Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary arteries caused by blood clots that travel from deep veins. It has several risk factors and causes around 650,000 cases and 150,000-200,000 deaths annually in the US. Diagnosis involves assessing probability based on symptoms and risk factors, then tests like CT, VQ scan, ultrasound, or angiogram depending on probability. Treatment consists of blood thinners like heparin or warfarin to prevent further clots and long term anticoagulation to prevent recurrence based on the cause of clotting.
Infection Control in the Emergency Room presentation.pptNimonaAAyele
This document discusses infection control procedures in the emergency room. It outlines standard precautions like hand washing, use of gloves, gowns and masks that should be followed with all patients regardless of diagnosis. Additional isolation types are described for diseases spread through droplets when coughing or airborne means like tuberculosis. The key is treating all patients the same with barrier protections and conducting cleanings to prevent disease transmission in the healthcare setting.
The document provides an overview of common ear problems, including:
- External ear problems like cerumen impaction and otitis externa can cause pain and discharge. Treatment involves irrigation, antibiotics, or antifungals depending on the cause.
- Middle ear problems such as otitis media, mastoiditis, and tympanic membrane perforations can result from infection or trauma. Most perforations will heal on their own over time.
- Internal ear disorders involve the delicate structures inside the temporal bone responsible for hearing and balance.
This document discusses assessment and management of patients with chronic musculoskeletal system disorders. It provides details on rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia. For each condition, it describes etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches. The overall goal is to educate students on identifying these joint, connective tissue, and bone disorders and implementing appropriate nursing care plans.
This document discusses the management of patients with chronic respiratory system disorders such as asthma, tuberculosis (TB), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It provides learning objectives, definitions, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnostic methods, medical and nursing management approaches, and prevention methods for each condition. Key points covered include the definition of asthma as a reversible expiratory airflow limitation, common triggers for asthma attacks, classifications of asthma severity, diagnostic tests for asthma, quick relief versus long-term control treatments, and nursing care priorities. TB is defined as an infectious disease most commonly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can infect the lungs and other organs. Epidemiology, vulnerable groups, etiology,
2023 Gastro intestinal system problems.pptxNimonaAAyele
This document discusses the management of patients with chronic gastrointestinal disorders. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to define various GI disorders, describe their pathophysiology and clinical manifestations, identify appropriate diagnoses and differentials, and discuss medical and nursing management approaches. The document then provides detailed information on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease (PUD), including definitions, causes, risk factors, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and nursing considerations for each condition.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including definitions, types, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. It begins by defining the objectives of the session and introducing the pancreas and pancreatic hormones like insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. It then defines DM, describes the two main types (type 1 and type 2), and other less common types. Risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic criteria involving blood tests, and potential complications of both short-term and long-term hyperglycemia are outlined. Management of DM focuses on diet, exercise, and medication like insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents.
Gastro intestinal cancer by Azu and Dere (1) (4).pptxNimonaAAyele
The document discusses gastrointestinal cancers. It provides an outline covering introduction, epidemiology, causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, types, diagnosis, treatment and complications of gastrointestinal cancers. Specifically, it focuses on esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, discussing their risk factors, signs and symptoms, classifications, diagnostic tests and treatment options. Globally, gastrointestinal cancers represent over a quarter of cancer incidence and a third of cancer deaths.
Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary arteries caused by blood clots that travel from deep veins. It has several risk factors and causes around 650,000 cases and 150,000-200,000 deaths annually in the US. Diagnosis involves assessing probability based on symptoms and risk factors, then tests like CT, VQ scan, ultrasound, or angiogram depending on probability. Treatment consists of blood thinners like heparin or warfarin to prevent further clots and long term anticoagulation to prevent recurrence based on the cause of clotting.
Infection Control in the Emergency Room presentation.pptNimonaAAyele
This document discusses infection control procedures in the emergency room. It outlines standard precautions like hand washing, use of gloves, gowns and masks that should be followed with all patients regardless of diagnosis. Additional isolation types are described for diseases spread through droplets when coughing or airborne means like tuberculosis. The key is treating all patients the same with barrier protections and conducting cleanings to prevent disease transmission in the healthcare setting.
The document provides an overview of common ear problems, including:
- External ear problems like cerumen impaction and otitis externa can cause pain and discharge. Treatment involves irrigation, antibiotics, or antifungals depending on the cause.
- Middle ear problems such as otitis media, mastoiditis, and tympanic membrane perforations can result from infection or trauma. Most perforations will heal on their own over time.
- Internal ear disorders involve the delicate structures inside the temporal bone responsible for hearing and balance.
This document discusses assessment and management of patients with chronic musculoskeletal system disorders. It provides details on rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia. For each condition, it describes etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches. The overall goal is to educate students on identifying these joint, connective tissue, and bone disorders and implementing appropriate nursing care plans.
This document discusses the management of patients with chronic respiratory system disorders such as asthma, tuberculosis (TB), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It provides learning objectives, definitions, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnostic methods, medical and nursing management approaches, and prevention methods for each condition. Key points covered include the definition of asthma as a reversible expiratory airflow limitation, common triggers for asthma attacks, classifications of asthma severity, diagnostic tests for asthma, quick relief versus long-term control treatments, and nursing care priorities. TB is defined as an infectious disease most commonly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can infect the lungs and other organs. Epidemiology, vulnerable groups, etiology,
2023 Gastro intestinal system problems.pptxNimonaAAyele
This document discusses the management of patients with chronic gastrointestinal disorders. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to define various GI disorders, describe their pathophysiology and clinical manifestations, identify appropriate diagnoses and differentials, and discuss medical and nursing management approaches. The document then provides detailed information on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease (PUD), including definitions, causes, risk factors, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and nursing considerations for each condition.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including definitions, types, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. It begins by defining the objectives of the session and introducing the pancreas and pancreatic hormones like insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. It then defines DM, describes the two main types (type 1 and type 2), and other less common types. Risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic criteria involving blood tests, and potential complications of both short-term and long-term hyperglycemia are outlined. Management of DM focuses on diet, exercise, and medication like insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents.
Gastro intestinal cancer by Azu and Dere (1) (4).pptxNimonaAAyele
The document discusses gastrointestinal cancers. It provides an outline covering introduction, epidemiology, causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, types, diagnosis, treatment and complications of gastrointestinal cancers. Specifically, it focuses on esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, discussing their risk factors, signs and symptoms, classifications, diagnostic tests and treatment options. Globally, gastrointestinal cancers represent over a quarter of cancer incidence and a third of cancer deaths.
Immunodeficiency dis order [Repaired] FINAL.pptxNimonaAAyele
This document provides an overview of immunodeficiency diseases including HIV and SLE. It begins with introducing immunodeficiency and classifying primary immunodeficiencies. Signs and symptoms of immunodeficiency are described. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and laboratory tests. Management includes antibiotics, immunoglobulin replacement, bone marrow transplant, and addressing nutritional needs. HIV causes AIDS by attacking CD4 cells. SLE is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks its own tissues. Symptoms and treatments are discussed for both.
WORKU and YADETA AHN-II Group Assignment.pptxNimonaAAyele
This document provides an overview of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It begins with an introduction to IBD, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and IBS. The objectives, classifications, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of IBD and IBS are then outlined. Key differences between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are also highlighted.
Sufa Mengiste and Tolosa presented a seminar on teeth disorders to nursing students at Salale University. They discussed the anatomy and physiology of teeth, diseases of the hard tissues including dental caries and non-caries issues like erosion and abrasion. Dental caries starts with plaque accumulation and acid production, potentially leading to cavities. Complications of untreated cavities include abscesses. Other topics included extra teeth, malocclusion, staining, nursing diagnoses, and oral health management. The presentation aimed to explain the causes and treatments of common teeth problems.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on thyroid disorders. It begins with introducing the objectives of understanding thyroid physiology and recognizing signs and symptoms of hypo- and hyperthyroidism. It then covers the anatomy and function of the thyroid gland and hormones. The major sections explore causes, signs/symptoms, diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Specific conditions discussed include Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and myxedema coma.
Pituitary disorders occur when there is too much or too little of one or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland. This can lead to conditions like acromegaly, gigantism, dwarfism, diabetes insipidus, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. The presentation and management of these disorders depends on which hormones are affected. Surgical removal of tumors, radiation therapy, and drug therapy can be used to treat pituitary disorders. Early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent long term complications.
Edited Assignment of Adrenal Disorders (1)(1).pptxNimonaAAyele
This document provides an overview of adrenal gland disorders including Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and pheochromocytoma. It outlines the objectives, anatomy, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic findings, and management of various adrenal disorders. Specifically, it describes Cushing's syndrome as resulting from excessive cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex. It also defines Addison's disease as a condition of adrenal insufficiency caused by inadequate cortisol production. Finally, it discusses pheochromocytoma as a tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes hypersecretion of catecholamines.
- The document summarizes a presentation on chronic liver disease (CLD). It covers the definition of CLD, common causes including alcohol, viruses, autoimmune conditions, signs and symptoms, complications such as portal hypertension and esophageal varices, diagnostic tests, and management approaches including medications, diet, procedures like paracentesis, and potentially liver transplantation. The presentation provides an overview of CLD for health science students.
Yordanos Lemma presented on bone tumors (benign and malignant) at Salale University College of Health Science. The presentation covered:
- Types of bone tumors including the most common benign tumors like enchondroma and osteochondroma, and malignant tumors such as multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma.
- Risk factors for bone tumors including being a child or young adult as benign tumors often affect the growing skeleton.
- Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsies to determine if a tumor is benign or malignant. Management depends on the type and severity of the tumor, ranging from observation to surgery.
This document provides an introduction to helminths, which are parasitic worms that infect humans. It discusses the characteristics of the three main types of helminths: nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes. It then focuses on nematodes, describing the lifecycles, transmission routes, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of several important nematode infections that commonly infect the intestines or blood/tissues of humans. These include Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanus.
The document consists of 53 repetitive lines thanking unnamed individuals for scanning a book. It expresses gratitude and states that EMSA is more than just a student. No other notable information is provided.
The document discusses various endocrine glands and hormones, including the thyroid gland which produces hormones that regulate metabolism, and the adrenal glands which produce cortisol to help the body cope with stress and aldosterone to regulate sodium levels. It also covers conditions that can arise from too much or too little of these hormones, such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and adrenal insufficiency.
This document provides an overview of seizures and epilepsy written by Dr. AFEWORK A. It defines seizures and epilepsy, discusses their etiology and classifications. It also covers differential diagnosis, treatment of epilepsy including antiepileptic drugs, and treatment of status epilepticus. Status epilepticus is defined as prolonged or repeated seizures without regaining consciousness, and is considered a medical emergency requiring prompt treatment to terminate seizures and prevent recurrence. Treatment follows an algorithm starting with benzodiazepines, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and may require intubation and pentobarbital-induced coma.
This document provides an overview of the approach to a patient in a coma. It defines coma as a state of profound unconsciousness where the patient cannot be aroused or respond to stimuli. The etiology of coma can include metabolic disturbances, intoxications, infections, trauma, and other conditions. The assessment of a comatose patient involves evaluating vital signs, performing a neurological exam including brain stem reflexes, and considering differential diagnoses. Investigations may include blood and imaging tests. Management focuses on airway, breathing, circulation, treating the underlying cause, preventing complications, and providing supportive care.
The document repeats the phrase "EMSA MORE THAN A STUDENT!!!!" 32 times without any other context or information, suggesting the key message is that EMSA is about more than just being a student.
The document discusses central nervous system infections, focusing on bacterial meningitis. It outlines the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and management of various bacterial causes of meningitis such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, and gram-negative bacilli. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics is essential to prevent complications and reduce mortality from bacterial meningitis.
The document discusses acute abdomen and intestinal obstruction. It defines acute abdomen as abdominal pain requiring urgent surgical intervention. Intestinal obstruction is defined as partial or complete blockage of the intestine. Common causes include adhesion, hernia, carcinoma, and volvulus. Clinical features of obstruction include abdominal pain, vomiting, distension, and constipation. Plain abdominal x-ray can show findings suggestive of obstruction. Management involves resuscitation, decompression with NG tube, and surgery to relieve the obstruction if non-strangulated or perform resection if strangulated. Specific types of intestinal obstruction like intussusception, sigmoid volvulus are also summarized.
Critical care nursing deals with human responses to life-threatening problems. An ideal critical care unit floor plan is based on patient admission patterns, traffic flow, and institutional needs. It recommends private patient rooms visible to nursing staff, family areas, and noise reduction strategies like computerized alarms. Recommended areas include a central nursing station, clean and dirty utility rooms, storage, a nourishment prep area, staff lounge, and conference room to support patients and staff.
The document discusses concepts related to critical care, including:
- Critical care involves an intensive care team including doctors, nurses, and other specialists caring for patients with life-threatening illnesses.
- Critical care nursing deals with human responses to life-threatening problems. Key aspects of critical care include compassion, communication, comfort, and ensuring optimal care for critically ill patients.
- An intensive care unit is a specially designed facility equipped to provide intensive monitoring and life support to dependent patients with critical illnesses or injuries requiring 24-hour care.
The document discusses various techniques for monitoring critical and emergency patients, including monitoring vital signs, blood pressure, cardiac function, respiration, oxygenation, and organ functions. Effective monitoring is important for detecting clinical changes, guiding treatment, and optimizing tissue oxygen delivery for critically ill patients. The document provides guidelines for standard monitoring, classification of monitoring techniques, and interpreting data from monitoring equipment.
The document discusses the concept of critical care including the intensive care team, critical care nursing, the seven Cs of critical care nursing, the roles of critical care nurses and units. It describes the organization, staffing, equipment and facilities required for an intensive care unit. It discusses ICU admission and discharge criteria including prioritization models based on patient stability and likelihood of benefit, as well as diagnosis-based models. The goal is to provide intensive treatment and monitoring to critically ill patients who can benefit from care that can't be delivered elsewhere.
Immunodeficiency dis order [Repaired] FINAL.pptxNimonaAAyele
This document provides an overview of immunodeficiency diseases including HIV and SLE. It begins with introducing immunodeficiency and classifying primary immunodeficiencies. Signs and symptoms of immunodeficiency are described. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and laboratory tests. Management includes antibiotics, immunoglobulin replacement, bone marrow transplant, and addressing nutritional needs. HIV causes AIDS by attacking CD4 cells. SLE is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks its own tissues. Symptoms and treatments are discussed for both.
WORKU and YADETA AHN-II Group Assignment.pptxNimonaAAyele
This document provides an overview of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It begins with an introduction to IBD, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and IBS. The objectives, classifications, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of IBD and IBS are then outlined. Key differences between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are also highlighted.
Sufa Mengiste and Tolosa presented a seminar on teeth disorders to nursing students at Salale University. They discussed the anatomy and physiology of teeth, diseases of the hard tissues including dental caries and non-caries issues like erosion and abrasion. Dental caries starts with plaque accumulation and acid production, potentially leading to cavities. Complications of untreated cavities include abscesses. Other topics included extra teeth, malocclusion, staining, nursing diagnoses, and oral health management. The presentation aimed to explain the causes and treatments of common teeth problems.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on thyroid disorders. It begins with introducing the objectives of understanding thyroid physiology and recognizing signs and symptoms of hypo- and hyperthyroidism. It then covers the anatomy and function of the thyroid gland and hormones. The major sections explore causes, signs/symptoms, diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Specific conditions discussed include Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and myxedema coma.
Pituitary disorders occur when there is too much or too little of one or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland. This can lead to conditions like acromegaly, gigantism, dwarfism, diabetes insipidus, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. The presentation and management of these disorders depends on which hormones are affected. Surgical removal of tumors, radiation therapy, and drug therapy can be used to treat pituitary disorders. Early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent long term complications.
Edited Assignment of Adrenal Disorders (1)(1).pptxNimonaAAyele
This document provides an overview of adrenal gland disorders including Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and pheochromocytoma. It outlines the objectives, anatomy, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic findings, and management of various adrenal disorders. Specifically, it describes Cushing's syndrome as resulting from excessive cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex. It also defines Addison's disease as a condition of adrenal insufficiency caused by inadequate cortisol production. Finally, it discusses pheochromocytoma as a tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes hypersecretion of catecholamines.
- The document summarizes a presentation on chronic liver disease (CLD). It covers the definition of CLD, common causes including alcohol, viruses, autoimmune conditions, signs and symptoms, complications such as portal hypertension and esophageal varices, diagnostic tests, and management approaches including medications, diet, procedures like paracentesis, and potentially liver transplantation. The presentation provides an overview of CLD for health science students.
Yordanos Lemma presented on bone tumors (benign and malignant) at Salale University College of Health Science. The presentation covered:
- Types of bone tumors including the most common benign tumors like enchondroma and osteochondroma, and malignant tumors such as multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma.
- Risk factors for bone tumors including being a child or young adult as benign tumors often affect the growing skeleton.
- Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsies to determine if a tumor is benign or malignant. Management depends on the type and severity of the tumor, ranging from observation to surgery.
This document provides an introduction to helminths, which are parasitic worms that infect humans. It discusses the characteristics of the three main types of helminths: nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes. It then focuses on nematodes, describing the lifecycles, transmission routes, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of several important nematode infections that commonly infect the intestines or blood/tissues of humans. These include Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanus.
The document consists of 53 repetitive lines thanking unnamed individuals for scanning a book. It expresses gratitude and states that EMSA is more than just a student. No other notable information is provided.
The document discusses various endocrine glands and hormones, including the thyroid gland which produces hormones that regulate metabolism, and the adrenal glands which produce cortisol to help the body cope with stress and aldosterone to regulate sodium levels. It also covers conditions that can arise from too much or too little of these hormones, such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and adrenal insufficiency.
This document provides an overview of seizures and epilepsy written by Dr. AFEWORK A. It defines seizures and epilepsy, discusses their etiology and classifications. It also covers differential diagnosis, treatment of epilepsy including antiepileptic drugs, and treatment of status epilepticus. Status epilepticus is defined as prolonged or repeated seizures without regaining consciousness, and is considered a medical emergency requiring prompt treatment to terminate seizures and prevent recurrence. Treatment follows an algorithm starting with benzodiazepines, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and may require intubation and pentobarbital-induced coma.
This document provides an overview of the approach to a patient in a coma. It defines coma as a state of profound unconsciousness where the patient cannot be aroused or respond to stimuli. The etiology of coma can include metabolic disturbances, intoxications, infections, trauma, and other conditions. The assessment of a comatose patient involves evaluating vital signs, performing a neurological exam including brain stem reflexes, and considering differential diagnoses. Investigations may include blood and imaging tests. Management focuses on airway, breathing, circulation, treating the underlying cause, preventing complications, and providing supportive care.
The document repeats the phrase "EMSA MORE THAN A STUDENT!!!!" 32 times without any other context or information, suggesting the key message is that EMSA is about more than just being a student.
The document discusses central nervous system infections, focusing on bacterial meningitis. It outlines the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and management of various bacterial causes of meningitis such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, and gram-negative bacilli. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics is essential to prevent complications and reduce mortality from bacterial meningitis.
The document discusses acute abdomen and intestinal obstruction. It defines acute abdomen as abdominal pain requiring urgent surgical intervention. Intestinal obstruction is defined as partial or complete blockage of the intestine. Common causes include adhesion, hernia, carcinoma, and volvulus. Clinical features of obstruction include abdominal pain, vomiting, distension, and constipation. Plain abdominal x-ray can show findings suggestive of obstruction. Management involves resuscitation, decompression with NG tube, and surgery to relieve the obstruction if non-strangulated or perform resection if strangulated. Specific types of intestinal obstruction like intussusception, sigmoid volvulus are also summarized.
Critical care nursing deals with human responses to life-threatening problems. An ideal critical care unit floor plan is based on patient admission patterns, traffic flow, and institutional needs. It recommends private patient rooms visible to nursing staff, family areas, and noise reduction strategies like computerized alarms. Recommended areas include a central nursing station, clean and dirty utility rooms, storage, a nourishment prep area, staff lounge, and conference room to support patients and staff.
The document discusses concepts related to critical care, including:
- Critical care involves an intensive care team including doctors, nurses, and other specialists caring for patients with life-threatening illnesses.
- Critical care nursing deals with human responses to life-threatening problems. Key aspects of critical care include compassion, communication, comfort, and ensuring optimal care for critically ill patients.
- An intensive care unit is a specially designed facility equipped to provide intensive monitoring and life support to dependent patients with critical illnesses or injuries requiring 24-hour care.
The document discusses various techniques for monitoring critical and emergency patients, including monitoring vital signs, blood pressure, cardiac function, respiration, oxygenation, and organ functions. Effective monitoring is important for detecting clinical changes, guiding treatment, and optimizing tissue oxygen delivery for critically ill patients. The document provides guidelines for standard monitoring, classification of monitoring techniques, and interpreting data from monitoring equipment.
The document discusses the concept of critical care including the intensive care team, critical care nursing, the seven Cs of critical care nursing, the roles of critical care nurses and units. It describes the organization, staffing, equipment and facilities required for an intensive care unit. It discusses ICU admission and discharge criteria including prioritization models based on patient stability and likelihood of benefit, as well as diagnosis-based models. The goal is to provide intensive treatment and monitoring to critically ill patients who can benefit from care that can't be delivered elsewhere.