Research ProposalType of StudyResearch Question.docxgholly1
Research Proposal
Type of Study
Research Question
Quantitative
Systematic Observation
Correlation
Qualitative
Naturalistic Observation
Experiment/Quasi
Measuring your outcome variable (Dependent Variable)
Qualitative – Field notes then looking for patterns or categories you can describe.
Use examples to demonstrate those patterns. Going to need multiple opportunities to observe.
Quantitative – How are you going to get numbers (counts or scores)
Number of questions get right
Number of times they do behavior
Length of time they do some behavior
Average value on a series of likert questions
Number rating during an observation
Variables
Each Variable needs both Conceptual and Operational definition
Independent Variable
Conceptual – Describe what it is
Operational – identify the groups
Dependent Variable
Conceptual – Describe what that variable is
Operational – How will you get numbers for it (how will you measure it) Needs to be specific
Coded behaviors (Observation)
Survey questions
Ratings
Tests
Standard measures (ruler, watch)
Format
Rationale
End with Hypothesis or Research Question
Method
Participants – Sample method, issues
Design - Why
Measures – Definitions, examples, validity, reliability
Procedures – Step by step detail
Analysis – how do you propose to analyze data (what statistical test or procedures)
Always keep in mind
External Validity
Internal Validity
Construct Validity
When designing your study.
ChE 201 – ChE Fundamentals
Final Exam Review Problems
1. Natural gas composed of 60. mol% methane, 30. mol% ethane, and 10. mol% propane at 25 C and 500. psia is fed at a rate of 50. m3/hr into a boiler. In the boiler it is blended with enough air to provide 20% excess oxygen and combusted. The exhaust gas is passed through several air pollution control unit operations before being released through a smokestack into the atmosphere at a temperature of 400 C. Determine the flow rate (in m3/hr) of exhaust gas through the smokestack. {Answer: 79,400 m3/hr}
2. Determine the density of steam at 200 bar and 400 °C.
a) Use the ideal gas law {Answer: 64.3 g/l}
b) Use the compressibility factor. {Answer: 101 g/l}
c) How can you easily verify your number? How well did the models work?
3. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is produced in a long tubular reactor under harsh conditions (T = 200 C and 1800 bar). Ethylene is pressurized, mixed with catalyst, and pumped into the reactor where (LDPE) is produced. The reactor itself is 0.5 m in diameter and 1800 m in length. Hint: the following equations may help you.
and
Where is the mass flow rate in kg/s, is the volumetric flow rate in m3/s, is the fluid density in kg/m3, u is the average fluid velocity in m/s, and A is the cross sectional area in m2.
a) What phase is the ethylene? How can you tell? {Answer: supercritical}
b) If the flow rate of ethylene at the beginning of the reaction (i.e. when conversion is 0) in the.
WR111Major Paper 2 Argument-Driven Analysis of Montana 19.docxhelzerpatrina
WR111
Major Paper 2: Argument-Driven Analysis of Montana 1948
Purpose/Goals:
This paper builds upon the summary and analysis skills that you have been working on since the start of the semester, and it allows you to develop a theme-related argument about Larry Watson’s novel Montana 1948. You will support your claim through the close analysis of selected passages from the novel, which will serve as evidence.
Assignment:
Choose one of the themes listed below that we have generated in class and then construct an argument about it based on your analysis of the theme. If you’d like to write on a theme not listed below come discuss it with me first.
Themes: Family loyalty ..TBD
Guidelines and comments (we will be covering these more fully in class):
Thesis Statement: Your argument should be presented as a thesis statement or claim, which is a provable, debatable opinion, rather than a statement of fact (Frank killed Marie) or a belief (Frank shouldn’t have killed Marie). A strong claim answers the question “So what?” Why is this worth arguing?
Evidence: Your argument will be supported by quotes from the novel, which you will analyze. Choose your quotes carefully and make sure to explain how they illustrate the point you’re making.
Focus on the novel: This paper is an analysis of the novel, so keep your attention on the text and don’t bring in outside sources or personal experiences. If the theme you chose is racism, for example, your paper should analyze some aspect of racism in the book, rather than arguing that people shouldn’t be racist.
Structure: You will need transitions to move your argument from point to point, but be careful not to make it sound like a list (first . . . second . . . then . . .finally). Make sure each paragraph has one idea all your points clearly relate to it. Assume your readers are not familiar with the novel, but provide only enough summary so that they can assess your argument.
Formatting and Submission: Papers are due electronically as Word documents and should be formatted in MLA style, including proper headers, double spacing, page numbers, and in-text citations rather than footnotes (see handout on Bb). Length: 500-750 words (2-3 pages)
Unit IV Case Study
You are asked to evaluate employees’ exposures to methyl n-amyl ketone during a painting operation. After careful consideration, you choose NIOSH Method 2553 for the sampling. You can access the method by clicking the link below:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2003). Ketones II: Method 2553. In P. M. Eiler & M. E. Cassinelli (Eds.), NIOSH manual of analytical methods (4th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003- 154/pdfs/2553.pdf
Your pre-sampling and post-sampling pump calibrations using a primary standard are both 0.05 L/min. You collect personal samples on two employees working in the operation. The samples are collected for 430 minutes (Sample 1) and 440 minutes (Sample 2).
1. Calcu ...
reportDescription.docxETME 4143LThermodynamics and Heat Tran.docxdebishakespeare
reportDescription.docx
ETME 4143L
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Laboratory
Formal Report
Assignment Description
The purpose of the formal report is to comprehensively communicate results of your experiment using your pre-lab report as a draft. Formal reports must include the following sections.
The instructor will conduct a preliminary review of each report to evaluate technical writing skills. Upon the discretion of the instructor, reports that do not significantly satisfy the criteria outlined in the Technical Writing Evaluation Checklist will earn a grade of 50 with no further consideration.
Cover Page (5 points)
The formal report requires a specific cover page which is available on Moodle.
Table of Contents (5 points)
The Table of Contents lists all section and sub-section titles and the page numbers that correspond to the beginning of every section and sub-section. Its format should conform to that specified in the Chicago Manual of Style.
Overall Report Quality (10 points)
A technical report should be written with an emphasis placed on format, presentation of tables and figures, and overall writing skills. See document titled Technical Writing Evaluation Checklist for more detail.
Summary (15 points)
The Summary is limited to 300 words and does not include nor reference tables, graphs, or figures that may be included in the body of your report. Its purpose is to communicate key messages excerpted from other sections of your report, which is why it is written last. It must explain why the experiment was conducted, its scientific and/or practical relevance, results of calculations, and a brief discussion and conclusion about the results.This section must stand alone.You must assume that it is the only part of the report that will actually be read by your supervisor or client.
The Summary section must briefly answer each of the following questions:
· What was the purpose of the experiment?
· What is its scientific and/or practical relevance?
· How was the experimentconducted? What equipment was used?
· What engineering assumptions were made when analyzing sampledata?
· What are the key results based on experimentaldata? Include specific values with units of measure.
· Do results fall within expected ranges? Justify based on theory or research.
· What are some possible limitations or sources of error associated with the experiment and/or data analysis?
· What conclusions or recommendations should be made based on experimental resultsand why?
The order of these questions may change depending on how you structure this section of the report. Be sure to change to past tense verbs and report actual experimental data and results prior to cutting and pasting from your pre-lab report.
Introduction (10 points)
This section provides a comprehensive description of the engineering theory, practical applications, and contemporary issues associated with the experiment. It first briefly reiterates the purpose of the experiment and ...
Research ProposalType of StudyResearch Question.docxgholly1
Research Proposal
Type of Study
Research Question
Quantitative
Systematic Observation
Correlation
Qualitative
Naturalistic Observation
Experiment/Quasi
Measuring your outcome variable (Dependent Variable)
Qualitative – Field notes then looking for patterns or categories you can describe.
Use examples to demonstrate those patterns. Going to need multiple opportunities to observe.
Quantitative – How are you going to get numbers (counts or scores)
Number of questions get right
Number of times they do behavior
Length of time they do some behavior
Average value on a series of likert questions
Number rating during an observation
Variables
Each Variable needs both Conceptual and Operational definition
Independent Variable
Conceptual – Describe what it is
Operational – identify the groups
Dependent Variable
Conceptual – Describe what that variable is
Operational – How will you get numbers for it (how will you measure it) Needs to be specific
Coded behaviors (Observation)
Survey questions
Ratings
Tests
Standard measures (ruler, watch)
Format
Rationale
End with Hypothesis or Research Question
Method
Participants – Sample method, issues
Design - Why
Measures – Definitions, examples, validity, reliability
Procedures – Step by step detail
Analysis – how do you propose to analyze data (what statistical test or procedures)
Always keep in mind
External Validity
Internal Validity
Construct Validity
When designing your study.
ChE 201 – ChE Fundamentals
Final Exam Review Problems
1. Natural gas composed of 60. mol% methane, 30. mol% ethane, and 10. mol% propane at 25 C and 500. psia is fed at a rate of 50. m3/hr into a boiler. In the boiler it is blended with enough air to provide 20% excess oxygen and combusted. The exhaust gas is passed through several air pollution control unit operations before being released through a smokestack into the atmosphere at a temperature of 400 C. Determine the flow rate (in m3/hr) of exhaust gas through the smokestack. {Answer: 79,400 m3/hr}
2. Determine the density of steam at 200 bar and 400 °C.
a) Use the ideal gas law {Answer: 64.3 g/l}
b) Use the compressibility factor. {Answer: 101 g/l}
c) How can you easily verify your number? How well did the models work?
3. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is produced in a long tubular reactor under harsh conditions (T = 200 C and 1800 bar). Ethylene is pressurized, mixed with catalyst, and pumped into the reactor where (LDPE) is produced. The reactor itself is 0.5 m in diameter and 1800 m in length. Hint: the following equations may help you.
and
Where is the mass flow rate in kg/s, is the volumetric flow rate in m3/s, is the fluid density in kg/m3, u is the average fluid velocity in m/s, and A is the cross sectional area in m2.
a) What phase is the ethylene? How can you tell? {Answer: supercritical}
b) If the flow rate of ethylene at the beginning of the reaction (i.e. when conversion is 0) in the.
WR111Major Paper 2 Argument-Driven Analysis of Montana 19.docxhelzerpatrina
WR111
Major Paper 2: Argument-Driven Analysis of Montana 1948
Purpose/Goals:
This paper builds upon the summary and analysis skills that you have been working on since the start of the semester, and it allows you to develop a theme-related argument about Larry Watson’s novel Montana 1948. You will support your claim through the close analysis of selected passages from the novel, which will serve as evidence.
Assignment:
Choose one of the themes listed below that we have generated in class and then construct an argument about it based on your analysis of the theme. If you’d like to write on a theme not listed below come discuss it with me first.
Themes: Family loyalty ..TBD
Guidelines and comments (we will be covering these more fully in class):
Thesis Statement: Your argument should be presented as a thesis statement or claim, which is a provable, debatable opinion, rather than a statement of fact (Frank killed Marie) or a belief (Frank shouldn’t have killed Marie). A strong claim answers the question “So what?” Why is this worth arguing?
Evidence: Your argument will be supported by quotes from the novel, which you will analyze. Choose your quotes carefully and make sure to explain how they illustrate the point you’re making.
Focus on the novel: This paper is an analysis of the novel, so keep your attention on the text and don’t bring in outside sources or personal experiences. If the theme you chose is racism, for example, your paper should analyze some aspect of racism in the book, rather than arguing that people shouldn’t be racist.
Structure: You will need transitions to move your argument from point to point, but be careful not to make it sound like a list (first . . . second . . . then . . .finally). Make sure each paragraph has one idea all your points clearly relate to it. Assume your readers are not familiar with the novel, but provide only enough summary so that they can assess your argument.
Formatting and Submission: Papers are due electronically as Word documents and should be formatted in MLA style, including proper headers, double spacing, page numbers, and in-text citations rather than footnotes (see handout on Bb). Length: 500-750 words (2-3 pages)
Unit IV Case Study
You are asked to evaluate employees’ exposures to methyl n-amyl ketone during a painting operation. After careful consideration, you choose NIOSH Method 2553 for the sampling. You can access the method by clicking the link below:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2003). Ketones II: Method 2553. In P. M. Eiler & M. E. Cassinelli (Eds.), NIOSH manual of analytical methods (4th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003- 154/pdfs/2553.pdf
Your pre-sampling and post-sampling pump calibrations using a primary standard are both 0.05 L/min. You collect personal samples on two employees working in the operation. The samples are collected for 430 minutes (Sample 1) and 440 minutes (Sample 2).
1. Calcu ...
reportDescription.docxETME 4143LThermodynamics and Heat Tran.docxdebishakespeare
reportDescription.docx
ETME 4143L
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Laboratory
Formal Report
Assignment Description
The purpose of the formal report is to comprehensively communicate results of your experiment using your pre-lab report as a draft. Formal reports must include the following sections.
The instructor will conduct a preliminary review of each report to evaluate technical writing skills. Upon the discretion of the instructor, reports that do not significantly satisfy the criteria outlined in the Technical Writing Evaluation Checklist will earn a grade of 50 with no further consideration.
Cover Page (5 points)
The formal report requires a specific cover page which is available on Moodle.
Table of Contents (5 points)
The Table of Contents lists all section and sub-section titles and the page numbers that correspond to the beginning of every section and sub-section. Its format should conform to that specified in the Chicago Manual of Style.
Overall Report Quality (10 points)
A technical report should be written with an emphasis placed on format, presentation of tables and figures, and overall writing skills. See document titled Technical Writing Evaluation Checklist for more detail.
Summary (15 points)
The Summary is limited to 300 words and does not include nor reference tables, graphs, or figures that may be included in the body of your report. Its purpose is to communicate key messages excerpted from other sections of your report, which is why it is written last. It must explain why the experiment was conducted, its scientific and/or practical relevance, results of calculations, and a brief discussion and conclusion about the results.This section must stand alone.You must assume that it is the only part of the report that will actually be read by your supervisor or client.
The Summary section must briefly answer each of the following questions:
· What was the purpose of the experiment?
· What is its scientific and/or practical relevance?
· How was the experimentconducted? What equipment was used?
· What engineering assumptions were made when analyzing sampledata?
· What are the key results based on experimentaldata? Include specific values with units of measure.
· Do results fall within expected ranges? Justify based on theory or research.
· What are some possible limitations or sources of error associated with the experiment and/or data analysis?
· What conclusions or recommendations should be made based on experimental resultsand why?
The order of these questions may change depending on how you structure this section of the report. Be sure to change to past tense verbs and report actual experimental data and results prior to cutting and pasting from your pre-lab report.
Introduction (10 points)
This section provides a comprehensive description of the engineering theory, practical applications, and contemporary issues associated with the experiment. It first briefly reiterates the purpose of the experiment and ...
viriology1) Describe and explain the structure , genomic org.docxdickonsondorris
viriology
1) Describe and explain the structure , genomic organization , and infection cycle bacteriophages .
2) Compare and contrast ssRNA , dsRNA , and DNA phages.
3) Discuss the theories of putative virus evolution
4) Explain how viruses can evolve
5) Compare and contrast emerging and re-emerging viruses
6) Discuss 3 (re-)emerging viruses, discuss their transmission , host , epidemiology , and elaborate on the reasons for their (re-) emergence amongst other aspects
7) Explain how viruses can result in the development of cancer , and elaborate on how onco-viruses can be countered/treated
8) Discuss the purpose of virus vaccinations, , the different types of viruses , and how vaccines are developed
9) Discuss the different classes of anti-viral drugs, their use and efficacy , and how they are developed
10) Discuss the structure , function , emergency , and disease conditions of prions .
11) Describe the morphology , genomic organization , life-cycle , and pathogenesis of viruses in the family Coronaviridae , and hallmark virus from the family as a representative case
12) Describe the morphology , genomic organization , life-cycle , and pathogenesis of viruses in the family Arenaviridae ,and use a hallmark virus from the family as a representative case
13) Describe the morphology , genomic , organization , life-cycle , and pathogenesis of viruses in the family Bunyaviridae , and use a hallmark virus from the family as a representative case
14) Describe the morphology , genomic organization , life –cycle , and pathogenesis of viruses in the family Flaviviridae , and use a hallmark virus from the family as a representative cas
15) Describe the morphology , genomic organization , life –cycle , and pathogenesis of viruses in the family Filoviridae , and use a hallmark virus from the family as a representative
Name:
Date:
Instructor’s Name:
Assignment: SCIE211 Phase 5 Lab Report
Title: Identifying Environmental Hazards
Instructions: You will write a 1-page lab report using the scientific method to answer the following questions:
· Why do you see increases and decreases in the invasive species population?
· What are the implications associated with these alterations to the ecosystem as a whole?
When your lab report is complete, post it in Submitted Assignment files.
Part I: Using the lab animation, fill in the data table below to help you generate your hypothesis, outcomes, and analysis.
Years
Zebra and Quagga Mussel (density/m2)
Phytoplankton (µg/ml)
Zooplankton (µg/ml)
Cladophora Biomass (g/m2)
Foraging Fish (kilotons)
Lake Trout (kilotons)
0
3
7
10
13
15
20
Part II: Write a 1-page lab report using the following scientific method sections:
· Purpose
· State the purpose of the lab.
· Introduction
· This is an investigation of what is currently known about the question being asked. Use background information from credible references to write a short summary about concepts in the ...
Formal lab report instructions for the Biology 110 laboratoryOve.docxhanneloremccaffery
Formal lab report instructions for the Biology 110 laboratory
Overall assignment:
For Biology 110 you will be submitting one formal lab report for grading this semester. This lab’s formal report must be written in the 3rd person and in the past tense. Their length will vary depending on how concise each writer is, but the paper should be approximately 5 to 9 pages in length, including graphs. The pages are to have 1 inch margins, be double spaced, typed in Ariel or Times Roman 12 pt. and include supporting data (e.g., data tables, graphs, pictures or any other supporting material you wish to include) Each of the section headings must be labeled in your lab report. Skip lines between each section.
Sections
Title:
The title should describe the experiment you are conducting in some detail. You are not allowed to use the title you find in your laboratory manual. The title will be placed on a separate page with your name and the names of your lab mates, date, and course and lab section.
Abstract
The report abstract is a short summary of the report. It should be no more than one paragraph (100-200 words) and should include about one or two sentences on each of the following main points:
· Purpose of the experiment
· Key results
· Major points of discussion
· Main conclusions
It helps to complete the other sections of the report before writing the abstract, as these four main points can be drawn from them.
Introduction
This section should provide sufficient background information to the lab that will allow the reader to understand some of the principles you are investigating. This material can come from what you developed in your pre-lab write-up. It should include a specific statement of the question or problem under investigation, and statements about other goals of the laboratory exercise.
Why is this question important? How does this question relate to the "real world"?
This statement should be two paragraphs in length so you need to do a literature search on the topic(s) and incorporate this information into your introduction. Be certain to cite your sources. Clearly state the purpose of the experiment at the end of the section.
HYPOTHESIS:
The hypothesis section should contain a series of statements of what is to be expected to be observed during the experiment based on the background information you provided in the introduction. These statements should predict the outcome of each experiment or test based on solid scientific principles that you read from your text, the internet or your lab manual. Again, if the prelab was written properly, this section will come from the pre-lab write-up that you worked on prior to the lab. Use the “if…then….because” format.
In other words the hypothesis should convey what you think will happen during the investigation. It differs from a guess in that it is based upon prior knowledge or evidence. It should be supported by previously developed evidence and/or concepts.
For ...
Writing a Scientific Report or PaperResults of careful laborsarantatersall
Writing a Scientific Report or Paper
Results of careful laboratory work are not useful unless they can be presented in a clear, concise manner to others for comment and evaluation. Such presentations are usually in the form of a scientific paper published in a reputable scientific journal. Scientific communications have many things in common, which leads to a rather standard style of writing that allow the results and meaning of experimentation to be quickly grasped by the reader. Scientists do not expect to read attractive, stimulating prose to obtain information from technical scientific papers. The experimental design, results and explanation of results are what are attractive and stimulating not the cleverness of the prose. The following discussion should be useful in helping you prepare your laboratory reports, which are scientific reports.
Read it carefully before beginning your reports. Your laboratory instructor may make additional comments. The specific format of a scientific paper varies among journals. However, the format presented below is the most commonly used. It is the format you must use in your scientific writing for this course.
Part I: Format of a Scientific Report
The scientific report will be composed of seven sections. Each section will have a heading immediately followed by the text, figures or graphs. The order of the sections is: title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and literature cited.
A) Format regulations:
· typed
· double spaced
· 10-12 font, Times New Roman
· 1 inch margins
· pages numbered
· titled sections
· untitled hypothesis
· Quotes are
NOT
allowed. Everything must be properly paraphrased.
· No website references are permitted as sources. No exceptions.
· Everything must be properly cited. It is considered plagiarism if it is not.
· Write in third person, past tense
The overall presentation/grammar/spelling will be evaluated. Although this is not an English class, these elements are important to the proper communication of science. Before you turn in your final version, use the spell check function and reread your report. You should also take the time to visit the Center for Academic Success to participate in the Read, Write, and Cite Workshop series for additional help on writing your reports.
Note: Never write statements like the following: “My lab report is about…”, “My hypothesis is…”,
or any version of this type of statement.
(1)
Title
Section
Create a title that briefly conveys to the reader the purpose of the paper. The title of your report must be informative. Many readers scan journal article titles and the decision whether or not to pursue an article is based on the information in the title. Generally, this information includes: primary factor(s) manipulated or studied; outcome of manipulation (the response or effects); and organism studied, if relevant. An example of an informative title would be: "The Effect of Varying Serotonin Conce ...
In depth overview of scientific method and experimental design. Begins with key goals, vocabulary and the big picture of the basic process. The program breaks down the scientific process using tulips as examples. Covers the entire process including scientific question and hypothesis formation, control and experimental trials, variables and controlling variables. In addition, discusses types of error, reliability and validity. Shows example conclusion as well as gives examples for Validity and Reliability. Designed for initial teaching by elementary and middle school teachers as well as a self paced review for Grades 6-12 and ELL students.
Version 4.3 includes the companion volume on page 2, the Science and the Scientific Process reference guide (pdf). One must download the presentation to view this detailed document.
FORMAL LABORATORY REPORTPrelab Before coming to the lab.docxShiraPrater50
FORMAL LABORATORY REPORT
Prelab Before coming to the lab each student must be prepared. It is expected that each student has
completed all pre-lab activities such as reading the lab handout and/or relevant material in the
textbook or answering assigned questions.
Paper 8½" x 11" (21.5 cm x 27.5 cm) white lined paper or letter paper. The report should be single
spaced with 12 pt Times Roman font. There should be a 1 inch margin on all sides of the pages.
Title Page The title page should include the following items: a title centered 1/3 from the top of the page; an
identification containing the student's name, lab partner’s name, course number, due date, and
teacher's name located at the bottom right hand corner of the page.
Objective The objective is a concise statement outlining the purpose of the experiment.
e.g. To determine the boiling point of H2O
Introduction The introduction should contain any prior knowledge on which the experiment is based;
including an explanation of principles, definitions, experimental techniques, expected results
(hypothesis), theories and laws.
Materials The materials section is a list of all equipment, reagents (chemicals), and computer programs that
were used to complete the experiment. Drawings of the apparatus setup should be included in
this section if needed.
Procedure The procedure is a detailed statement (step by step) of how the experiment was performed such
that the experiment could be repeated using your report. Safety precautions which were followed
should be stated. The procedure must be written in the impersonal (3rd person) past tense:
e.g. We are taking the temperature every 2 minutes. V
The temperature was taken every 2 minutes. U
Results This section may consist of quantitative and/or qualitative observations of the experiment.
Quantitative Results
Graphs and Tables
When graphs are required, special attention should be paid to the following items: the type of
graph expected (straight line or curve), utilizing the entire graph paper, plotted point size, title of
the graph, and axis labels. When numerous measurements have occurred, data is to be placed in
a data table whenever possible. Figure headings are placed below the figure and should give a
short description of the figure. The figure number should be in bold print. Table headings are
found above the table and should also have a brief description. The table number is also in bold
print.
Calculations
One example of each type of calculation should be included. Results from numerous calculations
should be placed in a data table with the proper number of significant figures and correct units.
% yield and % error calculations should be included when possible
% yield = actual yield x 100
theoretical yield
% error = theoretical value-experimental value x 100
theoretical value
Qualitative Results
Observations
This is a qualitative written description and/or sketch of what was seen during th ...
• Cooperated with fellow colleagues in a lab environment and experimented on the science of fluid flow through various types of piping and fittings.
• Researched the head loss that is caused in different piping including Venturi pipe, orifice plate, and elbow pipe fittings.
Final Applied Lab Project (1 credit Lab Component) Addresses cou.docxssuser454af01
Final Applied Lab Project (1 credit Lab Component)
Addresses course outcomes 1-4:
· recognize and explain how the scientific method is used to solve problems
· make observations and discriminate between scientific and pseudoscientific explanations
· weigh evidence and make decisions based on strengths and limitations of scientific knowledge and the scientific method
· use knowledge of biological principles, the scientific method, and appropriate technologies to ask relevant questions, develop hypotheses, design and conduct experiments, interpret results, and draw conclusions
This is the culminating lab assessment in BIOL 102. It is designed to assess your ability to apply the principles of the scientific method.
The Effect of low pH on Enzyme Activity
Design an experiment in which you will test the effect of an acidic fluid on enzymatic activity. Recall: enzymes are proteins! To complete this project, it may be useful for you to first review the Scientific Method Tutorial, information about pH and enzymes in the text book and course modules, Lab 1 (Introduction to Science) and Lab 4 (Enzymes). As you review Lab 4, you will be reminded that there are several factors that impact enzymatic activity: pH, temperature, and amount of reagent. It is OK to use the same enzyme/substrate/method as you did in lab 4 (but modify the treatment), or you can search on-line to find a different enzyme/substrate/method for measuring enzyme activity for your project (include all references).
As you design your experiment for this project, please remember that you are trying to examine how an acidic fluid will modify the outcome of an enzymatic reaction. To successfully complete this project, you will need to identify the question(s) being asked in your experiment and the hypothesis that you are testing. In your experimental design, you must clearly explain what you are doing. That means that you will need to identify the enzyme, the substrate, the acidic fluid used as treatment, the control treatment and the method of measuring enzyme activity, as well as explain your experimental protocol. You must also thoroughly explain how the acidic fluid impacted enzyme activity based on the results from your own experiment as well as knowledge of enzymes and pH from the text book, modules, lab manual and potentially additional information sources.
Hint: Keep in mind that the acid will change the environmental conditions of the experiment (for example, a low pH value could change the shape of the active site on the enzyme protein), without directly participating in the reaction.
Lab Materials
You may need all or some of the following, depending on your experimental design:
Materials from your lab kit:
· pH paper
· hydrogen peroxide solution (you can purchase this at a pharmacy if you have used up the bottle that came with the lab kit)
· plastic beakers or cups
· vinegar
· yeast (can be purchased at grocery store if more is needed)
· balloons
· plastic bottle
· marker f ...
Running Head Title1Title3TitleNameSCI 207 De.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Head: Title
1
Title
3
Title
Name
SCI 207: Dependence of man on the environment
Instructor
Date
*This template will provide you with the details necessary to finalize a quality Final Lab Report. Utilize this template to complete the Week 5 Final Lab Report and ensure that you are providing all of the necessary information and proper format for the assignment. Before you begin, please note the following important information:
1. Carefully review the Final Lab Report instructions before you begin this assignment.
2. The Final Lab Report should cover all 3 experiments from your Week Two Lab.
3. Review instructor feedback from the Week Three outline of the Final Lab Report and make changes as necessary.
4. Review the Sample Final Lab Report for an example of a final product on a different topic. Your format should look like this sample report before submission.
5. Run your Final Lab Report through Turnitin using the student folder to ensure protection from accidental plagiarism
Title
Abstract
The abstract should provide a brief summary of the methods, results, and conclusions. It should very briefly allow the reader to see what was done, how it was done, and the results. It should not exceed 200 words and should be the last part written (although it should still appear right after the title page).
Introduction
The introduction should describe the background of water quality and related issues using cited examples. You should include scholarly sources in this section to help explain why water quality research is important to society. When writing this section, make sure to cite all resources in APA format.
The introduction should also contain the objective for your study. This objective is the reason why the experiment is being done. Your final report should provide an objective that describes why we want to know the answer to the questions we are asking.
Finally, the introduction should end with your hypotheses. This section should include a hypothesis for each one of the three experiments. These hypotheses should be the same ones posed before you began your experiments. You may reword them following feedback from your instructor to illustrate a proper hypothesis, however, you should not adjust them to reflect the “right” answer. You do not lose points for an inaccurate hypothesis; scientists often revise their hypotheses based on scientific evidence following an experiment.
Materials and Methods
The materials and methods section should provide a brief description of the specialized materials used in your experiment and how they were used. This section needs to summarize the instructions with enough detail so that an outsider who does not have a copy of the lab instructions knows what you did. However, this does not mean writing every little step like “dip the pH test strip in the water, then shake the test strips,” these steps can be simplified to read “we used pH test strips to measure water pH”, etc. Additionally, this se.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
viriology1) Describe and explain the structure , genomic org.docxdickonsondorris
viriology
1) Describe and explain the structure , genomic organization , and infection cycle bacteriophages .
2) Compare and contrast ssRNA , dsRNA , and DNA phages.
3) Discuss the theories of putative virus evolution
4) Explain how viruses can evolve
5) Compare and contrast emerging and re-emerging viruses
6) Discuss 3 (re-)emerging viruses, discuss their transmission , host , epidemiology , and elaborate on the reasons for their (re-) emergence amongst other aspects
7) Explain how viruses can result in the development of cancer , and elaborate on how onco-viruses can be countered/treated
8) Discuss the purpose of virus vaccinations, , the different types of viruses , and how vaccines are developed
9) Discuss the different classes of anti-viral drugs, their use and efficacy , and how they are developed
10) Discuss the structure , function , emergency , and disease conditions of prions .
11) Describe the morphology , genomic organization , life-cycle , and pathogenesis of viruses in the family Coronaviridae , and hallmark virus from the family as a representative case
12) Describe the morphology , genomic organization , life-cycle , and pathogenesis of viruses in the family Arenaviridae ,and use a hallmark virus from the family as a representative case
13) Describe the morphology , genomic , organization , life-cycle , and pathogenesis of viruses in the family Bunyaviridae , and use a hallmark virus from the family as a representative case
14) Describe the morphology , genomic organization , life –cycle , and pathogenesis of viruses in the family Flaviviridae , and use a hallmark virus from the family as a representative cas
15) Describe the morphology , genomic organization , life –cycle , and pathogenesis of viruses in the family Filoviridae , and use a hallmark virus from the family as a representative
Name:
Date:
Instructor’s Name:
Assignment: SCIE211 Phase 5 Lab Report
Title: Identifying Environmental Hazards
Instructions: You will write a 1-page lab report using the scientific method to answer the following questions:
· Why do you see increases and decreases in the invasive species population?
· What are the implications associated with these alterations to the ecosystem as a whole?
When your lab report is complete, post it in Submitted Assignment files.
Part I: Using the lab animation, fill in the data table below to help you generate your hypothesis, outcomes, and analysis.
Years
Zebra and Quagga Mussel (density/m2)
Phytoplankton (µg/ml)
Zooplankton (µg/ml)
Cladophora Biomass (g/m2)
Foraging Fish (kilotons)
Lake Trout (kilotons)
0
3
7
10
13
15
20
Part II: Write a 1-page lab report using the following scientific method sections:
· Purpose
· State the purpose of the lab.
· Introduction
· This is an investigation of what is currently known about the question being asked. Use background information from credible references to write a short summary about concepts in the ...
Formal lab report instructions for the Biology 110 laboratoryOve.docxhanneloremccaffery
Formal lab report instructions for the Biology 110 laboratory
Overall assignment:
For Biology 110 you will be submitting one formal lab report for grading this semester. This lab’s formal report must be written in the 3rd person and in the past tense. Their length will vary depending on how concise each writer is, but the paper should be approximately 5 to 9 pages in length, including graphs. The pages are to have 1 inch margins, be double spaced, typed in Ariel or Times Roman 12 pt. and include supporting data (e.g., data tables, graphs, pictures or any other supporting material you wish to include) Each of the section headings must be labeled in your lab report. Skip lines between each section.
Sections
Title:
The title should describe the experiment you are conducting in some detail. You are not allowed to use the title you find in your laboratory manual. The title will be placed on a separate page with your name and the names of your lab mates, date, and course and lab section.
Abstract
The report abstract is a short summary of the report. It should be no more than one paragraph (100-200 words) and should include about one or two sentences on each of the following main points:
· Purpose of the experiment
· Key results
· Major points of discussion
· Main conclusions
It helps to complete the other sections of the report before writing the abstract, as these four main points can be drawn from them.
Introduction
This section should provide sufficient background information to the lab that will allow the reader to understand some of the principles you are investigating. This material can come from what you developed in your pre-lab write-up. It should include a specific statement of the question or problem under investigation, and statements about other goals of the laboratory exercise.
Why is this question important? How does this question relate to the "real world"?
This statement should be two paragraphs in length so you need to do a literature search on the topic(s) and incorporate this information into your introduction. Be certain to cite your sources. Clearly state the purpose of the experiment at the end of the section.
HYPOTHESIS:
The hypothesis section should contain a series of statements of what is to be expected to be observed during the experiment based on the background information you provided in the introduction. These statements should predict the outcome of each experiment or test based on solid scientific principles that you read from your text, the internet or your lab manual. Again, if the prelab was written properly, this section will come from the pre-lab write-up that you worked on prior to the lab. Use the “if…then….because” format.
In other words the hypothesis should convey what you think will happen during the investigation. It differs from a guess in that it is based upon prior knowledge or evidence. It should be supported by previously developed evidence and/or concepts.
For ...
Writing a Scientific Report or PaperResults of careful laborsarantatersall
Writing a Scientific Report or Paper
Results of careful laboratory work are not useful unless they can be presented in a clear, concise manner to others for comment and evaluation. Such presentations are usually in the form of a scientific paper published in a reputable scientific journal. Scientific communications have many things in common, which leads to a rather standard style of writing that allow the results and meaning of experimentation to be quickly grasped by the reader. Scientists do not expect to read attractive, stimulating prose to obtain information from technical scientific papers. The experimental design, results and explanation of results are what are attractive and stimulating not the cleverness of the prose. The following discussion should be useful in helping you prepare your laboratory reports, which are scientific reports.
Read it carefully before beginning your reports. Your laboratory instructor may make additional comments. The specific format of a scientific paper varies among journals. However, the format presented below is the most commonly used. It is the format you must use in your scientific writing for this course.
Part I: Format of a Scientific Report
The scientific report will be composed of seven sections. Each section will have a heading immediately followed by the text, figures or graphs. The order of the sections is: title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and literature cited.
A) Format regulations:
· typed
· double spaced
· 10-12 font, Times New Roman
· 1 inch margins
· pages numbered
· titled sections
· untitled hypothesis
· Quotes are
NOT
allowed. Everything must be properly paraphrased.
· No website references are permitted as sources. No exceptions.
· Everything must be properly cited. It is considered plagiarism if it is not.
· Write in third person, past tense
The overall presentation/grammar/spelling will be evaluated. Although this is not an English class, these elements are important to the proper communication of science. Before you turn in your final version, use the spell check function and reread your report. You should also take the time to visit the Center for Academic Success to participate in the Read, Write, and Cite Workshop series for additional help on writing your reports.
Note: Never write statements like the following: “My lab report is about…”, “My hypothesis is…”,
or any version of this type of statement.
(1)
Title
Section
Create a title that briefly conveys to the reader the purpose of the paper. The title of your report must be informative. Many readers scan journal article titles and the decision whether or not to pursue an article is based on the information in the title. Generally, this information includes: primary factor(s) manipulated or studied; outcome of manipulation (the response or effects); and organism studied, if relevant. An example of an informative title would be: "The Effect of Varying Serotonin Conce ...
In depth overview of scientific method and experimental design. Begins with key goals, vocabulary and the big picture of the basic process. The program breaks down the scientific process using tulips as examples. Covers the entire process including scientific question and hypothesis formation, control and experimental trials, variables and controlling variables. In addition, discusses types of error, reliability and validity. Shows example conclusion as well as gives examples for Validity and Reliability. Designed for initial teaching by elementary and middle school teachers as well as a self paced review for Grades 6-12 and ELL students.
Version 4.3 includes the companion volume on page 2, the Science and the Scientific Process reference guide (pdf). One must download the presentation to view this detailed document.
FORMAL LABORATORY REPORTPrelab Before coming to the lab.docxShiraPrater50
FORMAL LABORATORY REPORT
Prelab Before coming to the lab each student must be prepared. It is expected that each student has
completed all pre-lab activities such as reading the lab handout and/or relevant material in the
textbook or answering assigned questions.
Paper 8½" x 11" (21.5 cm x 27.5 cm) white lined paper or letter paper. The report should be single
spaced with 12 pt Times Roman font. There should be a 1 inch margin on all sides of the pages.
Title Page The title page should include the following items: a title centered 1/3 from the top of the page; an
identification containing the student's name, lab partner’s name, course number, due date, and
teacher's name located at the bottom right hand corner of the page.
Objective The objective is a concise statement outlining the purpose of the experiment.
e.g. To determine the boiling point of H2O
Introduction The introduction should contain any prior knowledge on which the experiment is based;
including an explanation of principles, definitions, experimental techniques, expected results
(hypothesis), theories and laws.
Materials The materials section is a list of all equipment, reagents (chemicals), and computer programs that
were used to complete the experiment. Drawings of the apparatus setup should be included in
this section if needed.
Procedure The procedure is a detailed statement (step by step) of how the experiment was performed such
that the experiment could be repeated using your report. Safety precautions which were followed
should be stated. The procedure must be written in the impersonal (3rd person) past tense:
e.g. We are taking the temperature every 2 minutes. V
The temperature was taken every 2 minutes. U
Results This section may consist of quantitative and/or qualitative observations of the experiment.
Quantitative Results
Graphs and Tables
When graphs are required, special attention should be paid to the following items: the type of
graph expected (straight line or curve), utilizing the entire graph paper, plotted point size, title of
the graph, and axis labels. When numerous measurements have occurred, data is to be placed in
a data table whenever possible. Figure headings are placed below the figure and should give a
short description of the figure. The figure number should be in bold print. Table headings are
found above the table and should also have a brief description. The table number is also in bold
print.
Calculations
One example of each type of calculation should be included. Results from numerous calculations
should be placed in a data table with the proper number of significant figures and correct units.
% yield and % error calculations should be included when possible
% yield = actual yield x 100
theoretical yield
% error = theoretical value-experimental value x 100
theoretical value
Qualitative Results
Observations
This is a qualitative written description and/or sketch of what was seen during th ...
• Cooperated with fellow colleagues in a lab environment and experimented on the science of fluid flow through various types of piping and fittings.
• Researched the head loss that is caused in different piping including Venturi pipe, orifice plate, and elbow pipe fittings.
Final Applied Lab Project (1 credit Lab Component) Addresses cou.docxssuser454af01
Final Applied Lab Project (1 credit Lab Component)
Addresses course outcomes 1-4:
· recognize and explain how the scientific method is used to solve problems
· make observations and discriminate between scientific and pseudoscientific explanations
· weigh evidence and make decisions based on strengths and limitations of scientific knowledge and the scientific method
· use knowledge of biological principles, the scientific method, and appropriate technologies to ask relevant questions, develop hypotheses, design and conduct experiments, interpret results, and draw conclusions
This is the culminating lab assessment in BIOL 102. It is designed to assess your ability to apply the principles of the scientific method.
The Effect of low pH on Enzyme Activity
Design an experiment in which you will test the effect of an acidic fluid on enzymatic activity. Recall: enzymes are proteins! To complete this project, it may be useful for you to first review the Scientific Method Tutorial, information about pH and enzymes in the text book and course modules, Lab 1 (Introduction to Science) and Lab 4 (Enzymes). As you review Lab 4, you will be reminded that there are several factors that impact enzymatic activity: pH, temperature, and amount of reagent. It is OK to use the same enzyme/substrate/method as you did in lab 4 (but modify the treatment), or you can search on-line to find a different enzyme/substrate/method for measuring enzyme activity for your project (include all references).
As you design your experiment for this project, please remember that you are trying to examine how an acidic fluid will modify the outcome of an enzymatic reaction. To successfully complete this project, you will need to identify the question(s) being asked in your experiment and the hypothesis that you are testing. In your experimental design, you must clearly explain what you are doing. That means that you will need to identify the enzyme, the substrate, the acidic fluid used as treatment, the control treatment and the method of measuring enzyme activity, as well as explain your experimental protocol. You must also thoroughly explain how the acidic fluid impacted enzyme activity based on the results from your own experiment as well as knowledge of enzymes and pH from the text book, modules, lab manual and potentially additional information sources.
Hint: Keep in mind that the acid will change the environmental conditions of the experiment (for example, a low pH value could change the shape of the active site on the enzyme protein), without directly participating in the reaction.
Lab Materials
You may need all or some of the following, depending on your experimental design:
Materials from your lab kit:
· pH paper
· hydrogen peroxide solution (you can purchase this at a pharmacy if you have used up the bottle that came with the lab kit)
· plastic beakers or cups
· vinegar
· yeast (can be purchased at grocery store if more is needed)
· balloons
· plastic bottle
· marker f ...
Running Head Title1Title3TitleNameSCI 207 De.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Head: Title
1
Title
3
Title
Name
SCI 207: Dependence of man on the environment
Instructor
Date
*This template will provide you with the details necessary to finalize a quality Final Lab Report. Utilize this template to complete the Week 5 Final Lab Report and ensure that you are providing all of the necessary information and proper format for the assignment. Before you begin, please note the following important information:
1. Carefully review the Final Lab Report instructions before you begin this assignment.
2. The Final Lab Report should cover all 3 experiments from your Week Two Lab.
3. Review instructor feedback from the Week Three outline of the Final Lab Report and make changes as necessary.
4. Review the Sample Final Lab Report for an example of a final product on a different topic. Your format should look like this sample report before submission.
5. Run your Final Lab Report through Turnitin using the student folder to ensure protection from accidental plagiarism
Title
Abstract
The abstract should provide a brief summary of the methods, results, and conclusions. It should very briefly allow the reader to see what was done, how it was done, and the results. It should not exceed 200 words and should be the last part written (although it should still appear right after the title page).
Introduction
The introduction should describe the background of water quality and related issues using cited examples. You should include scholarly sources in this section to help explain why water quality research is important to society. When writing this section, make sure to cite all resources in APA format.
The introduction should also contain the objective for your study. This objective is the reason why the experiment is being done. Your final report should provide an objective that describes why we want to know the answer to the questions we are asking.
Finally, the introduction should end with your hypotheses. This section should include a hypothesis for each one of the three experiments. These hypotheses should be the same ones posed before you began your experiments. You may reword them following feedback from your instructor to illustrate a proper hypothesis, however, you should not adjust them to reflect the “right” answer. You do not lose points for an inaccurate hypothesis; scientists often revise their hypotheses based on scientific evidence following an experiment.
Materials and Methods
The materials and methods section should provide a brief description of the specialized materials used in your experiment and how they were used. This section needs to summarize the instructions with enough detail so that an outsider who does not have a copy of the lab instructions knows what you did. However, this does not mean writing every little step like “dip the pH test strip in the water, then shake the test strips,” these steps can be simplified to read “we used pH test strips to measure water pH”, etc. Additionally, this se.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Biology Internal Assessment - Check list 2022.docx
1. Preparedby:Mr. Emad Zeidan
The International Academy - Amman
M. Sc. MolecularGenetics
DP Biologymoderator
Title of the Internal Assessment
Research question:
Introduction:
You have to write two paragraphs.
The first paragraph: introduction about the topic/brief – enzymes in general and their uses / real-life application.
The second paragraph:
State and relate it to the studied topic (In DP Biology, we learned about enzymes in topic …..)
How and why did you become interested in the topic – use terms such as inspired, curious …
Hypothesis:
You can be specific about the highest temp or Ph
Or you can write: If the temp increase, the activity increases up to optimum temp, then it will start decreasing if the temp
exceeded 40.0 C, because …..
Scientific explanation / must be cited (intext citation – MLA 9):
Define enzyme (Depending on the chosen topic)
Explain enzyme features (Depending on the chosen topic)
Explain the mechanism of action of enzyme – key-lock & induced fit, (Depending on the chosen topic)
Explain factors affecting the activity of the enzymes (Depending on the chosen topic)
Provide one studyaboutthe effectof pH ortemperature (dependingonthe chosenIV of yourexperimental investigation) onthe
activity of catalase. (Depending on the chosen topic)
Variables:
IV: stated / range / unit /how its changed or measured
DV: stated / trials / unit /how its measured or calculated
CVs: stated / unit /how it will be controlled/explain the importance of controlling it considering how it’s going to affect the
reliability, accuracy, and validity of the experiment.
Materials:
5x300 ml beaker (± 2.00 ml) – you have to add the uncertainty of the instruments /devices /tools used
2. Method:
Steps
Started with command terms
Short and clear
Has IV / DV / CVs
Repeat steps ??? - ??? for another X trials
Repeat steps ??? - ??? using the rest of the IV (stated with the unit)
Safety,ethics,and environmental issues:
Safety:explainthe use of goggles,gloves,labcoat…. (mustbe relevanttothe usedchemicals)
Ethics:thinkaboutthe usedconcentrationsandvolume
Environmental issues:mustbe explained
(youhave to refertothe safetydatasheetforeach usedchemical:youcantype HCl + safetysheet)
All of the previousinformationmustbe cited(Intext citations –MLA9)
Resultsand discussions
Qualitative results –muchbetterto be in a table withtwocolumns.
Quantitative results –One table whichhasIV,trials,meanvalues,andstandarddeviation
(eachtable musthave:a title,correctheading,units,anduncertainty).
Graph: musthave:title,correctlabelingof axisincludingthe units,anduncertainty
Statingthe formulaof the meanfollowingbyone calculatedexample
Statingthe formulaof the standard deviation(STDV) /noneedtoprovide anexample.
You can use Excel sheet/scientificcalculatorforthe calculationof the meanandSTDV.
Discussionof the results:
- You mustdescribe the resultsbyreferringtothe qualitative data(youcanwrite:Accordingtotable 1, whichshowedthe ….)
- You mustdescribe the resultsbyreferringtothe quantitative data:
* You can write:Accordingtotable 2, whichshowedthe ….
* You mustcompare the meanvaluesandnot the trialsaccordingto the usedIV.
* State if there are any outliers/anomaliesandspecifythemwithunits.
- You mustdescribe the resultsbyreferringtothe graph:
* Statingthe trend/ pattern/ positive relationship/negativerelationship.
* The relationshipmustbe described(asthe tempincreasesthenthe ….decreases)
* State the maximumactivityandminimumactivityandatwhichrange of IV was happening.
- Commentonthe valuesof meansandthe standarddeviation(https://www.biologyforlife.com/interpreting-error-bars.html),
t-test(orany statistical test) consideringthe calculatedt-value andcritical t-value(degree of freedomandP=0.05),andR2
–
onlyforthe graphand not bar graph (coefficientof determination –R2
).
3. Conclusion:
- Must restate the hypothesis.
- State if you accept/rejectthe hypothesis(if it’snull oralternative).
- Explainhowthe acceptedhypothesisissupportedbythe qualitative results(the observedresultsmustbe explained).
- Explainhowthe acceptedhypothesisissupportedbythe quantitativeresults(meanresultsinthe table mustbe justifiedand
fullyexplainedbyreferringtothe scientificexplanationandpreviousstudiescarriedoutbya researcherandsupportingyour
hypothesis).
- The meanvalues,standarddeviation(errorbars as a resultof anomalies/outliers),t-test(oranystatistical test),andR2
– only
for the graph andnot bar graph (coefficientof determination –R2
) mustbe explained.
Evaluation:
Evaluation:Youmustexplaineachpoint
To be more organized,add 4 strengthsas bulletpoints thatmustbe explained.
A table containingexplainedweaknessesandexplained improvements,all inthe same table/
1- Strength:
Must include 4 strengths.
Thinkaboutthe range of IV >5 strong(<5 weaknesses)
A numberof trials.>5 strong(<5 weaknesses)
Instrumentanditsaccuracy in measuringthe DV
Didyou control all of the CVs?If yes,thenuse it as a strength
Commentonthe error bars / t-test(or any statistical test)/ R2
/ if theyapprovedthe relationship(yes –strength/no -
weaknesses)
2- Weaknesses:(4weaknessesandimprovementinone table)
Thinkaboutthe previousstrength.
Linkedthe measuredresultswithanypossibleerrors(randominthe takentrialsorsystematicinthe usedinstruments).
Anyanomalies/outliers.
3- Improvement:
Must be forthe previouslymentionedweaknesses.
Extension:
NewIV (itcouldbe one of the possible factorsaffectingthe studiedprocesses) +range withthe unit.
Newresearchquestion:completewithrange andunit+ time
Newhypothesis
NewDV;howit will be measured+unit
NewCVs
State CVSwitha brief abouthowitwill be controlled