This document discusses the role of bioinformatics in the diagnosis of cervical cancer. It begins with an introduction to cervical anatomy and the link between HPV infection and cervical cancer. It then discusses how cervical cancer is currently diagnosed and the prevalence of cervical cancer in Nigeria. The main section explains how bioinformatics incorporates molecular data and computational methods to analyze gene and protein expression databases to identify biomarkers for early cervical cancer diagnosis. Specifically, it describes how 12 key differentially expressed genes involved in cell division and epithelial cell differentiation were discovered that have higher expression in cervical cancer tissues compared to normal tissues.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
In Bangladesh, the incidence of cervical cancer is about 13,000 and around 6600 women dies from cervical cancer each year [1]. Cervical cancer constitutes 22-29% of the female cancer in Bangladesh [2,3]. Diagnosis and treatment of CIN through population-based screening programs has lead to 50-80% reduction in deaths from cervical cancer in various developed countries
HPV Diseases More Than Cervical Cancer, Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
HPV Disease . Cervical cancer , prevention cervical cancer , HPV prevention , cancer prevention , Human Papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer prevention
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
In Bangladesh, the incidence of cervical cancer is about 13,000 and around 6600 women dies from cervical cancer each year [1]. Cervical cancer constitutes 22-29% of the female cancer in Bangladesh [2,3]. Diagnosis and treatment of CIN through population-based screening programs has lead to 50-80% reduction in deaths from cervical cancer in various developed countries
HPV Diseases More Than Cervical Cancer, Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
HPV Disease . Cervical cancer , prevention cervical cancer , HPV prevention , cancer prevention , Human Papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer prevention
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer S...ijtsrd
BACKGROUND Invasive Cervical Cancer ICC has been identified as the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality compared to other cancers among women in Cameroon. Cervical cancer can be treated e ectively if diagnosed early. Less than half the number of participants presented with good practice.The correlation between participants’ knowledge, attitude and practice showed that there was a significant association which therefore provides sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The result obtained in this study indicates how useful it will be to establish health education programs to increase women’s awareness and knowledge about cervical cancer. Fongang Che Landis | Enow-Orock George | Njajou Omer | Ngowe Ngowe Marcelin "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer Screening and Its Associated Factors among Women in the City of Bamenda, Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43667.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/43667/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-toward-cervical-cancer-and-cervical-cancer-screening-and-its-associated-factors-among-women-in-the-city-of-bamenda-cameroon/fongang-che-landis
Cervical Cancer Care Seeking Behaviour Among Community Women, Jos-North, Plat...AI Publications
Most people are infected with HPV shortly after the onset of sexual activity. The screening rate has not reached the WHO's target. This study seeks to assess community women's care-seeking behavior toward cervical cancer screening participation. A cross-sectional design was employed, community women who met the criteria for inclusion were given a self-developed questionnaire conveniently. Results show that the majority (51.9%) of women were between the ages of 21-29, majority (83.0%) had only one sexual partner, majority (75.0%) were extremely poor with very low yearly income of less than 284,700.00 Naira, and 19.3% experienced gynecological symptoms. Majority (78.5%) have the fear of being diagnosed with cancer, and 69.6% fear exposing their genital area. Women agreed that HPV is the causative organism of cervical cancer and husband do not allow someone to touch their wives’ private parts. They moderately agreed that a woman must obtain consent from her husband before going for screening, that exposing their private part is culturally inappropriate. Only 14.1% of those surveyed had ever undergone a cervical cancer screening. Among the respondents who had screened, 57.9% had bad experience. There is a significant difference between age group and screening where majority who had screened were older women within the age group 30-65 years (X2=8.402; P-value=0.005) and having gynecological symptoms has positive influence on screening participation (X2=7.422; P-value=0.012). The majority (92.6%) believed that husband involvement and the caregiver's friendly attitude are among other facilitating conditions to screening. In conclusion, there was low screening participation among community women. Women's knowledge of cervical cancer and screening did not translate into participating in screening. Low socioeconomic status has a significant impact on screening, screening rates were higher among older women than younger ones, and experiencing gynecological symptoms has a positive impact on screening. It was therefore recommended that interventions aimed at enhancing care seeking behavior based on women's needs be implemented.
VOLUME 22, NUMBER 1 CLINICAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY NURSING 69CJO.docxjessiehampson
VOLUME 22, NUMBER 1 CLINICAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY NURSING 69CJON.ONS.ORG
C
Colorectal Cancer
A collaborative approach to improve education and screening
in a rural population
Marsha Woodall, DNP, MBA, RN, and Mary DeLetter, PhD, RN
COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) INCLUDES ANY CANCER THAT starts in the colon or
rectum. Most begin as an adenomatous polyp and grow into the wall of the
colon or rectum before metastasizing by invading tissues or structures, the
bloodstream, or the lymphatic system. About 95% of CRCs are adenocarci-
nomas (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2017b). The ACS (2017a) projected
that 135,430 people would be diagnosed with CRC in the United States in
2017. Although the CRC death rate has been dropping for the past 20 years,
the ACS still estimated 50,260 CRC-related deaths during 2017 (ACS, 2017a).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ([CDC], 2017) recom-
mends screening for precancerous polyps for anyone aged 50 years or older.
Although early detection and diagnosis greatly affect survival rates, only about
half of the U.S. population participates in screening (ACS, 2017a). A fecal
immunochemical test (FIT) is a noninvasive test used to detect blood in the
stool that cannot be seen with the human eye (Tresca, 2017). People at home
use the FIT kit by obtaining a sample of the stool with one of the FIT kit sticks
and inserting the sample back in the vial. The FIT kits are then either mailed or
hand-delivered to a laboratory for blood detection, most specifically from the
lower gastrointestinal tract (Tresca, 2017).
The State Cancer Profiles report by the National Cancer Institute (NCI)
and CDC (2014) ranked Kentucky seventh for mortality, with a death rate
of 17.6 per 100,000 compared to a national rate of 15.1. At the time of this
project, the CRC death rate in Hopkins County, Kentucky, was 14.1 per
100,000, one of the highest in the state. The death rate in Kentucky has been
trending downward over time from 25.8 in 1982 to 17.6 in 2013 (NCI and CDC,
2014). Incidence and death rates are depicted in Figure 1.
In 2008, the Kentucky Colon Cancer Screening Program (KCCSP) was
formed with the passage of Kentucky Regulatory Statute 214.540 to increase
CRC screening, reduce morbidity and mortality from CRC, and reduce costs
for CRC treatment. The goal of the KCCSP is to increase the number of CRC
screenings in Kentucky, using 75% FIT kits and 25% colonoscopies (Justia,
2011).
About 39% of CRCs are diagnosed at the local stage or confined to the
primary site, but 56% have already spread to regional lymph nodes or have
metastasized. If diagnosed at the localized stage, there is a 90% five-year rel-
ative survival rate, but this decreases to 14% when the cancer is in distant
sites. The survival rate for regional sites is 71% and 35% for unstaged. NCI
(2017a) projects that early detection of CRC could improve survival rates by
about 60%.
KEYWORDS
colorectal cancer screening; human carin ...
Knowledge of Cervical Cancer among Women of Reproductive Age in Ibadan North...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Nigeria has one of the highest rates of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Both the human
papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) and cervical screening are effective
prevention strategies against both HPV infection and cervical cancer. Lack
of awareness, limited knowledge, limited decision-making agency, lack of spousal support and stigma are barriers to uptake of these preventive
measures.
Cervical cancer is a deadly disease claiming the lives of many women in
developing countries due to late presentation which might be influenced by a lack of knowledge of the disease and its prevention.
This descriptive study examined the knowledge assessment of Cervical cancer among women of reproductive age (15-49), about cervical cancer, its prevention, and their utilization of Pap smear screening; using a convenience sample of 426 women in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Women voluntarily completed a structured questionnaire.
Results showed that women who participated in the study were
aware of cervical cancer (77%; n=328) but many (62.9%; n= 268) were
unaware of Pap smears as the screening tests for cervical cancer. Although 41.3% (n=176) were knowledgeable about cervical cancer, risk factors and prevention, only 9.4% (n=40) had Pap smear tests done.
Health care professionals, need to intensify efforts to increase
awareness about cervical cancer screening, and encourage women through the different clinics to use these services. The benefits of screening and early diagnosis of cervical cancer should be emphasized to enhance the utilization of cervical cancer screening services.
Cancer Magnitude in Elderly Indian Women, an Experience from Regional Cancer ...Crimsonpublishers-IGRWH
Cancer Magnitude in Elderly Indian Women, an Experience from Regional Cancer Centre, India by Ravi Kiran Pothamsetty in Open access journal of Gynecology
Toward Integrated Clinical and Gene Expression Profiles for Breast Cancer Pro...CSCJournals
Breast cancer patients with the same diagnostic and clinical prognostic profile can have markedly different clinical outcome. This difference is possibly caused by the limitation of current breast cancer prognostic indices, which group molecularly distinct patients into similar clinical classes based mainly on morphological of disease. Traditional clinical based prognosis models were discovered contain some restriction to address the heterogeneity of breast cancer. The invention of microarray technology and its ability to simultaneously interrogate thousands genes has changed the paradigm of molecular classification of human cancers as well as it shifted clinical prognosis model to broader prospect. Numerous studies have revealed the potential value of gene expression signatures in examining the risk of disease recurrence. However, currently most of these studies attempted to implement genetic marker based prognostic models to replace the traditional clinical markers, yet neglecting the rich information contain in clinical information. Therefore, this research took an effort to integrate both clinical and microarray data in order to obtain accurate breast cancer prognosis, by taking into account that these data complements each other. This article presents a review of the development of breast cancer prognosis models, concentrating precisely on clinical and gene expression profiles. The literature is reviewed in an explicit machine learning framework, which include the elements of feature selection and classification techniques.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer S...ijtsrd
BACKGROUND Invasive Cervical Cancer ICC has been identified as the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality compared to other cancers among women in Cameroon. Cervical cancer can be treated e ectively if diagnosed early. Less than half the number of participants presented with good practice.The correlation between participants’ knowledge, attitude and practice showed that there was a significant association which therefore provides sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The result obtained in this study indicates how useful it will be to establish health education programs to increase women’s awareness and knowledge about cervical cancer. Fongang Che Landis | Enow-Orock George | Njajou Omer | Ngowe Ngowe Marcelin "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer Screening and Its Associated Factors among Women in the City of Bamenda, Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43667.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/43667/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-toward-cervical-cancer-and-cervical-cancer-screening-and-its-associated-factors-among-women-in-the-city-of-bamenda-cameroon/fongang-che-landis
Cervical Cancer Care Seeking Behaviour Among Community Women, Jos-North, Plat...AI Publications
Most people are infected with HPV shortly after the onset of sexual activity. The screening rate has not reached the WHO's target. This study seeks to assess community women's care-seeking behavior toward cervical cancer screening participation. A cross-sectional design was employed, community women who met the criteria for inclusion were given a self-developed questionnaire conveniently. Results show that the majority (51.9%) of women were between the ages of 21-29, majority (83.0%) had only one sexual partner, majority (75.0%) were extremely poor with very low yearly income of less than 284,700.00 Naira, and 19.3% experienced gynecological symptoms. Majority (78.5%) have the fear of being diagnosed with cancer, and 69.6% fear exposing their genital area. Women agreed that HPV is the causative organism of cervical cancer and husband do not allow someone to touch their wives’ private parts. They moderately agreed that a woman must obtain consent from her husband before going for screening, that exposing their private part is culturally inappropriate. Only 14.1% of those surveyed had ever undergone a cervical cancer screening. Among the respondents who had screened, 57.9% had bad experience. There is a significant difference between age group and screening where majority who had screened were older women within the age group 30-65 years (X2=8.402; P-value=0.005) and having gynecological symptoms has positive influence on screening participation (X2=7.422; P-value=0.012). The majority (92.6%) believed that husband involvement and the caregiver's friendly attitude are among other facilitating conditions to screening. In conclusion, there was low screening participation among community women. Women's knowledge of cervical cancer and screening did not translate into participating in screening. Low socioeconomic status has a significant impact on screening, screening rates were higher among older women than younger ones, and experiencing gynecological symptoms has a positive impact on screening. It was therefore recommended that interventions aimed at enhancing care seeking behavior based on women's needs be implemented.
VOLUME 22, NUMBER 1 CLINICAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY NURSING 69CJO.docxjessiehampson
VOLUME 22, NUMBER 1 CLINICAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY NURSING 69CJON.ONS.ORG
C
Colorectal Cancer
A collaborative approach to improve education and screening
in a rural population
Marsha Woodall, DNP, MBA, RN, and Mary DeLetter, PhD, RN
COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) INCLUDES ANY CANCER THAT starts in the colon or
rectum. Most begin as an adenomatous polyp and grow into the wall of the
colon or rectum before metastasizing by invading tissues or structures, the
bloodstream, or the lymphatic system. About 95% of CRCs are adenocarci-
nomas (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2017b). The ACS (2017a) projected
that 135,430 people would be diagnosed with CRC in the United States in
2017. Although the CRC death rate has been dropping for the past 20 years,
the ACS still estimated 50,260 CRC-related deaths during 2017 (ACS, 2017a).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ([CDC], 2017) recom-
mends screening for precancerous polyps for anyone aged 50 years or older.
Although early detection and diagnosis greatly affect survival rates, only about
half of the U.S. population participates in screening (ACS, 2017a). A fecal
immunochemical test (FIT) is a noninvasive test used to detect blood in the
stool that cannot be seen with the human eye (Tresca, 2017). People at home
use the FIT kit by obtaining a sample of the stool with one of the FIT kit sticks
and inserting the sample back in the vial. The FIT kits are then either mailed or
hand-delivered to a laboratory for blood detection, most specifically from the
lower gastrointestinal tract (Tresca, 2017).
The State Cancer Profiles report by the National Cancer Institute (NCI)
and CDC (2014) ranked Kentucky seventh for mortality, with a death rate
of 17.6 per 100,000 compared to a national rate of 15.1. At the time of this
project, the CRC death rate in Hopkins County, Kentucky, was 14.1 per
100,000, one of the highest in the state. The death rate in Kentucky has been
trending downward over time from 25.8 in 1982 to 17.6 in 2013 (NCI and CDC,
2014). Incidence and death rates are depicted in Figure 1.
In 2008, the Kentucky Colon Cancer Screening Program (KCCSP) was
formed with the passage of Kentucky Regulatory Statute 214.540 to increase
CRC screening, reduce morbidity and mortality from CRC, and reduce costs
for CRC treatment. The goal of the KCCSP is to increase the number of CRC
screenings in Kentucky, using 75% FIT kits and 25% colonoscopies (Justia,
2011).
About 39% of CRCs are diagnosed at the local stage or confined to the
primary site, but 56% have already spread to regional lymph nodes or have
metastasized. If diagnosed at the localized stage, there is a 90% five-year rel-
ative survival rate, but this decreases to 14% when the cancer is in distant
sites. The survival rate for regional sites is 71% and 35% for unstaged. NCI
(2017a) projects that early detection of CRC could improve survival rates by
about 60%.
KEYWORDS
colorectal cancer screening; human carin ...
Knowledge of Cervical Cancer among Women of Reproductive Age in Ibadan North...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Nigeria has one of the highest rates of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Both the human
papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) and cervical screening are effective
prevention strategies against both HPV infection and cervical cancer. Lack
of awareness, limited knowledge, limited decision-making agency, lack of spousal support and stigma are barriers to uptake of these preventive
measures.
Cervical cancer is a deadly disease claiming the lives of many women in
developing countries due to late presentation which might be influenced by a lack of knowledge of the disease and its prevention.
This descriptive study examined the knowledge assessment of Cervical cancer among women of reproductive age (15-49), about cervical cancer, its prevention, and their utilization of Pap smear screening; using a convenience sample of 426 women in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Women voluntarily completed a structured questionnaire.
Results showed that women who participated in the study were
aware of cervical cancer (77%; n=328) but many (62.9%; n= 268) were
unaware of Pap smears as the screening tests for cervical cancer. Although 41.3% (n=176) were knowledgeable about cervical cancer, risk factors and prevention, only 9.4% (n=40) had Pap smear tests done.
Health care professionals, need to intensify efforts to increase
awareness about cervical cancer screening, and encourage women through the different clinics to use these services. The benefits of screening and early diagnosis of cervical cancer should be emphasized to enhance the utilization of cervical cancer screening services.
Cancer Magnitude in Elderly Indian Women, an Experience from Regional Cancer ...Crimsonpublishers-IGRWH
Cancer Magnitude in Elderly Indian Women, an Experience from Regional Cancer Centre, India by Ravi Kiran Pothamsetty in Open access journal of Gynecology
Toward Integrated Clinical and Gene Expression Profiles for Breast Cancer Pro...CSCJournals
Breast cancer patients with the same diagnostic and clinical prognostic profile can have markedly different clinical outcome. This difference is possibly caused by the limitation of current breast cancer prognostic indices, which group molecularly distinct patients into similar clinical classes based mainly on morphological of disease. Traditional clinical based prognosis models were discovered contain some restriction to address the heterogeneity of breast cancer. The invention of microarray technology and its ability to simultaneously interrogate thousands genes has changed the paradigm of molecular classification of human cancers as well as it shifted clinical prognosis model to broader prospect. Numerous studies have revealed the potential value of gene expression signatures in examining the risk of disease recurrence. However, currently most of these studies attempted to implement genetic marker based prognostic models to replace the traditional clinical markers, yet neglecting the rich information contain in clinical information. Therefore, this research took an effort to integrate both clinical and microarray data in order to obtain accurate breast cancer prognosis, by taking into account that these data complements each other. This article presents a review of the development of breast cancer prognosis models, concentrating precisely on clinical and gene expression profiles. The literature is reviewed in an explicit machine learning framework, which include the elements of feature selection and classification techniques.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
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Artificial Intelligence to Optimize Cardiovascular Therapy
Bioinformatics .pptx
1. THE ROLE OF BIOINFORMATICS IN
CERVICAL CANCER DIAGNOSIS
UJ/2016/MD/0386
EMMANUEL HWEBUMAAJIDUKU
A SEMINAR SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE, FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND
TECHNOLOGY, COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF JOS,
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (BMLS) DEGREE
2. INTRODUCTION
• The cervix represents the lower cylindrical distal portion of the
uterus and is divided into: Ectocervix lined by non-keratinizing,
stratified squamous epithelium and endocervix lined by a simple
columnar epithelium that secretes mucus (Prendiville &
Sankaranarayanan, 2017).
• The squamocolumnar junction (SCJ) is the junction between the
squamous epithelium and the columnar epithelium. Its location on
the cervix is variable (Keerthana, 2020).
• It is well known that the most vulnerable sites to tumorigenesis are
where cell transformation occurs. Both cervix and anus belong to
this category (Keerthana, 2020).
3. CERVICAL CANCER
• Persistent infections with 14 high-risk
HPV genotypes are responsible for
nearly all occurrences of cervical
squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) and
adenocarcinoma (Sakamoto et al.,
2018)
• Women infected with HPV develop
precancerous phases with low-grade
squamous intraepithelial
lesions/cervical intraepithelial
neoplasia (CIN) I (LSIL) and high-grade
intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), or CIN
II/CIN III (HSIL), and these high-grade
lesions eventually lead to invasive CC
over a period of time(10-30yrs) (SD et
al., 2021; Tulay & Serakinci, 2016; Wu
et al., 2018).
4. CERVICAL CANCER
• CC has been controlled in the developed world but ranks 2nd most
frequent malignancy in women in middle- and low-income countries
(MLICs) and the 4th most common kind of cancer in women, with a
high death rate globally (Bray et al., 2018; Small Jr et al., 2017).
• In Nigeria, cervical cancer has a prevalence rate of 19.3%(Chidinma &
Uchenna). According to The Global Cancer Observatory 2018, about
14,943 new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed in Nigeria with
10,403 deaths (Bray et al., 2018). Chidinma & Uchenna reported a
prevalence of CC in Enugu as 13%(Chidinma & Uchenna).
• The diagnosis of CC includes; Screening tests, Biopsy, Biomarker
testing of the tumor(Keerthana, 2020; Chandran et al., 2021)
5. APPLICATION OF BIOINFORMATICS IN EARLY
DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL CANCER
• Specific genes and proteins are expressed for different processes,
the measurement of this information provide early knowledge on
diseases.
• A lot data are generated by molecular techniques, computational
methods are incorporated. In bioinformatics, GEO, TCGA, The
Human Protein Atlas databases and tools including; DAVID, SEER,
GO, GEPIA, UALCAN, (Valand et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2021).
• 12 key differentially expressed genes were discovered from a total
of 57 differentially expressed genes that were involved in
processes such as cell division and epithelial cell differentiation. All
the genes identified had a high level of expression in cervical
cancer tissues compared to normal tissues (Yang et al., 2020). Key
genes discovered are CXCL8, MCM2, TOP2A, TYMS, and HELLS
(Yang et al., 2020).
6. References
Bray, F., Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Siegel, R. L., Torre, L. A., & Jemal, A. (2018). Global cancer statistics2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence
and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 68(6), 394-424.
Chandran, V., Sumithra, M., Karthick, A., George, T., Deivakani, M., Elakkiya, B., Subramaniam, U., & Manoharan, S. (2021). Diagnosis of cervical
cancer based on ensemble deep learning network using colposcopy images. BioMed Research International, 2021.
Chidinma, A. U., & Uchenna, A. A. Prevalence of Cervical Cancer in Enugu State: A Critical Review of 5-year Hospital Data in Enugu State,
Southeast Nigeria. Prevalence, 10(4).
Keerthana, M. (2020). Visual Inspection of Cervix of Lugol's Iodine and Acetic Acid for Early Detection of Premalignant and Malignant Lesions of
Cervix with Colposcopy and HPE Correlation Tirunelveli Medical College, Tirunelveli].
Liu, J., Liu, S., & Yang, X. (2021). Construction of Gene modules and analysis of prognostic biomarkers for cervical cancer by weighted gene co-
expression network analysis. Frontiers in oncology, 11, 542063.
Prendiville, W., & Sankaranarayanan, R. (2017). Anatomy of the uterine cervix and the transformation zone.
Colposcopy and treatment of cervical precancer, IARC technical publication no452017.
Sakamoto, J., Kamiura, S., Okayama, K., Okodo, M., Shibata, T., Osaka, Y., Fujita, S., Takata, E., Takagi, H., & Takakura, M. (2018). Single type
infection of human papillomavirus as a cause for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer in Japan. Papillomavirus
Research, 6, 46-51.
SD, A., Pasumarthi, D., Pasha, A., Doneti, R., Botlagunta, M., & Pawar, S. C. (2021). Identification of differentially expressed genes in cervical
cancer patients by comparative transcriptome analysis. BioMed Research International, 2021.
Shewale, J. B., & Gillison, M. L. (2019). Dynamic factors affecting HPV-attributable fraction for head and neck cancers. Current Opinion in
Virology, 39, 33-40.
Small Jr, W., Bacon, M. A., Bajaj, A., Chuang, L. T., Fisher, B. J., Harkenrider, M. M., Jhingran, A., Kitchener, H. C., Mileshkin, L. R., & Viswanathan,
A. N. (2017). Cervical cancer: a global health crisis. Cancer, 123(13), 2404-2412.
Tulay, P., & Serakinci, N. (2016). The role of human papillomaviruses in cancer progression. Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment, 2, 201-
213.
Valand, J. H., Twine, D., Kyomukamaa, M., Atino, R., Buteme, G. M., Muhahiria, S., Nalwoga, R., Omary, I., Nabwami, A. G., & Otim, E. (2022). Role
of Bioinformatics in Cancer Diagnosis.
Wu, Z., Yu, L., Lei, X., Qin, Y., Zhang, X., Chen, W., & Qiao, Y. (2018). The association between human papillomavirus 16, 18 DNA load and E6
protein expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer. Journal of Clinical Virology, 108, 6-11.
Yang, H. j., Xue, J. m., Li, J., Wan, L. h., & Zhu, Y. x. (2020). Identification of key genes and pathways of diagnosis and prognosis in cervical cancer
by bioinformatics analysis. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine, 8(6), e1200.
