The document provides a comprehensive overview of blood banking practices, highlighting the functions and components of blood, donor selection criteria, and the importance of compatibility in blood transfusions. It details the blood donation process, testing protocols, and various blood storage methods to ensure safety and effectiveness in transfusions. Additionally, it outlines potential reactions to transfusions and the benefits they provide to patients in need.

1. BLOOD BANKING
PRESENTED BY
D. JASMINE PRIYA, B.Sc., DCA., M.Sc., PGDCLT.
DR. NGP ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE
COIMBATORE

2. What Is Blood Bank?
 A blood bank is a center where blood gathered as a result of blood donation is stored and
preserved for later use in blood transfusion.
 The term "blood bank" typically refers to a division of a hospital where the storage of blood
product occurs and where proper testing is performed (to reduce the risk of transfusion related
adverse events).
 However, it sometimes refers to a collection center, and some hospitals also perform collection.
 Blood banking includes tasks related to
1. Blood Collection
2. Processing
3. Testing
4. Separation
5. Storage.

3. What is blood ?
 Red color liquid that is throughout our whole body.
 Blood is essential to life. Blood circulates through our
body and delivers essential substances like oxygen
and nutrients to the body’s cells.
 It also transports metabolic waste products away
from those same cells.
 There is no substitute for blood. It cannot be made or
manufactured.
 Generous blood donors are the only source of blood
for patients in need of a blood transfusion.

4. BLOOD COMPONENTS
There are four basic components that comprise human blood:
1. Plasma
2. Red Blood Cells
3. White Blood Cells
4. Platelets.

6. 1. Red blood cells
 These cells carry oxygen to the tissues in the body and are commonly used in the treatment of
anemia.
 Red blood cells represent 40%-45% of your blood volume.
 They are generated from your bone marrow at a rate of four to five billion per hour.
 They have a lifecycle of about 120 days in the body.
2. Plasma
 Plasma is the liquid portion of your blood.
 Plasma is yellowish in color and is made up mostly of water, but it also contains proteins, sugars,
hormones and salts.
 It transports water and nutrients to your body’s tissues.

7. 3. Platelets
 Platelets are an amazing part of your blood.
 Platelets are the smallest of our blood cells and literally look like small plates in their non-active
form.
 Platelets control bleeding.
 Wherever a wound occurs, the blood vessel will send out a signal.
 Platelets receive that signal and travel to the area and transform into their “active” formation,
growing long tentacles to make contact with the vessel and form clusters to plug the wound until it
heals.
 They help the blood to clot and are used in the treatment of leukemia and other forms of cancer.

8. 4. White blood cells
 These cells help to fight infection, and aid in the immune process.
 Although white blood cells (leukocytes) only account for about 1% of your blood, they are very
important.
 White blood cells are essential for good health and protection against illness and disease.
 Like red blood cells, they are constantly being generated from your bone marrow.
 They flow through the bloodstream and attack foreign bodies, like viruses and bacteria.
 They can even leave the bloodstream to extend the fight into tissue.

9. TYPES OF BLOOD GROUP
O Rh-positive O Rh – Negative
A Rh-positive A Rh-negative
B Rh-positive B Rh-negative
AB Rh-positive AB Rh-negative

10.  Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian scientist discovered the ABO blood group system in the year 1900.
 In his experiments, he mixed different blood types and noted that the plasma from certain blood type
produced agglutinates or formed clusters which were caused by the absence of molecules on red blood
cells and resulting in antibodies to defeat that molecule.
 He then made a note of the agglutination and divided the blood types into 4 different groups.
 For the discovery of ABO blood group, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
 The blood grouping system is pivotal in blood transfusion.
 Our immune system recognizes another blood type as foreign and attacks it if introduced in the body
causing a transfusion reaction.
 Any inappropriate match with the Rh and ABO blood types, causes the most serious and life-
threatening transfusion reactions.
 Therefore, before blood transfusion, it is suggested to have a blood group checked.

11. Blood group
system
RH blood
group system
ABO Blood
group system

12. 1. ABO blood Group system
 The basis of ABO grouping is of two antigens- Antigen A and Antigen B.
 The ABO grouping system is classified into four types based on the presence or absence of antigens on the
red blood cells surface and plasma antibodies.
1. Group A – contains antigen A and antibody B.
2. Group B –contains antigen B and antibody A.
3. Group AB –contains both A and B antigen and no antibodies (neither A nor B).
4. Group O – contains neither A nor B antigen and both antibodies A and B.
 The ABO group system is important during blood donation or blood transfusion as mismatching of blood
group can lead to clumping of red blood cells with various disorders.
 It is important for the blood cells to match while transfusing i.e. donor-recipient compatibility is necessary.
 For example, a person of blood group A can receive blood either from group A or O as there are no
antibodies for A and O in blood group A.

14. 2. Rh Blood Group System
 In addition to the ABO blood grouping system, the other prominent one is the Rh blood group
system. About two-thirds of the population contains the third antigen on the surface of their
red blood cells known as Rh factor or Rh antigen;
 This decides whether the blood group is positive or negative.
 If the Rh factor is present, an individual is rhesus positive (Rh+ve); if an Rh factor is absent
individual is rhesus negative (Rh-ve) as they produce Rh antibodies.
 Therefore, compatibility between donor and individual is crucial in this case as well.

16. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD BANKING
 Blood donor selection
 Donor pre counselling
 Donor Blood collection
 Donor post counselling
 Blood tests
 Blood storage
 Blood transfusion

17. BLOOD DONOR
SELECTION

18. BLOOD DONOR SELECTION
The purpose of donor selection is to assess the suitability of an individual to be a blood donor so
that blood donation is safe for the donor and the blood products derived from this donation are safe
for the recipients. The donor selection process should be carried out in accordance with written
standard operating procedures.
1. WELL BEING
The Donor shall be in good health, mentally alert and physically fit and shall not be inmates of jail or
any other confinement

19. 2. AGE
• Minimum age 18 years
• Maximum age 65 years
• First time donor shall not be above 60 years of age
• For Repeat donor upper limit is 65 years
• For aphaeresis donors 18-60 years
3. WEIGHT
• 350 ml – 45 kg
• 350 ml – 45 kg
• Apheresis – 50 kg
4. DONATION INTERVAL
• For whole blood donation, once in three months (90 days) for males and four months (120 days) for
females

20. 5. BLOOD PRESSURE
100-140mm Hg systolic 60-90mm Hg diastolic with or without medications
6. PULSE
60-100 beats per minute
7. TEMPERATURE
Afebrile; 37°C/98.4°F
8. HAEMOGLOBIN
It should be above 12.5g/Dl
9. MEAL
The donor shall not be fasting before the blood donation or observing fast during the period of blood
donation and last meal should have been taken at least 4 hours prior to donation
10. ALCOHOL
Donor shall not have consumed alcohol and show signs of intoxication before the blood donation. The donor
shall not be a person having regular heavy alcohol intake

21. 11. PREGNANCY AND RECENT DELIVERY
Defer for 12 months after delivery
12. ABORTION
Defer for 6 months after abortion
13. BREAST FEEDING
Defer for total period of lactation
14. MENSTURATION
Defer for the period of menstruation
15. NON SPECIFIC ILLNESS
16. SURGERY
17. RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
18. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

22. DONOR PRE
COUNSELLING

23.  Explain about donation process and benefits of blood donation.
 Ensure volunteer blood donation
 Encourage HIV test
 Develop safe donor pool.

24. DONOR BLOOD
COLLECTION

25. DONOR BLOOD COLLECTION - PROCESS
 Blood donation is carried out under the supervision of trained, skilled technicians.
 The entire procedure, from start to finish, does not take more than 45 minutes.
 The blood is usually drawn from the median cubital vein, from the inside of the elbow.
 An antiseptic such as iodine is ued to clean the skin above this vein.
 This helps to prevent bacterial infection at the site of puncture and also helps to prevent the blood
drawn from being infected.
 A tourniquet may be used to elevate the blood pressure in the veins of the arm.
 This helps to ease and speed up the process.
 Sometimes the donor is given an object to squeeze repeatedly in order to increase blood flow to the
targeted vein.
 Invariably a needle with a larger guage is used inorder to minimise the shearing forces that can cause
damage to the RBCs.

27. DONOR POST
COUNSELLING

28.  Tell about donor blood details (test results )
 Explain about healthy lifestyle.
 Explain about to take nutrition.
 Encourage HIV test.
 Encourage AIDS test

29. BLOOD TESTS

30. BLOOD TESTS
All donations must be tested for the following infectious diseases and found to be:Negative for antibodies to
• human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV-1/2),
• hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV),
• human T-lymphotropic virus (anti-HTLV-I/II),
• and hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and
• Trypanosoma cruzi either on the current donation or at least one previous donation.
• Nonreactive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).Nonreactive when tested using licensed nucleic acid
tests (NAT) for:
• hepatitis B virus (HBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),
• HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA),
• HIV-1 (RNA),
• West Nile virus (WNV) RNA, and
• Zika virus (RNA),

31. DONOR BLOOD
STORAGE

32. BLOOD STORAGE
Donated blood was stored in 5 different ways
1. Whole blood
2. Packed RBC
3. Fresh frozen plasma
4. Platelet rich plasma
5. Cryoprecipitate

33. WHOLE BLOOD
 Blood is collecged into CPDA-1 anticoagulant containing bags.
 350 ml blood collected
 73 ml of anticoagulant in collection bag.
 Anticoagulant CPD – Citrate Phosphate Dextrose
 Stored at 26*C
 Shelf life -21 Days.
PACKED RBC
 Red cells with 1/3 of the original plasma.
 45g of hemoglobin per unit.
 250 ml blood stored.
 It contains mostly rbc,wbc and less amount of plasma.
 Stored at 2 to 6* c.
 Shelf life -21 to 35 days.

34. FRESH FROZEN PLASMA
 Plasma removed from rbc within 6 to 8 hours of collection is rapidly frozen to below 30*C.
 Before transfusion is necessary to thaw at 37*C.
 Dose – 10 to 12 ml be weight.
 Stored at < -30* C
 Shelf life – 12 months.
PLATELET RICH PLASMA
 GENTLE centrifugation of whole blood
 Supernatant transferred to the 2nd bag
 Volume – 300 ml
 Stored at 20 to 40 *C
 Shelf life – 5 dyas

35. CRYOPRECIPITATE
 Volume – 15 ml
 Stored at <25*C
 Shelf life – up to 1 year.

36. BLOOD
TRANSFUSION

37.  A blood transfusion provides blood or blood components if you’ve lost blood due to an injury, during
surgery or have certain medical conditions that affect blood or its components.
 The blood typically comes from donors. Blood banks and healthcare providers ensure transfusions are
a safe, low risk treatment.
 A blood transfusion is a common procedure in which donated blood or blood components are given to
you through an intravenous line (IV).
 A blood transfusion is given to replace blood and blood components that may be too low.
 A blood transfusion can save your life.
 You may need a blood transfusion if you've lost blood from an injury or during surgery, or if you have
certain medical conditions including:
• Anemia
• Certain cancers
• Hemophilia
• Sickle cell disease

39. How does a blood transfusion work?
 The donated blood or blood components are stored in special medical bags until they are needed.
 Your healthcare provider connects the needed bag of blood to an intravenous line made of tubing.
 A needle at the end of the tubing is inserted into one of your veins and the blood or blood components
begins to be delivered into your circulatory system.
What can I expect during the transfusion?
Before your transfusion, your nurse will:
• Check your blood pressure, pulse and temperature.
• Make sure the donor blood type is a match for your blood type.
• Make sure that the supplied blood is the product ordered by your doctor and is labeled with your name.
During your transfusion, your nurse will:
• Recheck your blood pressure and pulse after 15 minutes.
• Recheck your blood pressure and pulse at the end of the transfusion.

40. How long does a blood transfusion take?
 How long a blood transfusion takes depends on many factors, including how much blood and/or blood
component you need.
 Most transfusions take between one and three hours.
 Talk to your healthcare provider for more specifics about your needs.
What kind of reactions can happen from a blood transfusion?
People can react in various ways to blood transfusions. Reactions people experience may include:
• Breathing troubles.
• Fevers, chills or rashes.
• Hemolytic transfusion reaction (your immune system tries to destroy transfused red blood cells).

41. What are the benefits of a blood transfusion?
Blood is important. If you don’t have enough blood or one of the components of blood, you could face a
life-threatening situation.
Blood and the components of blood benefit the body in these ways:
1. Red blood cells carry oxygen through your body to your heart and brain. Adequate oxygen is very
important to maintain life.
2. Platelets help to prevent or control bleeding due to low platelet count.
3. Plasma and cryoprecipitate also help to prevent or control bleeding.