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Photosynthesis
Biology
Cellular Respiration
Biology
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics

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Editor's Notes

  1. Sunlight and water enter photosystems within the thylakoid to begin the light dependent reactions. The energy from the sun excites electrons in the photosystems, causing the electrons to travel down electron transport chains. As the electrons move down the ETCs they create NADPH, which is a special electron carrier.
  2. Simultaneously, water is split into hydrogen ions, H+, electrons, and O2. The O2 is released as a byproduct. The H+ are used to create a concentration gradient across the thylakoid membranes.
  3. At the end of the ETC there is a membrane protein (also an enzyme) called ATP synthase-the H+ flow from high to low through the protein, creating ATP for the cell (called chemiosmosis). The ATP and NADPH made during the LDRs and CO2 from the atmosphere activate the second step called the Calvin Cycle, which happens in the stroma (fluid) of chloroplasts.
  4. The Calvin Cycle is a series of chemical reactions that rearranges the carbon from CO2 into glucose, C6H12O6 using the energy from ATP and NADPH.
  5. In the cytoplasm, the process of glycolysis splits glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate. Glycolysis also releases 2 molecules of ATP.
  6. Pyruvate enters the mitochondria, where it starts the Krebs cycle.The Krebs cycle releases 2 molecules of ATP and CO2 as a waste product. The main products of the Krebs cycle are special energy carriers-NADH and FADH2.
  7. The NADH and FADH2 enter the electron transport chain. Oxygen is also needed to activate the electron transport chain. As the electrons from NADH and FADH2 move down the electron transport chain, 32 molecules of ATP are released.Water is released as a by-product of the electron transport chain.