into rot. The moisture content (MC) of wood needs to be above
28% to be initially infected. Since all lumber is above 28% MC at some point in its life, all lumber is infected. When the MC
of wood drops below 22% the rot fungi goes dormant. It’s harmless, but is will be reactivated when the MC rises above
22%. The solution is: keep wood dry or treat it with Boron.
Pressure treated lumber is resistant to attack by termites and carpenter ants.
This assumption is half true. Termites that eat treated lumber will die. However, termites may also decide to tube around
CCA (Chromated copper arsenate) treated wood and survive to enjoy the more delicate studs and joists that lay beyond
the poisoned barrier. Arsenical treatments do not repel or kill carpenter ants. (In 2003 the EPA and the lumber industry
agreed to discontinue the use of CCA treated wood.)
Ants are attracted to wet and decayed wood because it is soft and weak. It is easy to chew, that’s why ants like foam
insulation. Ants don’t ingest wood or foam insulation, they simply hollow out and nest in it. Wood that is treated with
borates is a different story. Borates are very soluble and can be picked up by ants as work their way through borate-
treated wood. The borates are ingested when ants groom themselves. They are poisoned at this point.